IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Through the lack of technical instruments for construction and measurement. A small attempt was made by the team to demonstrate the working of Parshall Flume and Discharge measuring Accessories with support for Dr.-Ing Ramesh Kumar Maskey, Kathmandu University (KU) as part of our hydro-power project.
PLANNING AND DESIGN OF PIPE DISTRIBUTION NETWORK (PDN).Yatiraj Battul
The Main Objective Of This Topic Is To Highlighting The Use Of Pipe Distribution Network (PDN) Instead Of Canal Distribution Network (CDN) To Increase The Overall Project Efficiency Of Irrigation Project And Thereby Reducing The Stresses Due To Water Scarcity. For Achieving Maximum Benefits From PDN, Planning, Designing, And Construction Of PDN Should Be Done Carefully. In This Topic Guideline For Planning, Designing And Installment Requirements Of PDN System For Irrigation Are Provided. It Is Recommended That PDN System Could Be Economical And Feasible Over Conventional CDN Certain Extent And This System Is So Flexible That It Can Be Implemented As A New Scheme Or Used To Convert The Existing CDN.
Link for Design of PDN System:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1JFwC2O3djculrGwn_X_Oe0CWlVWQfvJi/view?usp=sharing
Dalton’s law of evaporation
The rate of evaporation depends upon the difference between the saturation vapour pressure in the air above
E= C(es-ea)
where c – coefficient depends upon barometric pressure
Es – saturation vapour pressure
Ea - Vapour pressure above 2 m height of water
Factors affecting
Temperature
Wind velocity
Atmospheric pressure
Nature of evaporating surface
Depth of water supply
Impurities in water
Energy budget method
LOW OF CONSERVATION of energy
Energy required is estimated by incoming outgoing, and stored energy in a specific time period
Total energy received from suns radiation = energy reflected + change in energy + energy required for evaporation
Energy budget method
most accurate method (evaporation is a function of the energy state of the water system)
difficult to evaluate all terms
energy balance equation has to be simplified
empirical formulas are used (although radiation measurements are preferable)
Water budget method
Characteristics:
Simple
Difficult to estimate Qd and Qs
Unreliable, accuracy will increase as Δt increases
Measurement et -
Direct measurement –
1 . Tank & lysimeter method
2. Field experimental method- no runoff no percolation
3. Soil moisture studies – gw deep
4. Integration method – laege area
5. Inflow and outflow studies
Infiltration rate
Infiltration capacity : The maximum rate at which, soil at a given time can absorb water.
f = fc when i ≥ fc
f = f 0when i < fc
where fc = infiltration capacity (cm/hr)
i = intensity of rainfall (cm/hr)
f = rate of infiltration (cm/hr)
Horton’s Formula:
This equation assumes an infinite water supply at the surface i.e., it assumes saturation conditions at the soil surface.
For measuring the infiltration capacity the following expression are used:
f(t) = fc + (f0 – fc) e–kt for
where k = decay constant ~ T-1
fc = final equilibrium infiltration capacity
f0 = initial infiltration capacity when t = 0
f(t) = infiltration capacity at any time t from start of the rainfall
td = duration of rainfall
Double Ring Infiltrometer
Infiltration indices The average value of infiltration is called infiltration index.
Two types of infiltration indices
φ – index (PHI INDEX)
w –index
PHI INDEX
- defined as average rate of rainfall such that excess volume of rainfall represents direct runoff
- unit is cm/hr or……
W INDEX
- average rate of loss (infiltration) averaged over whole storm period
- w index = P- Q- S
T
THUS phi index has to be some what than w index
IS 4987 - 1968
IN PLAINS – 520 km2
Elevation upto 1000 m – 260 to 390 km2
Hilly area – 130 km2
It is recommended that 10% of raingauge must be self recording type
ntake structures are used for collecting water from the surface sources such as river, lake, and reservoir and conveying it further to the water treatment plant. These structures are masonry or concrete structures and provides relatively clean water, free from pollution, sand and objectionable floating material.
Through the lack of technical instruments for construction and measurement. A small attempt was made by the team to demonstrate the working of Parshall Flume and Discharge measuring Accessories with support for Dr.-Ing Ramesh Kumar Maskey, Kathmandu University (KU) as part of our hydro-power project.
