This evaluation report summarizes the "Surakshit Samudaya: Building Safer Community through Disaster Management" project implemented by ActionAid Nepal with DIPECHO funding. The project aimed to build safer communities through disaster management initiatives like enhancing awareness, empowering communities, and building stakeholder capacity. It achieved its objectives by establishing 14 Disaster Management Committees, implementing awareness campaigns, training communities and stakeholders in disaster preparedness and risk reduction, and facilitating local risk assessment and action planning. While severe disasters did not occur during the project, trained volunteers were able to provide assistance during flood events. The project helped build knowledge, skills, and local coordination networks to strengthen disaster resilience in the target communities.
Final ccdrr evalaution and learning report ( nov 30) pdfDPNet
The document evaluates a child-centered disaster risk reduction project in Nepal. It summarizes that the project:
1) Increased knowledge of disaster preparedness and response through training local governments, committees, schools, and communities.
2) Facilitated the development of several preparedness and response plans at the local level to better protect communities from disasters.
3) Formed and strengthened local disaster risk reduction institutions to advocate for children's needs and amplify children's voices in disaster policy.
Dipecho nepal contribution2 hfa final report nov 30 _2_DIPECHO Nepal
The document summarizes the achievements of DIPECHO projects in contributing to the Hyogo Framework for Action in Nepal. It finds that the projects helped achieve the five priority actions and three strategic goals of the HFA by strengthening community disaster management institutions, raising awareness of disaster risk reduction, developing early warning systems, and enhancing disaster preparedness and response capacities. However, it also notes gaps that still remain, such as limited coverage, inadequate funding, and a need for better information sharing. It provides recommendations for future initiatives to further promote the goals of the HFA and build resilience in Nepal.
This document summarizes articles in an issue of Outreach, a multi-stakeholder magazine on climate change and sustainable development.
1. It leads with an article calling for collaboration as key to ensuring a fair transition to a green economy. National policies and knowledge sharing are emphasized.
2. Another article argues that without dedicated finance, the Rio+20 conference will fail to deliver on aspirations of transitioning to a green economy. It calls for ending fossil fuel subsidies and greening tax systems.
3. A third article discusses green job opportunities in Canada as the country transitions away from its reliance on oil reserves, and highlights examples from Ontario and other provinces of renewable energy policies creating domestic manufacturing and jobs. It argues
Dipecho5 news letter 2nd edition- oct 09 aaDIPECHO Nepal
This document discusses community mobilization approaches for disaster preparedness in Nepal. It describes how various organizations are empowering communities to participate in disaster risk reduction from the bottom-up. Key approaches mentioned include forming inclusive disaster management committees, conducting participatory vulnerability analyses to identify risks, developing community disaster preparedness plans, and building local leadership through focus groups that represent different community demographics. The goal is to make communities active participants in early warning systems and all stages of project planning and implementation rather than just beneficiaries, in order to increase community ownership and sustainability.
Dipecho v aan drr tool kit launching brief reportedmnepal
The DRR Toolkit for Constituent Assembly members of Nepal was launched on February 24, 2010. The toolkit was developed through a collaborative effort between various stakeholders to inform and sensitize policymakers on disaster risk reduction. It contains fact sheets on disasters in Nepal, the National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management, and other key information. Over 1,000 copies of the toolkit were distributed to assembly members, government officials, and other stakeholders with the goal of strengthening Nepal's legal and policy framework for disaster management and protecting development progress. The launching event was well-attended and key speakers emphasized the importance of coordinated action and long-term planning on disaster risk reduction issues.
Nepal pva workshop report chitwan november 2k5 finalDIPECHO Nepal
The document summarizes a participatory vulnerability analysis workshop held in Nepal from November 14-19, 2005. It provides background on vulnerability and disasters in Nepal. It then discusses the principles and process of participatory vulnerability analysis, including community participation, data collection and analysis, and tying the results to decision making. The workshop aimed to help communities better understand their vulnerabilities in order to strengthen disaster preparedness and resilience.
Dipecho v aan reflect tot report_detail_sept_arpedmnepal
The document summarizes a training report on building disaster-resilient communities in Nepal through REFLECT methodology. The 8-day training was organized by ActionAid Nepal and aimed to develop facilitators to initiate REFLECT circles focused on disaster risk reduction. It used highly participatory methods like role plays, games, group work and documentaries. Participants evaluated the training as effective in providing clear instruction on REFLECT tools and concepts. However, some noted it could have benefited from more time on topics and opportunities to visit project sites. The conclusion recommends continued support from partner organizations to effectively apply the learning from the training on the ground.
