Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
SHEAR STRENGTH THEORY
the shear strength of any material is the load per unit area or pressure that it can withstand before undergoing shearing failure.
This presentation is all about consolidation of soil and it's importance in Civil Engineering, co-efficients of consolidation, methods of determining co-efficient of consolidation, Terzaghi's Spring Analogy, Terzaghi's Theory
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
SHEAR STRENGTH THEORY
the shear strength of any material is the load per unit area or pressure that it can withstand before undergoing shearing failure.
This presentation is all about consolidation of soil and it's importance in Civil Engineering, co-efficients of consolidation, methods of determining co-efficient of consolidation, Terzaghi's Spring Analogy, Terzaghi's Theory
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Site investigation for multistorey buildingKiran Birdi
Preliminary and Detailed Investigation of Site.
It is done to check whether the site is feasible for Multistorey Building or not.
In this, I have calculated the Bearing Capacity of Soil by performing SPT.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Introduction
Geostatic Stresses
Boussinesq’s Equation
Vertical Stresses Under A Circular Area
Vertical Stresses Under A Rectangular Area
Equation Point Load Method
Newmark’s Influence Chart
Geotechnical Engineering-II [Lec #3: Direct Shear Test)Muhammad Irfan
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Site investigation for multistorey buildingKiran Birdi
Preliminary and Detailed Investigation of Site.
It is done to check whether the site is feasible for Multistorey Building or not.
In this, I have calculated the Bearing Capacity of Soil by performing SPT.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Introduction
Geostatic Stresses
Boussinesq’s Equation
Vertical Stresses Under A Circular Area
Vertical Stresses Under A Rectangular Area
Equation Point Load Method
Newmark’s Influence Chart
Geotechnical Engineering-II [Lec #3: Direct Shear Test)Muhammad Irfan
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Shear strength is a term used in soil mechanics to describe the magnitude of the shear stress that a soil can sustain. The shear resistance of soil is a result of friction and interlocking of particles, and possibly cementation or bonding at particle contacts. Due to interlocking, particulate material may expand or contract in volume as it is subject to shear strains. If soil expands its volume, the density of particles will decrease and the strength will decrease; in this case, the peak strength would be followed by a reduction of shear stress. The stress-strain relationship levels off when the material stops expanding or contracting, and when interparticle bonds are broken. The theoretical state at which the shear stress and density remain constant while the shear strain increases may be called the critical state, steady state, or residual strength.
FABRICATION AND CALIBRATION OF LARGE SCALE DIRECT SHEAR TEST APPARATUSEditorIJAERD
This research is focused on the Design, Fabrication and Calibration of large scale Direct Shear and Pullout
apparatus to find the shear strength parameters of the soil with large particles under constant normal load. With this
apparatus experiments on fine (loose & dense state), medium (loose & dense state), and coarse (loose & dense state)
sand and also crush aggregate were conducted under different normal loads of 12.7 KN (1.27 ton), 25.4 KN (2.54 ton)
and 38.1KN (3.81 ton). To check the performance of apparatus testing were also done with standard direct shear test
apparatus under the same conditions. As the tests were carried out under different loading conditions without any
problem occur in the equipment assembly hence it was concluded that the equipment design governs. Furthermore it was
observed that there is reasonable difference in the test values of large scale and small scale tests so it was concluded that
the large scale direct shear equipment is calibrated.