PLANNING AND DESIGN OF PIPE DISTRIBUTION NETWORK (PDN).Yatiraj Battul
The Main Objective Of This Topic Is To Highlighting The Use Of Pipe Distribution Network (PDN) Instead Of Canal Distribution Network (CDN) To Increase The Overall Project Efficiency Of Irrigation Project And Thereby Reducing The Stresses Due To Water Scarcity. For Achieving Maximum Benefits From PDN, Planning, Designing, And Construction Of PDN Should Be Done Carefully. In This Topic Guideline For Planning, Designing And Installment Requirements Of PDN System For Irrigation Are Provided. It Is Recommended That PDN System Could Be Economical And Feasible Over Conventional CDN Certain Extent And This System Is So Flexible That It Can Be Implemented As A New Scheme Or Used To Convert The Existing CDN.
Link for Design of PDN System:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1JFwC2O3djculrGwn_X_Oe0CWlVWQfvJi/view?usp=sharing
Dalton’s law of evaporation
The rate of evaporation depends upon the difference between the saturation vapour pressure in the air above
E= C(es-ea)
where c – coefficient depends upon barometric pressure
Es – saturation vapour pressure
Ea - Vapour pressure above 2 m height of water
Factors affecting
Temperature
Wind velocity
Atmospheric pressure
Nature of evaporating surface
Depth of water supply
Impurities in water
Energy budget method
LOW OF CONSERVATION of energy
Energy required is estimated by incoming outgoing, and stored energy in a specific time period
Total energy received from suns radiation = energy reflected + change in energy + energy required for evaporation
Energy budget method
most accurate method (evaporation is a function of the energy state of the water system)
difficult to evaluate all terms
energy balance equation has to be simplified
empirical formulas are used (although radiation measurements are preferable)
Water budget method
Characteristics:
Simple
Difficult to estimate Qd and Qs
Unreliable, accuracy will increase as Δt increases
Measurement et -
Direct measurement –
1 . Tank & lysimeter method
2. Field experimental method- no runoff no percolation
3. Soil moisture studies – gw deep
4. Integration method – laege area
5. Inflow and outflow studies
Infiltration rate
Infiltration capacity : The maximum rate at which, soil at a given time can absorb water.
f = fc when i ≥ fc
f = f 0when i < fc
where fc = infiltration capacity (cm/hr)
i = intensity of rainfall (cm/hr)
f = rate of infiltration (cm/hr)
Horton’s Formula:
This equation assumes an infinite water supply at the surface i.e., it assumes saturation conditions at the soil surface.
For measuring the infiltration capacity the following expression are used:
f(t) = fc + (f0 – fc) e–kt for
where k = decay constant ~ T-1
fc = final equilibrium infiltration capacity
f0 = initial infiltration capacity when t = 0
f(t) = infiltration capacity at any time t from start of the rainfall
td = duration of rainfall
Double Ring Infiltrometer
Infiltration indices The average value of infiltration is called infiltration index.
Two types of infiltration indices
φ – index (PHI INDEX)
w –index
PHI INDEX
- defined as average rate of rainfall such that excess volume of rainfall represents direct runoff
- unit is cm/hr or……
W INDEX
- average rate of loss (infiltration) averaged over whole storm period
- w index = P- Q- S
T
THUS phi index has to be some what than w index
IS 4987 - 1968
IN PLAINS – 520 km2
Elevation upto 1000 m – 260 to 390 km2
Hilly area – 130 km2
It is recommended that 10% of raingauge must be self recording type
ntake structures are used for collecting water from the surface sources such as river, lake, and reservoir and conveying it further to the water treatment plant. These structures are masonry or concrete structures and provides relatively clean water, free from pollution, sand and objectionable floating material.
Hardy cross method of pipe network analysissidrarashiddar
Hardy Cross Method of pipe network analysis has revolutionized the municipal water supply design. i.e., EPANET, a public domain software of water supply, uses the Hardy cross method for pipe network analysis. It is an iterative approach to estimate the flows within the pipe network where inflows (supply) and outflows (demand) with pipe characteristics are known.
A water distribution system is a part of water supply network with components that carry potable water from a centralized treatment plant or wells to consumers to satisfy residential.