Final ccdrr evalaution and learning report ( nov 30) pdfDPNet
The document evaluates a child-centered disaster risk reduction project in Nepal. It summarizes that the project:
1) Increased knowledge of disaster preparedness and response through training local governments, committees, schools, and communities.
2) Facilitated the development of several preparedness and response plans at the local level to better protect communities from disasters.
3) Formed and strengthened local disaster risk reduction institutions to advocate for children's needs and amplify children's voices in disaster policy.
Dipecho nepal contribution2 hfa final report nov 30 _2_DIPECHO Nepal
The document summarizes the achievements of DIPECHO projects in contributing to the Hyogo Framework for Action in Nepal. It finds that the projects helped achieve the five priority actions and three strategic goals of the HFA by strengthening community disaster management institutions, raising awareness of disaster risk reduction, developing early warning systems, and enhancing disaster preparedness and response capacities. However, it also notes gaps that still remain, such as limited coverage, inadequate funding, and a need for better information sharing. It provides recommendations for future initiatives to further promote the goals of the HFA and build resilience in Nepal.
This document summarizes articles in an issue of Outreach, a multi-stakeholder magazine on climate change and sustainable development.
1. It leads with an article calling for collaboration as key to ensuring a fair transition to a green economy. National policies and knowledge sharing are emphasized.
2. Another article argues that without dedicated finance, the Rio+20 conference will fail to deliver on aspirations of transitioning to a green economy. It calls for ending fossil fuel subsidies and greening tax systems.
3. A third article discusses green job opportunities in Canada as the country transitions away from its reliance on oil reserves, and highlights examples from Ontario and other provinces of renewable energy policies creating domestic manufacturing and jobs. It argues
Dipecho5 news letter 2nd edition- oct 09 aaDIPECHO Nepal
This document discusses community mobilization approaches for disaster preparedness in Nepal. It describes how various organizations are empowering communities to participate in disaster risk reduction from the bottom-up. Key approaches mentioned include forming inclusive disaster management committees, conducting participatory vulnerability analyses to identify risks, developing community disaster preparedness plans, and building local leadership through focus groups that represent different community demographics. The goal is to make communities active participants in early warning systems and all stages of project planning and implementation rather than just beneficiaries, in order to increase community ownership and sustainability.
Dipecho v aan drr tool kit launching brief reportedmnepal
The DRR Toolkit for Constituent Assembly members of Nepal was launched on February 24, 2010. The toolkit was developed through a collaborative effort between various stakeholders to inform and sensitize policymakers on disaster risk reduction. It contains fact sheets on disasters in Nepal, the National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management, and other key information. Over 1,000 copies of the toolkit were distributed to assembly members, government officials, and other stakeholders with the goal of strengthening Nepal's legal and policy framework for disaster management and protecting development progress. The launching event was well-attended and key speakers emphasized the importance of coordinated action and long-term planning on disaster risk reduction issues.
Nepal pva workshop report chitwan november 2k5 finalDIPECHO Nepal
The document summarizes a participatory vulnerability analysis workshop held in Nepal from November 14-19, 2005. It provides background on vulnerability and disasters in Nepal. It then discusses the principles and process of participatory vulnerability analysis, including community participation, data collection and analysis, and tying the results to decision making. The workshop aimed to help communities better understand their vulnerabilities in order to strengthen disaster preparedness and resilience.
Dipecho v aan reflect tot report_detail_sept_arpedmnepal
The document summarizes a training report on building disaster-resilient communities in Nepal through REFLECT methodology. The 8-day training was organized by ActionAid Nepal and aimed to develop facilitators to initiate REFLECT circles focused on disaster risk reduction. It used highly participatory methods like role plays, games, group work and documentaries. Participants evaluated the training as effective in providing clear instruction on REFLECT tools and concepts. However, some noted it could have benefited from more time on topics and opportunities to visit project sites. The conclusion recommends continued support from partner organizations to effectively apply the learning from the training on the ground.
An Analysis of the Concept of Public Participation Using the third World Bank...Abdulrazaq Abdulkareem
The document outlines the Fadama III Agricultural Project in Nigeria. It discusses the background and components of the project, including capacity building, infrastructure development, and support for agricultural groups. The project uses a Community Driven Development (CDD) approach, which places control over planning, decisions, and resources with local communities. Stakeholders in the project include host communities, commodity interest groups, user groups, local governments, donors, and various levels of government. The process involves groups submitting local development plans and receiving funding and training to execute sub-projects in their communities.
