Disaster tourism involves visiting sites where natural or human-made disasters have occurred. It can have both positive and negative impacts. This document discusses disaster tourism and proposes guidelines for an ethics code. It defines disaster and dark tourism, provides examples of popular disaster sites, and discusses push/pull factors and potential problems. The key frameworks of "do no harm", risk/benefit analysis, and utilitarianism are examined. Existing tourism ethics codes are summarized, and Kelman proposes four preliminary guidelines for a disaster tourism ethics code focusing on safety, risk imposition, following authorities, and donations.
The students who have asked difficult questions, which have helped us clarify our own thinking, and the students from many countries who have provided us with interesting insights into the national and cultural differences in tourist behavior.
The students who have asked difficult questions, which have helped us clarify our own thinking, and the students from many countries who have provided us with interesting insights into the national and cultural differences in tourist behavior.
A presentation on the various components of Tourism i.e. the 5 A's of tourism which are attraction, accommodation, accessibility, amenities, activities.
PRESENTATION ON Tourist Area Life Cycle
The tourism lifecycle theory was firstly proposed in 1963 by the German researcher Christaller, who described the development of tourism through three stages like a common product, namely “discovery, growth and decline”.
In 1980, Butler developed a model which shows how any tourist resort may grow is known asTourist Area Life Cycle.
Presented during the 2019 Bonner Summer Leadership Institute at Waynesburg University by Lindsey Forbes (University of Nevada, Reno). This workshop discussed the dangers of voluntourism and will challenge your thinking on
international volunteering.
A presentation to familiarize the students in the 1st semester of hospitality institutes with basic ideas related to the origin and growth of tourism industry.
A PPT which is helpful for all the travellers around the world. It describes the problem faced by the travellers during the exploration of new places and the best possible solution for this.
A presentation on the various components of Tourism i.e. the 5 A's of tourism which are attraction, accommodation, accessibility, amenities, activities.
PRESENTATION ON Tourist Area Life Cycle
The tourism lifecycle theory was firstly proposed in 1963 by the German researcher Christaller, who described the development of tourism through three stages like a common product, namely “discovery, growth and decline”.
In 1980, Butler developed a model which shows how any tourist resort may grow is known asTourist Area Life Cycle.
Presented during the 2019 Bonner Summer Leadership Institute at Waynesburg University by Lindsey Forbes (University of Nevada, Reno). This workshop discussed the dangers of voluntourism and will challenge your thinking on
international volunteering.
A presentation to familiarize the students in the 1st semester of hospitality institutes with basic ideas related to the origin and growth of tourism industry.
A PPT which is helpful for all the travellers around the world. It describes the problem faced by the travellers during the exploration of new places and the best possible solution for this.
Sun, sea, sand and tsunami examiningdisaster vulnerability .docxcalvins9
Sun, sea, sand and tsunami: examining
disaster vulnerability in the tourism
community of Khao Lak, Thailand
Emma Calgaro1 and Kate Lloyd2
1Department of Human Geography, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia and Stockholm Environment
Institute – Asia Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
2Department of Human Geography, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
Correspondence: Emma Calgaro (email: [email protected])
The impact of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami on coastal tourism communities highlights the
vulnerability of tourism destinations to external shocks. Based on fieldwork conducted in Thailand
in the wake of this disaster, this paper addresses one fundamental question: what sociopolitical and
environmental conditions contributed to the vulnerability of the affected tourism community of
Khao Lak in the southern Phang Nga Province. We argue that an understanding of the root causes
of destination vulnerability is vital not only for the successful implementation of regional recovery
plans, but also for building long-term resilience against future shocks. In the absence of an appro-
priate tourism vulnerability framework, this paper analyzes Khao Lak’s vulnerability through an
innovative theoretical framework comprised of the sustainability vulnerability framework, rela-
tional scale and place. The findings reveal that Khao Lak’s vulnerability is shaped by 13 interlinked
factors. These are the complex outcomes of social norms and developmental and dynamic gover-
nance processes driven by the competing agendas and scaled actions of key government and industry
stakeholders. The identification and understanding of the drivers of Khao Lak’s vulnerability and a
strong vulnerability framework have significant implications for the wider tourism community. First,
the empirical findings provide tourism communities with a blueprint for understanding the foun-
dations of their vulnerability to external shocks. Second, the tourism vulnerability framework
presented here provides destination communities and government stakeholders with an analytical
tool through which to analyze their unique sociopolitical conditions. Together, these empirical and
theoretical contributions bring us closer to securing sustainable livelihood futures for tourism
dependent communities.