Topics:
1. Types of Diversion Head Works
2. Weirs and Barrages
3. Layout Diversion Head Works
4. Causes of Failures of Weirs and Barrages on Permeable Foundations
5. Silt Ejectors and Silt Excluders
Canal fall- necessity and location- types of falls- Cross regulator and
distributory head regulator- their functions, Silt control devices, Canal
escapes- types of escapes.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Hardy cross method of pipe network analysissidrarashiddar
Hardy Cross Method of pipe network analysis has revolutionized the municipal water supply design. i.e., EPANET, a public domain software of water supply, uses the Hardy cross method for pipe network analysis. It is an iterative approach to estimate the flows within the pipe network where inflows (supply) and outflows (demand) with pipe characteristics are known.
A water distribution system is a part of water supply network with components that carry potable water from a centralized treatment plant or wells to consumers to satisfy residential.
Topics:
1. Types of Diversion Head Works
2. Weirs and Barrages
3. Layout Diversion Head Works
4. Causes of Failures of Weirs and Barrages on Permeable Foundations
5. Silt Ejectors and Silt Excluders
Canal fall- necessity and location- types of falls- Cross regulator and
distributory head regulator- their functions, Silt control devices, Canal
escapes- types of escapes.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Comparative review study of security of aran and aodv routing protocols in ma...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Intelligent traffic regulation system for roads using car two way communicationeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A study on glass fiber reinforced polymer clay nanocomposites with sandwich s...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
An enhancing security for mobile sinks by providing location privacy in wsneSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Comparative analysis of edge based and region based active contour using leve...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Issues in optimizing the performance of wireless sensor networkseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Evaluate the effective resource management through pert analysiseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Development of mobile surface water filtration system through simulation usin...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Sufficiency of water distributory(hlbc)eSAT Journals
Abstract
It is known fact that India has a very large population and different studies show that it will continue to rise. The precipitation in
India is extremely conflicting in mainstream varieties. The normal yearly precipitation for India has been assessed at 1,143 mm
for the actual surviving of the nation, there is a good requirement for actualizing and arrangement of watering system procedures
for the time being, and in the future. The present condition of canal and present cropping pattern, water is insufficient for the
designed command area. In this method both discharge & crop requirement is considered. Hence for improving the irrigating
capacity of canal, designed cropping pattern should be strictly followed. Increased pipe outlets should be reduced to its design
size. Also uncontrolled pipe outlets should be controlled by suitable controlling methods for determining the sufficiency of water
distributory. In order to determine the sufficiency of water, a distributory (D-65) in Hemavathi canal system is considered which
runs for a length of 26.675 km having command area 4703.08 Ha. Crop water requirement by Duty method & Modified Penman’s
Equation of discharge through outlets is used for determining sufficiency of water. Climatic data for Modified Penman’s method
is collected for a period of 5 year from K.R Pete Hydrometer logical station in this connection.
Key Words: Precipitation1, Cropping2, Distributory3 Controlling4 and Sufficiency5 .
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Analysis of cross flow induced vibration in an inline and staggered configura...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In many engineering applications like heat exchanger, radiator, evaporator, nuclear power plant and thermal power plant, arrangement of tubes is very crucial. Fluid elastic instability forms the basis for deciding the type of arrangement and tube spacing but the phenomenon of vortex induced vibration is random in nature. Tube spacing also plays a critical role in different types of arrangement. Different type of application requires different tube spacing and the range of tube spacing vary from 1 to 6. Vortex Induced Vibration in cross flow around the inline and staggered arrangement of the tube arrays is experimentally studied for varying P/d (tube spacing) ratio. It is observed that with the increase in the velocity, the amplitude displacement increases. As the amplitude displacement of the tube reduces, the pitch over diameter ratio is increased from 2 to 4. It is also observed that between inline and staggered arrangement, the amplitude displacement of staggered arrangement is more compared to inline arrangement for same tube spacing.