The document provides updates on DIPECHO-funded disaster risk reduction programs in Nepal. It describes initiatives from multiple organizations that aim to promote inclusion of people with disabilities. ActionAid worked to ensure people with disabilities are involved in community decision making. CARE's project in Nepal strategically adopted inclusive approaches and highlighted examples of individuals with disabilities playing active roles in emergency response. Mercy Corps considered needs of vulnerable groups in evacuation planning and provided assistance to people with disabilities during floods. Practical Action described efforts to ensure a child with disabilities could safely access school. The organizations emphasized mainstreaming disability and ensuring disaster management and response is inclusive and accessible.
This module provides guidance on integrating environmental considerations into project design, monitoring, and evaluation for post-disaster humanitarian aid projects. It discusses why addressing the environment is important, and how to incorporate environmental factors into each stage of the typical project cycle. Specifically, it offers steps for integrating the environment into project planning, goal statements, outputs, activities, assumptions, risks, and indicators. It also provides methods for monitoring environmental impacts and analyzing the collected data for evaluation purposes. The overall aim is to improve outcomes for disaster-affected communities while promoting sustainable environmental practices.
This document discusses the role of National Sustainable Development Councils in implementing agreements from Rio+20. It recommends that such councils have:
1) High-level membership from leading sectors of society and access to government.
2) Independence from government to raise issues but closeness to advise.
3) Resources to study sustainability issues and monitor progress on goals.
4) Engage civil society, local, and regional levels to build partnerships for sustainable development.
National councils can help interpret global goals, establish implementation means, and engage stakeholders, but countries must also learn from each other's experiences.
This document is an issue of Outreach Magazine focused on the upcoming Rio+20 UN Conference on Sustainable Development. It highlights concerns that the conference needs to deliver an outcome that places societies and economies on a more just and equitable footing. It also notes that the conference offers an opportunity to change course towards a more sustainable transition. The issue profiles a number of topics to be discussed at Rio+20 related to human rights, responsibility, food/agriculture, and oceans. It provides a schedule of themes and content deadlines for contributors to the magazine covering the negotiations and events leading up to and during the conference.
Reuse of Urban Waste for Agriculture An Investment Program for Progressive Ac...Sadaf Pitt
This document summarizes a report on a cooperative initiative between the World Bank, UNDP, private sector, and NGOs to advance the beneficial reuse of municipal organic waste for agriculture. The program was established following a 1996 meeting to address the dual problems of increasing urban waste and degrading soil fertility. The report outlines the current situation of food insecurity, poor waste disposal practices, and health issues. It discusses the potential to close the organic waste loop by recycling urban waste for agriculture. The report proposes conducting demonstration projects and feasibility studies in 3 locations to showcase waste recycling approaches and technologies. It recommends establishing an organizational structure and securing funding to implement the program in subsequent phases, with the goal of creating additional waste recycling projects worldwide.
This document provides an introduction and overview of a guide for conducting Social Equity Audits. It discusses the importance of social equity and addressing exclusion in development work. The guide contains frameworks and tools for organizations to evaluate their own practices and identify any exclusions. It describes the multi-year process of developing these tools with input from communities, organizations undergoing audits, auditors, and a core group. The document acknowledges those who contributed to creating the guide and making the social equity audit process participatory. It aims to help organizations reflect on and improve their social inclusiveness.
The document summarizes water and sanitation efforts in Gujarat, India that were inspired by the global Vision 21 plan and Iguacu Action Plan. It describes how NGOs and community groups in Gujarat have played a leading role in implementing decentralized, community-led water and sanitation systems. It outlines some of the challenges faced, such as resistance to change from contractors. However, it also discusses successes like the formation of a state institution that embraces community management of water resources. Overall, it argues that Gujarat's experiences validate the principles of Vision 21 by emphasizing genuine community participation, empowerment of women, and pro-poor approaches.
best practice guidelines action research engaging with cald communities july ...Human Rights Commission
This document provides best practice guidelines for agencies and culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) communities to effectively communicate during and after a disaster. It recommends that agencies get to know CALD communities before a disaster by building relationships based on trust and understanding. Agencies should improve cultural competency, use interpreters, promote diversity in staffing, and properly resource communication with CALD communities. The document is based on research and consultations conducted in Christchurch, New Zealand following destructive earthquakes to understand challenges and ways to enhance communication between agencies and CALD communities during recovery efforts.