Laboratory experimental study and elastic wave velocity on physical propertie...HoangTienTrung1
Pressure grouting has gained popularity as a soil reinforcement method. However, the behavior of the interface between rock and grout is not well known. This study investigates the interaction of pressure grouting and rock, through a series of laboratory tests performed on specially designed and fabricated equipment and using standard testing methods. The test measures the density, compressional strength, and frictional resistance of grout relative to the applied pressure and curing time. Simultaneously, the velocities of the elastic wave traveling through the grout are obtained to develop correlations between the physical properties of the grout and the test conditions. The results of the tests show that the density, compressional strength, and frictional resistance of the grout increase with applied pressure and curing time. The strengths of the influencing factors are seen to be correlated within the range of the test conditions. Using the results of these tests, the potential development of a new method that requires less cement was discussed.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
TESDA TM1 REVIEWER FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
Direct shear test triaxial test
1. Direct shear test Triaxial test
A direct shear test is a laboratory or field test used
by geotechnical engineers to measure the shear
strength properties of soil[1][2]
or rock[2]
material, or
ofdiscontinuities in soil or rock masses.[2][3]
The U.S. and U.K. standards defining how the test should be
performed are ASTM D 3080, AASHTO T236 and BS 1377-
7:1990, respectively. For rock the test is generally restricted
to rock with (very) low shear strength. The test is, however,
standard practice to establish the shear strength properties of
discontinuities in rock.
The test is performed on three or four specimens from a relatively
undisturbed soil sample. A specimen is placed in a shear
box which has two stacked rings to hold the sample; the contact
between the two rings is at approximately the mid-height of the
sample. A confining stress is applied vertically to the specimen,
and the upper ring is pulled laterally until the sample fails, or
through a specified strain. The load applied and the strain induced
is recorded at frequent intervals to determine astress–strain
curve for each confining stress. Several specimens are tested at
varying confining stresses to determine the shear strength
parameters, the soil cohesion (c) and the angle of internal friction,
commonly known as friction angle ( ). The results of the tests
on each specimen are plotted on a graph with the peak (or
residual) stress on the y-axis and the confining stress on the x-
axis. The y-intercept of the curve which fits the test results is the
cohesion, and the slope of the line or curve is the friction angle.
Direct shear tests can be performed under several conditions.
The sample is normally saturated before the test is run, but can
be run at the in-situ moisture content. The rate of strain can be
varied to create a test of undrained or drained conditions,
depending whether the strain is applied slowly enough for water in
2. the sample to prevent pore-water pressure buildup. Direct shear
test machine is required to perform the test. The test using the
direct shear machine determinates the consolidated drained
shear strength of a soil material in direct shear.[4]
The advantages of the direct shear test over other shear tests are
the simplicity of setup and equipment used, and the ability to test
under differing saturation, drainage, and consolidation conditions.
These advantages have to be weighed against the difficulty of
measuring pore-water pressure when testing in undrained
conditions, and possible spuriously high results from forcing the
failure plane to occur in a specific location.
The test equipment and procedures are slightly different for test
on discontinuities.
Triaxial shear test
A triaxial shear test is a common method to measure the
mechanical properties of many deformable solids,
especially soil (e.g., sand, clay) and rock, and othergranular
materials or powders. There are several variations on the
test.[1][2][3][4]
In a triaxial shear test, stress is applied to a sample of the
material being tested in a way which results in stresses along one
axis being different from the stresses in perpendicular directions.
This is typically achieved by placing the sample between two
parallel platens which apply stress in one (usually vertical)
direction, and applying fluid pressure to the specimen to apply
stress in the perpendicular directions. (Testing apparatus which
allows application of different levels of stress in each of three
orthogonal directions are discussed below, under "True Triaxial
test".)
The application of different compressive stresses in the test
apparatus causes shear stress to develop in the sample; the
3. loads can be increased and deflections monitored until failure of
the sample. During the test, the surrounding fluid is pressurized,
and the stress on the platens is increased until the material in the
cylinder fails and forms sliding regions within itself, known
as shear bands. The geometry of the shearing in a triaxial test
typically causes the sample to become shorter while bulging out
along the sides. The stress on the platen is then reduced and the
water pressure pushes the sides back in, causing the sample to
grow taller again. This cycle is usually repeated several times
while collecting stress and strain data about the sample. During
the test the pore pressures of fluids (e.g., water, oil) or gasses in
the sample may be measured using Bishop's pore pressure
apparatus.