Keywords: Vortex Induced Vibration, Inline Arrangement, Staggered Arrangement, Regression Analysis
Experimental Investigations and Computational Analysis on Subsonic Wind Tunnelijtsrd
This paper disclose the entire approach to design an open circuit subsonic wind tunnel which will be used to consider the wind impact on the airfoil. The current rules and discoveries of the past research works were sought after for plan figuring of different segments of the wind tunnel. Wind speed of 26 m s have been practiced at the test territory. The wind qualities over a symmetrical airfoil are viewed as probably in a low speed wind tunnel. Tests were finished by moving the approach, from 0 to 5 degree. The stream attributes over a symmetrical airfoil are examined tentatively. The pressure distribution on the airfoil area was estimated, lift and drag force were estimated and velocity profiles were acquired. Rishabh Kumar Sahu | Saurabh Sharma | Vivek Swaroop | Vishal Kumar ""Experimental Investigations and Computational Analysis on Subsonic Wind Tunnel"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23511.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23511/experimental-investigations-and-computational-analysis-on-subsonic-wind-tunnel/rishabh-kumar-sahu
Abstract Urban watersheds produce an instantaneous response to rainfall. That results in stormwater runoff in excess of the capacity of drainage systems. The excess stormwater must be managed to prevent flooding and erosion of streams. Management can be achieved with the help of structural stormwater Best Management Practices (BMPs). Detention ponds is one such BMP commonly found in the Austin, TX, USA. The City of Austin developed a plan to mitigate future events of flooding and erosion, resulting in the development and integration of stormwater BMP algorithms into the sub-hourly version of SWAT model. This paper deals with the development of a physically based algorithm for detention pond. The algorithm was tested using a previously flow-calibrated watershed in the Austin area. From the test results obtained it appears that the detention pond algorithm is functioning satisfactorily. The algorithm developed could be used a) to evaluate the functionality of individual detention pond b) to analyze the benefits of such structures at watershed or higher scales and c) as design tool. Keywords: flooding, detention, urban, watershed, BMP, algorithm, stormwater, modeling
Experimental studies on pressure drop in a sinusoidal plate heat exchanger ef...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Experimental studies on pressure drop in a sinusoidal plate heat exchangereSAT Journals
Abstract The corrugated plate heat exchangers are widely used in food and pharmaceutical industries. Sinusoidal plate heat exchangers are one of the types of corrugated plate heat exchanger. Limited research work has been carried out in this type of plate heat exchanger. In the present investigation, experimental studies have been carried out in a sinusoidal corrugated plate heat exchanger with water as the test fluid. The plate heat exchanger is fabricated with two stainless steel sheets having a thickness of 1 mm forming a test channel with a clearance of 5 mm and of length 30cm. 3 such plate heat exchangers have been fabricated with corrugation angles of 30, 40 and 50 degrees. It has been observed from the experimental results that the corrugation angle is mainly affecting the pressure drop and the friction factor. As the corrugation angle is increases, the pressure drop of the fluid is found to increase, which results in decrease in friction factor. These observations have been discussed in the paper. Keywords: sinusoidal plate heat exchanger, corrugation angle, pressure drop, and friction factor
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IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Comparision of flow analysis through a different geometry of flowmeters using...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A clear water scour around a circular bridge pier under steady flow for diffe...eSAT Journals
Abstract The loose non cohesive material through which a river flows is generally called sediment. Local scour at piers and abutments is the main reason for the collapse of bridges founded in alluvial sediments. Clear water scour refers to the situation where no sediment is supplied by the approaching flow in the zone of scour. Many investigators have studied various aspects of scour. However, the study on scour under steady condition for same discharge with same depth of flow for different pier diameters is limited. In present study laboratory experiment was conducted on different pier sizes of circular piers by keeping discharge constant under clear water scour condition. It is found that Non dimensional scour depth gradient is different up to opening ratio 0.8 having less slope and its slope is steep above 0.8 opening ratio. Keywords: -clear water scour; Froude’s number; sediment; equilibrium scour.