Keywords: coastal hazards, place, relational scale, sustainable development, tourism, vulnerability
assessment
Introduction
The World Tourism Organization (WTO) and nongovernment organizations (NGOs)
such as Tourism Concern and the Netherlands Development Programme have endorsed
tourism as having the capacity to stimulate development, economic growth, new oppor-
tunities for poverty alleviation and self-governance, particularly in regions that are
resource-scarce and have limited livelihood options. (Ashley et al., 2000; WTO, 2005a).
Such endorsements have enticed many developing countries to embrace tourism as a
viable livelihood alternative where fragmented small economies, .
Sun, sea, sand and tsunami examiningdisaster vulnerability .docxdeanmtaylor1545
Sun, sea, sand and tsunami: examining
disaster vulnerability in the tourism
community of Khao Lak, Thailand
Emma Calgaro1 and Kate Lloyd2
1Department of Human Geography, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia and Stockholm Environment
Institute – Asia Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
2Department of Human Geography, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
Correspondence: Emma Calgaro (email: [email protected])
The impact of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami on coastal tourism communities highlights the
vulnerability of tourism destinations to external shocks. Based on fieldwork conducted in Thailand
in the wake of this disaster, this paper addresses one fundamental question: what sociopolitical and
environmental conditions contributed to the vulnerability of the affected tourism community of
Khao Lak in the southern Phang Nga Province. We argue that an understanding of the root causes
of destination vulnerability is vital not only for the successful implementation of regional recovery
plans, but also for building long-term resilience against future shocks. In the absence of an appro-
priate tourism vulnerability framework, this paper analyzes Khao Lak’s vulnerability through an
innovative theoretical framework comprised of the sustainability vulnerability framework, rela-
tional scale and place. The findings reveal that Khao Lak’s vulnerability is shaped by 13 interlinked
factors. These are the complex outcomes of social norms and developmental and dynamic gover-
nance processes driven by the competing agendas and scaled actions of key government and industry
stakeholders. The identification and understanding of the drivers of Khao Lak’s vulnerability and a
strong vulnerability framework have significant implications for the wider tourism community. First,
the empirical findings provide tourism communities with a blueprint for understanding the foun-
dations of their vulnerability to external shocks. Second, the tourism vulnerability framework
presented here provides destination communities and government stakeholders with an analytical
tool through which to analyze their unique sociopolitical conditions. Together, these empirical and
theoretical contributions bring us closer to securing sustainable livelihood futures for tourism
dependent communities.
Keywords: coastal hazards, place, relational scale, sustainable development, tourism, vulnerability
assessment
Introduction
The World Tourism Organization (WTO) and nongovernment organizations (NGOs)
such as Tourism Concern and the Netherlands Development Programme have endorsed
tourism as having the capacity to stimulate development, economic growth, new oppor-
tunities for poverty alleviation and self-governance, particularly in regions that are
resource-scarce and have limited livelihood options. (Ashley et al., 2000; WTO, 2005a).
Such endorsements have enticed many developing countries to embrace tourism as a
viable livelihood alternative where fragmented small economies, .
We know how people should react in a crisis, but how do they really—and why? Why do people continue to live in high-risk areas? Why don’t people prepare for disasters or take emergency measures when they should? All of us have been confounded by these questions at some point. Dr. Matthew “Disaster Man” Davis delves into the psychology of disasters: how people view their risk, how they respond during and after crises, the obstacles to preparedness and action, and what we can do to factor these realities into our planning.
The slide includes 1.Introduction to Disaster, 2.Disaster Impact and Response, 3.Relief Phase of Disaster, 4.Disaster Mitigation, 5.Disaster Preparedness 6.Personal Protection in different types of Disaster, 7.Man-made Disasters, 8. Policies concerned with disaster management 9.Worst Disasters in India 10. Organizations concerned with disaster management.
A total of 130+ slides will give a detailed idea of the disaster and its management.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
2. Route Map
1. Introduction
2. Dark tourism- Synonym, definition, categories
3. Disaster tourism- definition
4. Reasons for disaster tourism
5. Popular disaster sites
6. Dark Tourism: Gruesome destinations in India
7. Offensive or inappropriate behaviours
8. Push factors & Pull factors
9. Problems in disaster tourism
10. The negative impacts of disaster tourism
11. Main 3 ethical frameworks
12. Tourism-related Codes of Ethics
13. Summary of the guidelines
14. Conclusion
3. Introduction
Many disasters not only involve tourists, but
also attract tourists, with the disaster
situations and their commemorations leading
to “disaster tourism”
Disaster tourism can have positive and
negative impacts, often simultaneously
4. Dark tourism
• Synonym: Black tourism,
Thanatourism or Grief
tourism
• Definition:
• John Lennon and Malcolm
Foley-
• “The representation of
inhuman acts, and how
these are interpreted for
visitors”.