From the triaxial test data, it is possible to extract fundamental
material parameters about the sample, including its angle of
shearing resistance, apparent cohesion, and dilatancy angle.
These parameters are then used in computer models to predict
how the material will behave in a larger-scale engineering
application. An example would be to predict the stability of the soil
on a slope, whether the slope will collapse or whether the soil will
support the shear stresses of the slope and remain in place.
Triaxial tests are used along with other tests to make such
engineering predictions.
During the shearing, a granular material will typically have a net
gain or loss of volume. If it had originally been in a dense state,
then it typically gains volume, a characteristic known as Reynolds'
dilatancy. If it had originally been in a very loose state, then
contraction may occur before the shearing begins or in
conjunction with the shearing.
Sometimes, testing of cohesive samples is done with no confining
pressure, in an unconfined compression test. This requires
much simpler and less expensive apparatus and sample
preparation, though the applicability is limited to samples that the
sides won't crumble when exposed, and the confining stress
4. being lower than the in-situ stress gives results which may be
overly conservative. The compression test performed for concrete
strength testing is essentially the same test, on apparatus
designed for the larger samples and higher loads typical of
concrete testing.
Direct shear test has the following merits and demerits as compared to
the triaxial compression test.
Merits of direct shear test
The sample preperation is easy. The test is simple and convenient.
As the thickness of the sample is relatively small, the drainage is
quick and the pore pressure dissipates very rapidly. Consequently,
the consolidated-drained and the consolidated-undrained tests take
relatively small period.
Direct shear test is ideally suited for conducting drained tests on
cohesionless soils.
The apparatus is relatively cheap.
Demerits of direct shear test
The stress condition is known only at failure. The conditions prior to
failure are indeterminate and, therefore, the mohr circle cannot be
drawn.
In direct shear test ,the stress distribution on the failure plane
(horizontal plane) is not uniform. The stresses are more at the edges
and lead to the progressive failure, like tearing of a paper.
Consequently, the full strength of the soil is not mobilised
simultaneously on the entire failure plane.
The area under shear gradually decreases as the test progresses. But
the corrected area cannot be determined and therefore, the original
area is taken for the computation of stresses.
5. The orientation of failure plane is fixed. This plane may not be the
weakest plane.
Control on the drainage conditions is very difficult. So, only drained
tests can be conducted on highly permeable soils.
The measurement of pore water pressure is not possible in direct
shear test.
The side walls of the shear box cause lateral restraint on the
specimen and do not allow it to deform laterally.
triaxial Test – Merits and Demerits of Triaxial Test
he triaxial test has the following merits and demerits:
Merits of Triaxial Test
Triaxial test has complete control over the drainage conditions.
Tests can be easily conducted for all three types of drainage
conditions.
Pore pressure and volumetric changes are possible to be measured
directly.
Stress distribution is uniform on the failure plane.
Another advantages is that the specimen will fail on its weakest
plane.
The state of stress at all intermediate stages upto failure is known. It
is possible to draw the mohr circle at any shear stage.
The test is suitable for accurate research work. The apparatus is
adaptable to special requirements such as extension test and tests for
different stress paths.
6. Demerits of Triaxial Test
Triaxial apparatus is expensive.
In the direct shear test, the drained test takes shorter period.
It is impossible to calculate cross sectional area of the specimen
accurately at large strains, as the assumption that the specimen
remains cylindrical does not hold good.
The test simulates only axis-symmetrical problems. In the field, the
problem is generally 3-dimentional. A general test in which all the
three stresses are varied would be more useful.
Specimen consolidation in the triaxial test is isotropic; whereas in
the field, the consolidation is generally anisotropic.
Despite the above mentioned demerits, triaxial test is extremely useful.
It is the only reliable test for accurate determination of the shear
characteristics of all types of soils and under all the drainage conditions.