Experimental investigation of air flow characteristics in rectangular channel...eSAT Journals
Abstract This experimental study is to investigate the effect or influence of pedestal vortex generator on one wall of rectangular duct on the flow performance. The effects of geometrical parameters of pedestal vortex generator and aspect ratio of duct on friction factor ratio have resulted in Reynolds number which is based on hydraulic diameter of the rectangular channel in the range 8000 to 24000. The factors which are varied for vortex generator were pitch to height ratio of vortex generator (p/h) and aspect ratios of vortex generators (Δ). Vortex generator numbers were also varied on wall at axial locations. Experimental results reported for aspect ratio 2.8, 5.5, 7.3 and 1.6 of pedestal vortex generator and pitch to height ratio (P/h) 4,8,12, 16. And 8000 to 24000 is the range of Reynolds number. Experimentally investigated that the friction factor ratio increases with increase in Reynolds number and friction factor ratio increases with decrease in pitch to height ratio. For pedestal vortex generator with aspect ratio 2.8 and height 8mm the results were, For pitch to height ratio (P/h)=16 friction factor ratio for 8000 Reynolds number is 27.12% less than the friction factor ratio for the Reynolds number 24000. So it is clear that friction factor ratio increases with increase in Reynolds number. And for Reynolds number 20000, pitch to height ratio (P/h) =4 friction factor ratio is 21.14% greater than pitch to height ratio (P/h)=16 so we can say that friction factor ratio increases with decrease in pitch to height ratio. Keywords: Pitch to height ratio, Aspect ratio, Pressure drop, Hydraulic diameter, Pedestals
Study of the Effect of Length and Inclination of Tube settler on the Effluent...AM Publications
Installation of new treatment plants to meet the increased demand is beyond the reach of most of the local bodies
and government as well. Hence ways and means are to be explored to augment water treatment capacity and to improve the
performance of existing water treatment plants. Tube settler systems are inexpensive solution for drinking water and
wastewater plants to increase treatment capacity of clarifier, improve effluent water quality, and decrease operating costs.
Tube settlers use multiple tubular channels sloped at an angle of about 45o to 60o and adjacent to each other, which
combine to form an increased effective settling area. This is combining to form an increased effective settling area.
Current study focuses on the study made to understand the effect of length and inclination of tube settler on the effluent
quality through the pilot plant study. The circular tubes of 45mm diameter were used with inclination of 45o and 60o.
Length of tube was varied as 60cm, 50cm and 40 cm
Effect of inclined hump on the turbulence intensities and flow characteristic...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, an experimental study was carried out to investigate the turbulence field and flow characteristics in the separated flow through inclined hump in water structures in rectangular channel using Laser. To study the variation of the turbulence, energy loss, relative energy (efficiency) and relative depth with main parameters affecting the inclined hump These parameters include the hump angle, relative height, upstream Froude number, bottom slope. Non-dimensional design curves are provided to relate the turbulence intensities and flow characteristics. The results show that, the variation of the energy loss increases till of hump angle about 45°. This rate of increase decreases about this value of angle of hump. The energy loss increases with the increasing of bed slope and relative height. The energy loss is quite high at a relative contraction of 0.3. Also, the results clearly showed the dependence of the hump inclination angle on the turbulence intensities. For hump angle ≥ 20°, the turbulence intensity in the separation zones was growing with increasing hump angles and the maximum was observed for hump inclination angles between 20° and 30°. The results indicated that, the most significant differences in flow structures occurred with hump angle less than 45°. Keywords: Energy loss-Turbulence intensities-Water structures- Hump-Laser Technique-Hump angle-Bottom slope-Relative height-Relative depth- Froude number-separation zones.
Head Loss Estimation for Water Jets from Flip Bucketstheijes
Water jet issued from flip bucket at the end of the spillway of a dam can be a threat for the stability and safety of the dam body due to subsequent scour at the impingement point. However, a strong jet from the flip bucket interacts with the surrounding air and develops into an aerated turbulent jet while the jet impact and scouring effect is reduced significantly. Aeration of the jet, at the same time, cause head losses along the trajectory. An experimental study is conducted to measure the trajectory lengths and investigate the effect of water depth in the river on the dynamic pressures acted on the river bed. The trajectory lengths with and without air entrainment are calculated using empirical equations and compared with the measurements. Head losses due to air entrainment are determined using the difference of the trajectory lengths with and without aeration, based on the projectile motion theory. Numerical simulation of the flow over the spillway, along the flip bucket and the jet trajectory is made and the results are compared with the experimental data. It is observed that trajectory lengths obtained from experiments, numerical simulation and empirical formulas are comparable with negligible differences. This allows us to combine alternate approaches to determine the trajectory lengths with and without air entrainment and estimate the head losses accordingly.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Similar to Discharge relation for small parshall flume in free (20)
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Discharge relation for small parshall flume in free
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 04 | Apr-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 317
DISCHARGE RELATION FOR SMALL PARSHALL FLUME IN FREE
FLOW CONDITION
Jalam Singh1
, S.K.Mittal2
, H.L.Tiwari3
1
M.Tech. Student, Civil Engg. Dept, MANIT Bhopal (M.P.), India
2
Professor, Civil Engg, Dept, MANIT Bhopal (M.P.), India
3
Asst.Professor, Civil Engg, Dept, MANIT Bhopal (M.P.), India
Abstract
Good water measurement systems enable accurate accounting of water use and permit the available water to be supplied at optimum
rates to the areas where it is intended to be used. A Parshall Flume is normally used as flow measuring device for open-channel flow.