The document summarizes a disaster risk reduction project in Nepal called Surakshit Samudaya II. The project aims to strengthen community and local institutional capacities to reduce disaster impacts and ensure rights of vulnerable people. It is funded by the European Commission's DG ECHO and implemented in 5 villages across 3 districts of Nepal with over 13,500 direct beneficiaries. The project focuses on community mobilization, awareness raising, training volunteers, risk mitigation activities, and advocacy efforts to influence disaster policy.
A disaster is defined as any event, natural or man-made, that threatens lives and property and disrupts normal life. Disasters exceed the ability of affected communities and governments to cope. Hazards threaten people, structures, and assets and can cause disasters. Vulnerability is the likelihood of damage from a hazard due to factors like proximity and susceptibility. Risk is the probability of consequences from hazards people are exposed to. Disaster management involves coordination across organizations in preparedness, response, and recovery phases of disasters to reduce risks and improve capacity to handle disasters.
Aandp net presentation on hfa climate change and drrDIPECHO Nepal
This document discusses the close links between climate change, disaster risk reduction, and the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA). It outlines five priorities of the HFA that provide a foundation for both disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation: 1) make reduction of disaster risks a priority, 2) assess disaster risks and enhance early warning, 3) increase education and awareness of safety, 4) reduce underlying risk factors, and 5) strengthen disaster preparedness. Integrating efforts around these priorities through collaboration between stakeholders can help limit climate impacts, support adaptation, and reduce poverty. Political will is needed to drive coordinated action across sectors to address disaster and climate risks.
The document discusses priorities and issues for disaster preparedness projects in Nepal funded by the European Commission's Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection department. It identifies key hazards like earthquakes, floods and landslides. Priority regions include areas affected by multiple hazards, neglected areas with insufficient support, and places with limited follow up from past projects. While the legal framework for disaster risk reduction is evolving, many core issues remain. The document raises questions about how to better ensure projects have impact through advocacy, influence education policy, promote mitigation, integrate cross-cutting issues, replicate success stories, and contribute to linking relief, rehabilitation and development.
The document summarizes the national priorities for disaster risk reduction in Nepal that were identified during a 2008 national consultation meeting. The top three natural hazards identified were earthquakes, floods, and landslides/avalanches. Specific priority locations were also listed for each hazard. These included the Kathmandu Valley, western and far western municipalities for earthquakes, mid hills regions for landslides, and various Tarai districts for floods. The document notes that the priorities may have changed since they were originally identified in November 2008.
This document provides information about the DIPECHO South Asia 2011-2012 funding cycle. It outlines the estimated timings for the funding decision process, from drafting the decision text in September 2010 to the start of funded projects in March 2011. It provides guidance to potential applicants on preparing proposals, including encouraging consortia applications, regional projects, and coordinating activities. The total available funding is 12 million Euros. The document emphasizes building on past lessons, integrating activities with local strategies, and focusing on sustainability beyond the lifetime of funded projects.
This document discusses disaster preparedness in three main points:
1. Disaster preparedness involves safety measures taken before a potential disaster to minimize loss of life, such as removing dead trees, replanting trees, and building embankments along rivers.
2. Community-based disaster preparedness refers to preparations involving direct participation of all community members based on the geographical area and potential disasters, considering the local context.
3. The basic goals of disaster preparedness planning include reducing disaster risks through community organizing and capacity building, early warning systems, infrastructure improvements, and special provisions for children, elderly, disabled, and women.
The document summarizes the findings of a field study conducted in Nepal's Koshi river basin to understand the impacts of climate change and disasters. Key findings include increased temperatures, changes in crop production, more frequent disasters, and shifts in wildlife habitats. Communities reported impacts on livelihoods and concerns about climate trends. Next steps proposed include awareness campaigns, community-based disaster management, developing early warning systems, and building community resilience.
The community initially had misunderstandings about the relief distribution from PACT Nepal, with people saying PACT would provide each household Rs. 50,000 and a bag of grain. However, after regular meetings between PACT staff and the community to explain PACT's objectives and that it does not provide direct cash relief, the community now understands PACT's role is to build disaster resilience, not provide cash. The community disaster management committee now clarifies any issues themselves. Regular interaction through the community listening center helped address the initial challenges around project implementation.
Ii day disaster impact & drr in nepal a concern july2k10DIPECHO Nepal
Nepal faces significant risks from natural hazards like floods, landslides, and earthquakes. Over the past 37 years, disasters have killed over 27,000 people and affected nearly 5 million. The annual economic losses from disasters average over 20 billion NPR, with water-induced floods alone causing over 5.3 billion NPR in losses. Disaster risk reduction through preparedness, mitigation and building resilience is necessary to reduce vulnerabilities and impacts.