• Kevin Fox Gotham-
• “The circulation of people
to places characterized by
distress, atrocity, or sadness
and pain.”
Categories:
1. Grave tourism
2. Holocaust tourism
3. genocide tourism
4. prison and
persecution site
tourism
5. communism tourism
6. cult-of-personality
tourism
7. Cold War & Iron
Curtain tourism
8. nuclear tourism
9. disaster area tourism
10. Icky medical tourism
https://www.dark-tourism.com/index.php/destinations/categories
5. Disaster
tourism
• Wright And Sharpley-
“A practice of visiting locations at which an
environmental disaster, either natural or man-
made has occurred”.
• Kevin Fox Gotham-
“Disaster tourism” denotes situations where
the tourism product is generated within, and
from, the aftermath of a major disaster or
traumatic event”.
https://tourismteacher.com/disaster-tourism-what-why-and-where/
6. Reasons for
undertaking
disaster tourism
Pirveli (2008) by authors Dorota Rucińska and Maciej
Lechowicz
Motivations for disaster
tourism
Specific motivations for disaster tourism
Need to change location Space and time compression.
Recreational needs Individual preferences.
Cognitive needs Global interest in the world.
Need for human contact Contact with people harmed by natural
disasters.
Need for new experiences Experiencing emotions.
General social needs Expansion of social awareness.
Additional tourism conditions Economic status, need to aid others.
7. Few popular
disaster
tourism sites
• Chernobyl power plant
• Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
• Bikini Atoll Nuclear Test Site
• Hurricane Katrina
• Pompeii
https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/environment/g1288/8-disaster-tourism-sites/
8. Photos From the 1986 Chernobyl Disaster
Chernobyl disaster-
Chernobyl powerplant
https://images.app.goo.gl/MPjTacTujWBeuFDfA
https://images.app.goo.gl/7QDVpjd3kuhv2qnR9
13. Dark Tourism:
Gruesome
destinations
in India
1. Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar. Jallianwala
bagh.
2. Kala Pani, Andaman & Nicobar
Islands.
3. Roopkund, Uttarakhand. Skeletal
remains at Roopkund lake.
4. Taj Mahal, Agra. Taj Mahal.
5. Kuldhara Village, Rajasthan. Kuldhara
village.
6. Union Carbide subsidiary plant,
Bhopal. Bhopal Gas Tragedy.
https://www.indiatvnews.com/lifestyle/travel-gruesome-indian-destinations-that-will-give-you-
nightmares-in-your-sleep-549161
14. Offensive or inappropriate behaviours
• Photographing people in moments of
sorrow
• Smiling and laughing around those
experiencing hardship
• Treating people as if they are
museum exhibits
• Making inappropriate remarks
• Wearing disrespectful clothes
• Using inappropriate language
• Committing to disaster tourism for
personal gain (e.g. personal
satisfaction, to enhance CV etc)
• Making money from others’
hardships
• Talking loudly about unrelated issues
• Showing general signs of disrespect
15. Yuill, Stephanie Marie. 2003. Dark Tourism: Understanding Visitor Motivation at Sites of Death and Disaster, Master’s Thesis. College
Station, TX: Texas A&M University.
Push factors &
Pull factors
Dominant push factors:
Interest in heritage and
history that incorporates
understanding one’s
identity; guilt
(encompassing survivor’s
guilt); shame (including
being part of the group
which might be implicated
in having caused the
disaster); seeking novelty;
and nostalgia.
Main pull factors:
Education, remembrance,
and sacralizing the
disaster-related site,
events, or objects—
meaning that society
labels an event, site, or
object as important,
thereby drawing in
visitors.
16. Problems in
disaster
tourism
• Inherent conflict between the terms ‘disaster’ and
‘tourism’.
• Poor tourist behaviour
• Lack of respect towards the local community and its
peoples.
• Tourists may also be a hindrance instead of a help.
• They may get in the way of lifesaving efforts or put
themselves in unnecessary danger.
• Tourists may also use up resources which should be
prioritised for those in need, such as food and water.
17. The negative
impacts of
disaster tourism
Immediate post-impact
phase (focused on
response):
– Interfering with
disaster-related activities
such as rescues and
recoveries.
– Competing for
resources with disaster-
affected locals and
disaster-related
personnel.
– Causing physical
damage.
Both the immediate and
the long-term post-
impact phases (covering
response and recovery):
– Endangering people.