It is suitable to ease of manufacture and installation. At the point of measurement there is much work has attempted to calibrate and
develop a discharge relation equation for large Parshall Flume. Hence, accurate relation between discharge and upstream head valid
for small sizes of Parshall flume is required. In present paper four different sizes of Parshall flumes, having different throat width
fabricated and tested in the laboratory under free-flow condition. Coefficient of discharge and exponent are determined by using
MATLAB programming and developed a single equation for the different flume sizes. The relation is simple and suitable to use for the
small Parshall Flume.
Keywords: Parshall Flume, Free flow, MATLAB, Flumes, Water measurement
----------------------------------------------------------------------***-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Improvement of water management can encourage
conservation and makes best use of our limited water
resources. Water management depends upon the ability to
precisely measure and manage the flow of water at important
points in a river basin or irrigation system [8]. Many devices
and structure have been developed for the measuring discharge
but measuring flume are one of the most accepted and used
structure. Irrigation water frequently contains sediment or
other undesirable materials such as sediment in the water may
be deposited in irrigation ditches, pipelines, and measuring
structures [8]. This necessitates frequent ditch cleaning and
often results in inaccurate flow measurement. Garbage in
irrigation water might be a source of weed influx on the farm
it also clogs minor irrigation structures. Such Structures are
needed to remove trash and excess sediment from the water.
A Parshall flume consists of a converging section, a throat
section and diverging section. The crest of the throat section is
tilted downstream. In other words, there is a sill between the
horizontal crest, converging section and the crest of the throat
section [14]. For channels smaller than 2.44 m the inlet of the
converging section may be rounded and larger channels may
have vertical walls at a 45° angle. To prevent erosion due to
water fall the diverging section is usually extended by means
of vertical walls and the angle of these walls will be steeper
than the angle of the walls of the diverging section.
D E F
B
C
W
Fig 1: Plan view of Parshall Flume
Many works has been prepared with the Parshall Flume for
large size and developed discharge rating equation basis on the
experimental data obtained from past researchers. In 1917,
Cone [9] developed Venturi flume which was either
rectangular or trapezoidal in cross sectional area and consist of
converging and diverging section, with a short throat section
between them. The floor of the Venturi flume was level and
placed at the elevation of the grade of the channel. In 1928
Parshall [14] attempt study on Improved Venturi flume and
found that it operates effectively with relatively slight loss of
head and because of the enlarged velocity of the water in the
flume, it works successfully in sand- or silt-laden streams .
Discharge equation for Parshall flume is given as:
Q= 4WHa
1.522 W0.026
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 04 | Apr-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 318
In 1966, Skogerboe et al. [16] prepared calibration curve for
the free flow and submerged flow. In this study Parshall flume
was tested in the laboratory under free-flow submerged
condition. In 1967, Skogerboe et al. [17] studied the
parameters which describe submergence in flow measuring
flumes and it was developed by a combination of dimensional
analysis. In 1990, Abt & Staker [1] tested a 7.62 cm Parshall
flume in a channel and flow rates are measured with different
crest slope. This study resulted with the information that the
flow measurement requires a 0.75% adjustment for each l %
of lateral arrangement at the flume crest. In 1994, Wright et al
[22] developed a numerical model to predict the effect of fluid
viscosity on the depth-discharge relationship. The numerical
model successfully validated through the experimental data for
the flume sizes studied. In 1994, Blaisdell [6] reanalysis that
shows the equations presented by Parshall predict the
discharge to within the 5% accuracy claimed by Parshall as
well as similar accuracy is obtained using the author's
equations. In 2009, Thornton et al [20] conducted an
experiment to determine the suitability of measuring
supercritical flow by Parshall flume which is basically
developed to accurately measure open-channel subcritical
flow. This study resulted with that single Parshall flume can
be used to measure flow within ±5% for both supercritical and
subcritical flow regimes for a specified range of flows. In
2013, Amanda et al [3] tested a 1.5 m Parshall Flume with
discharge up to 0.854 m3
/s and Froude numbers changing from
0.67–1.31. Experiment resulted with three zones on the basis
of convergence ratio: (1) subcritical (0 < Cr < 0.6), (2)
transition (0.6 < Cr < 1.0), and (3) supercritical (Cr > 1.0) On
the basis of brief discussion of previous work it would be say
that there is not much work attempt for small size flume. The
aim of this paper is to establish a single relation equation
between head and discharge for small size Parshall Flume.