Disaster Knowledge Book Compiled in NepaliDIPECHO Nepal
The book describes Disaster Management , Types and hazards in Nepal. The book is compiled version of Disaster Knowledge Series brought to DRR stakeholders by ECO Nepal with financial support from CARITAS. The original version of 15 series was published with support from ActionAid, Oxfam and DIPECHO
This document provides an overview of floods (cfunfuL) in Nepal, including their causes and impacts. It discusses how floods primarily occur during the monsoon season from June to August due to heavy rains. Floods cause significant economic losses and deaths in Nepal each year. The document emphasizes that floods can be largely controlled by humans through proper management and use of fire (cfuf]), as nearly 99% of floods are caused by human error. It calls for increasing public awareness and making the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology more effective in flood control. The document also provides a brief history of the use of fire and an introduction to flood control efforts in Nepal.
An Analysis of the Concept of Public Participation Using the third World Bank...Abdulrazaq Abdulkareem
The document outlines the Fadama III Agricultural Project in Nigeria. It discusses the background and components of the project, including capacity building, infrastructure development, and support for agricultural groups. The project uses a Community Driven Development (CDD) approach, which places control over planning, decisions, and resources with local communities. Stakeholders in the project include host communities, commodity interest groups, user groups, local governments, donors, and various levels of government. The process involves groups submitting local development plans and receiving funding and training to execute sub-projects in their communities.
The document provides updates on DIPECHO-funded disaster risk reduction programs in Nepal. It describes initiatives from multiple organizations that aim to promote inclusion of people with disabilities. ActionAid worked to ensure people with disabilities are involved in community decision making. CARE's project in Nepal strategically adopted inclusive approaches and highlighted examples of individuals with disabilities playing active roles in emergency response. Mercy Corps considered needs of vulnerable groups in evacuation planning and provided assistance to people with disabilities during floods. Practical Action described efforts to ensure a child with disabilities could safely access school. The organizations emphasized mainstreaming disability and ensuring disaster management and response is inclusive and accessible.
This module provides guidance on integrating environmental considerations into project design, monitoring, and evaluation for post-disaster humanitarian aid projects. It discusses why addressing the environment is important, and how to incorporate environmental factors into each stage of the typical project cycle. Specifically, it offers steps for integrating the environment into project planning, goal statements, outputs, activities, assumptions, risks, and indicators. It also provides methods for monitoring environmental impacts and analyzing the collected data for evaluation purposes. The overall aim is to improve outcomes for disaster-affected communities while promoting sustainable environmental practices.
This document discusses the role of National Sustainable Development Councils in implementing agreements from Rio+20. It recommends that such councils have:
1) High-level membership from leading sectors of society and access to government.
2) Independence from government to raise issues but closeness to advise.
3) Resources to study sustainability issues and monitor progress on goals.
4) Engage civil society, local, and regional levels to build partnerships for sustainable development.
National councils can help interpret global goals, establish implementation means, and engage stakeholders, but countries must also learn from each other's experiences.
This document is an issue of Outreach Magazine focused on the upcoming Rio+20 UN Conference on Sustainable Development. It highlights concerns that the conference needs to deliver an outcome that places societies and economies on a more just and equitable footing. It also notes that the conference offers an opportunity to change course towards a more sustainable transition. The issue profiles a number of topics to be discussed at Rio+20 related to human rights, responsibility, food/agriculture, and oceans. It provides a schedule of themes and content deadlines for contributors to the magazine covering the negotiations and events leading up to and during the conference.
Reuse of Urban Waste for Agriculture An Investment Program for Progressive Ac...Sadaf Pitt
This document summarizes a report on a cooperative initiative between the World Bank, UNDP, private sector, and NGOs to advance the beneficial reuse of municipal organic waste for agriculture. The program was established following a 1996 meeting to address the dual problems of increasing urban waste and degrading soil fertility. The report outlines the current situation of food insecurity, poor waste disposal practices, and health issues. It discusses the potential to close the organic waste loop by recycling urban waste for agriculture. The report proposes conducting demonstration projects and feasibility studies in 3 locations to showcase waste recycling approaches and technologies. It recommends establishing an organizational structure and securing funding to implement the program in subsequent phases, with the goal of creating additional waste recycling projects worldwide.