– Revenues not staying
locally.
– Interfering with criminal
investigations.
– Causing psychological
harm.
Kelman I, Dodds R. Developing a code of ethics for disaster tourism. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and
Disasters. 2009 Nov;27(3):272-96.
18. So, is it really ethical to visit
sites of sorrow?
Or
To photograph people who
are in moments of grief?
19. Main 3 ethical frameworks:
Do no harm
Risk/benefit
analysis
Utilitarianism
Kelman I, Dodds R. Developing a code of ethics for disaster tourism. International Journal of Mass Emergencies
and Disasters. 2009 Nov;27(3):272-96.
20. 1. Do no harm:
i. Means assessing the possible outcomes from actions taken and avoiding
any harm. That must include possible harm from inaction, which in this
case would be avoiding disaster tourism.
ii. Fox (2001) examines some limitations of the “do no harm” ethic, noting
that it cannot apply to all dimensions of disasters.
Kelman I, Dodds R. Developing a code of ethics for disaster tourism. International Journal of Mass Emergencies
and Disasters. 2009 Nov;27(3):272-96.
21. • 2. Risk/benefit analysis:
• Used in evaluating the ethics of research protocols, including for disaster
and tourism research.
• These analyses attempt to
• Ensure that any risks taken are justified in comparison to the expected
benefits.
• Determine that all risks are managed and mitigated as much as feasible.
• One drawback with risk/benefit analyses for disaster work is that social
trust of the authorities by the public affects risk/benefit perception and can
limit acceptance and applicability of the analysis (Siegrist and Cvetkovich
2000).
Siegrist, Michael and George Cvetkovich. 2000. “Perception of Hazards: The Role of Social Trust and Knowledge”. Risk Analysis 20(5): 713-720.
22. 3. Utilitarianism:
i. It refers to the greatest happiness or good for the greatest number or trying
to maximize total benefit.
ii. McNamee, Sheridan, and Buswell (2001) critique utilitarianism for leisure
activities, which equally applies to tourism.
iii. Hartman (2003) discusses the challenging ethics of utilitarianism for triage,
an important part of disaster response.
Kelman I, Dodds R. Developing a code of ethics for disaster tourism. International Journal of Mass Emergencies
and Disasters. 2009 Nov;27(3):272-96.
23. Tourism-
related Codes
of Ethics
UN World Tourism Organization (2001) developed “the
Global Code of Ethics for Tourism” that outlined needed
and useful principles, although few apply directly to
disasters.
UNWTO 2001, p. 4- “tourism activities should be
conducted in harmony with the attributes and traditions
of the host regions and countries”
In the article “Kelman: Disaster Ethics Developing a
Code of Ethics for Disaster Tourism ”, he proposed 4
guidelines after a thorough discussion from a vast
literature. They are
1. Safety
2. Risk imposition
3. Authorities and rules
4. Donation
Kelman I, Dodds R. Developing a code of ethics for disaster tourism. International Journal of
Mass Emergencies and Disasters. 2009 Nov;27(3):272-96.
24. Kelman I, Dodds R. Developing a code of ethics for disaster tourism.
International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters. 2009
Nov;27(3):272-96.
Summary of
Guidelines
The first proposal for a Code of Ethics for Disaster
Tourism comprises the following guidelines.
1. Priority in disasters should be given to the
safety of disaster-affected people and
responders, encompassing rescue and body
recovery operations.
2. One individual should not put another
individual at increased risk without consent.
3. The authorities in a disaster-affected area and
their rules and regulations should be obeyed
within reason.
4. Any donations or assistance offered to disaster-
affected areas should be considered within the
local context and should also involve nearby
but non disaster-affected communities.
25. Conclusion
• Discussion on ethical issues of disaster
tourism is limited.
• Based on existing disaster and tourism
codes, four guidelines are suggested for
disaster tourism by Kelman.
• There should be consultative processes to
further develop and implement the code.
And these process should include continuing
research to ensure that the code would not
result in more problems than it solves.
Editor's Notes
Disaster tourism is the act of visiting locations that have been subjected to man-made or natural environmental disasters. It is considered a sub-sector of dark tourism.
Disaster tourism is considered a sub-sector of dark tourism and although scholars have in the past have reflected on the form of tourism, it has yet to receive much seperate academic attention. With this said, there does not appear to be any standardised definition of the term ‘disaster tourism’.
Pirveli (2008) by authors Dorota Rucińska and Maciej Lechowicz, there are 7 different reasons for undertaking disaster tourism.
In a comprehensive literature review, Yuill (2003) summarizes
The negative impacts of disaster tourism that policies could try to minimize are