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS
In this study four different sizes of Parshall flumes having
throat width of 0.052 cm, 0.076 cm, 0.152 cm and 0.229 cm
were used. The dimensions of Parshall flumes used in this
study are given in Table 1. The flumes were installed in a flat
bed test channel having a size of 9.45 × 0.60 × 0.55 m at Fluid
Mechanics Laboratory situated at Maulana Azad National
Institute of Technology, Bhopal. The upstream heads at the
upstream location, as specific for a Parshall Flume measured
by a vernier type point gauge .The discharge is measured by
velocity area method. Velocity was measured by the Pitot
tube. The values of measured heads and discharges are given
in tabular form in Table 4.
Adjustable
Gate
Parshall
Flume
Pointer
guage
Test
channel
Control
Valve
Flow
Fig 2: Schematic sketch of Experimental
Setup
Supply
Pipeline
º º
Table 1: Parshall Flume model used in experiments (All
dimensions in centimetres)
W A B C D E F
5.08 21.35 13.49 41.43 40.64 11.43 25.40
7.62 47.23 17.78 46.63 45.72 15.24 30.48
15.24 39.69 38.74 62.07 60.96 30,48 60.96
22.86 57.47 38.10 87.95 86.36 30.48 45.72
The Parshall Flume used to measure flow rates under two
different flow conditions; namely, free flow and submerged
flow. The flow equation and the method of flow analysis are
different for each type of flow. Under free-flow conditions,
discharge through Parshall flume mainly depends on upstream
head which can be expressed as:
Q = C H n
................................(1)
Where Q = discharge through flume, C = discharge coefficient
which is the function of throat width, H = upstream head
measured at 2/3 of converging section from throat and n =
exponent of head H.
Equation (1) can be written as following to find the value of C
and n
Log Q = Log (C H n
)
Log Q = Log C + n Log H
If Log Q = Y, Log C = A and Log H = X than
Y = A + n X................................. (2)
In present study MATLAB Programming was used to
determine the value of C and n as well as Calibration chart
prepared by using MATLAB.
Table 2: Analysis of Experimental data
Values
W ( m) C n R2
0.052 0.1482 1.445 0.985
0.076 0.232 1.368 0.623
0.152 0.5058 1.444 0.984
0.229 0.681 1.410 0.968
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 04 | Apr-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 319
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Observations for discharges and heads on four Parshall Flume
of different sizes are made. In all 37 observations are taken.
These are given in Table 4. For different size of Parshall
Flume Equation (2) can be written as
For 0.052 m Flume Q = 0.1482 H 1.445
........... (3)
For 0.076 m Flume Q = 0.232 H 1.368
............ (4)
For 0.152 m Flume Q = 0.5058 H 1.444
........ (5)
For 0.229 m Flume Q = 0.681 H 1.410
......... (6)
Table 2 shows that equation (3) developed with R2 = 0.985,
0.623, 0.984 and 0.968 respectively for equation (4), (5) and
(6). It also shows that exponent n varies from 1.368 to 1.445.
Table 3: Values of constant C and Exponent n for Free-flow
Discharge through different-size Parshall Flumes
W Coefficient C Exponent n
Experi
m-ent
2.85
W
Differ
ence
Experi-
ment
n Differ
ence
0.05m 0.1482 0.148 .0002 1.445 1.4 .045
0.07m 0.232 0.216 .016 1.368 1.4 -.032
0.15m 0.505 0.432 .073 1.444 1.4 .044
0.22m 0.681 0.652 .029 1.41 1.4 .01
By assessment of the data in Table 3 it is marked that, as an
approximation, C =2.85 W, where W is the width of throat, in
meter and slope n = 1.4 the relation between Q and H for free
flow condition has been established as:
QL = 2.85 W H 1.4
.............. (7)
Chart 1: Variation of Qth
with H for Different Flumes
Chart 1 shows relation between upstream head H and
theoretical discharge calculated from the equation (3) , (4) , (5)
and (6) respectively for the different flumes. It shows that
when flume size increases the value of coefficient also
increases. The exponent n not varies as coefficient of
discharge varies.
Chart 2: Variation of QL with H for Different Flumes
Chart 2 indicates the relation between discharge QL calculated
from the equation (7) and upstream head H.
Chart 3: Comparison between Theoretical discharge and
Predicted discharge
Chart 3 shows the comparison between theoretical discharges
calculated from experimental values of coefficient and
exponent and Predicted discharge calculated from equation (7)
for the different flume size. Fig. 5 shows that predicted
discharge lies near to theoretical discharge and it can be say
that equation (7) gives much accuracy for discharge
measurement. Chart 4 represents the comparison between
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 04 | Apr-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 320
discharge calculated from equation (7) and discharge
calculated by the USDA.
Chart 4: Comparison of Predicted discharge with USDA„s
method
4. CONCLUSIONS
The Parshall flumes having different throat width was tested
and the results of the Experiments have been presented in this
work. Discharge varies from 0.004 m3
/s to 0.138 m3
/s for the
experiments. The measured depth-discharge relationships for
free flow presented in this paper. New empirical formula has
been developed for small size Parshall flume flumes which
finally gives a combined equation applicable for free flow
condition. Based on this study it is conceded out in this paper
with conclusion that the discharge relation for different size of
Parshall Flume is given as
QL = 2.85 W H 1.40
From the experimental results and proposed equations it is
evident that it can measure discharge with a deviation of ± 7%
for free flow condition.
Table 4: Free flow data observation
Flume
Size (m)
Test H, meter Qa m3
/s QL , m3
/s
0.052
1 0.075 0.00346 0.003944
2 0.085 0.00458 0.004699
3 0.10 0.00501 0.005941
4 0.13 0.00740 0.008519
5 0.15 0.00933 0.010408
6 0.17 0.01215 0.012402
0.076
1 0.09 0.00849 0.007445
2 0.13 0.01451 0.012450
3 0.16 0.01983 0.016654
4 0.19 0.02362 0.021179
5 0.22 0.02915 0.026005
6 0.24 0.03300 0.029373
7 0.26 0.03485 0.032856
8 0.28 0.04118 0.036449
9 0.30 0.04277 0.040145
10 0.32 0.05272 0.043941
0.152
1 0.10 0.01803 0.017246
2 0.12 0.02291 0.022261
3 0.16 0.03309 0.033301
4 0.18 0.04826 0.039271
5 0.20 0.05211 0.045512
6 0.22 0.05809 0.052009
7 0.24 0.06213 0.058747
8 0.26 0.07333 0.065713
9 0.28 0.07885 0.072897
10 0.30 0.08486 0.802895
11 0.32 0.08956 0.087882
0.229
1 0.07 0.01766 0.015769
2 0.11 0.02866 0.029691
3 0.15 0.04521 0.045836
4 0.18 0.05803 0.059165
5 0.20 0.05988 0.068568
6 0.24 0.07381 0.088507
7 0.26 0.10612 0.099002
8 0.29 0.13453 0.115355
9 0.31 0.13695 0.126645
10 0.33 0.15325 0.138229
REFERENCES
[1] Abt, Steven R.and Staker Kenneth J. (1990) “RATING
CORRECTION FOR LATERAL SETTLEMENT OF
PARSHALL FLUMES” Journal of Irrigation and
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[4] Bennett, R. S. (1972) “Cutthroat flume discharge
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CO.
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 04 | Apr-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 321
[5] Boman,B. and Shukla S. (2006) “ Water measurement
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[22] Wright,steven J. , Tullis. Blake P. and Long, Tamara
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