This document provides an introduction and overview of a guide for conducting Social Equity Audits. It discusses the importance of social equity and addressing exclusion in development work. The guide contains frameworks and tools for organizations to evaluate their own practices and identify any exclusions. It describes the multi-year process of developing these tools with input from communities, organizations undergoing audits, auditors, and a core group. The document acknowledges those who contributed to creating the guide and making the social equity audit process participatory. It aims to help organizations reflect on and improve their social inclusiveness.
The document summarizes water and sanitation efforts in Gujarat, India that were inspired by the global Vision 21 plan and Iguacu Action Plan. It describes how NGOs and community groups in Gujarat have played a leading role in implementing decentralized, community-led water and sanitation systems. It outlines some of the challenges faced, such as resistance to change from contractors. However, it also discusses successes like the formation of a state institution that embraces community management of water resources. Overall, it argues that Gujarat's experiences validate the principles of Vision 21 by emphasizing genuine community participation, empowerment of women, and pro-poor approaches.
best practice guidelines action research engaging with cald communities july ...Human Rights Commission
This document provides best practice guidelines for agencies and culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) communities to effectively communicate during and after a disaster. It recommends that agencies get to know CALD communities before a disaster by building relationships based on trust and understanding. Agencies should improve cultural competency, use interpreters, promote diversity in staffing, and properly resource communication with CALD communities. The document is based on research and consultations conducted in Christchurch, New Zealand following destructive earthquakes to understand challenges and ways to enhance communication between agencies and CALD communities during recovery efforts.
The document summarizes a disaster risk reduction project in Nepal called Surakshit Samudaya II. The project aims to strengthen community and local institutional capacities to reduce disaster impacts and ensure rights of vulnerable people. It is funded by the European Commission's DG ECHO and implemented in 5 villages across 3 districts of Nepal with over 13,500 direct beneficiaries. The project focuses on community mobilization, awareness raising, training volunteers, risk mitigation activities, and advocacy efforts to influence disaster policy.
A disaster is defined as any event, natural or man-made, that threatens lives and property and disrupts normal life. Disasters exceed the ability of affected communities and governments to cope. Hazards threaten people, structures, and assets and can cause disasters. Vulnerability is the likelihood of damage from a hazard due to factors like proximity and susceptibility. Risk is the probability of consequences from hazards people are exposed to. Disaster management involves coordination across organizations in preparedness, response, and recovery phases of disasters to reduce risks and improve capacity to handle disasters.
Aandp net presentation on hfa climate change and drrDIPECHO Nepal
This document discusses the close links between climate change, disaster risk reduction, and the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA). It outlines five priorities of the HFA that provide a foundation for both disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation: 1) make reduction of disaster risks a priority, 2) assess disaster risks and enhance early warning, 3) increase education and awareness of safety, 4) reduce underlying risk factors, and 5) strengthen disaster preparedness. Integrating efforts around these priorities through collaboration between stakeholders can help limit climate impacts, support adaptation, and reduce poverty. Political will is needed to drive coordinated action across sectors to address disaster and climate risks.
The document discusses priorities and issues for disaster preparedness projects in Nepal funded by the European Commission's Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection department. It identifies key hazards like earthquakes, floods and landslides. Priority regions include areas affected by multiple hazards, neglected areas with insufficient support, and places with limited follow up from past projects. While the legal framework for disaster risk reduction is evolving, many core issues remain. The document raises questions about how to better ensure projects have impact through advocacy, influence education policy, promote mitigation, integrate cross-cutting issues, replicate success stories, and contribute to linking relief, rehabilitation and development.
The document summarizes the national priorities for disaster risk reduction in Nepal that were identified during a 2008 national consultation meeting. The top three natural hazards identified were earthquakes, floods, and landslides/avalanches. Specific priority locations were also listed for each hazard. These included the Kathmandu Valley, western and far western municipalities for earthquakes, mid hills regions for landslides, and various Tarai districts for floods. The document notes that the priorities may have changed since they were originally identified in November 2008.
This document provides information about the DIPECHO South Asia 2011-2012 funding cycle. It outlines the estimated timings for the funding decision process, from drafting the decision text in September 2010 to the start of funded projects in March 2011. It provides guidance to potential applicants on preparing proposals, including encouraging consortia applications, regional projects, and coordinating activities. The total available funding is 12 million Euros. The document emphasizes building on past lessons, integrating activities with local strategies, and focusing on sustainability beyond the lifetime of funded projects.
This document discusses disaster preparedness in three main points:
1. Disaster preparedness involves safety measures taken before a potential disaster to minimize loss of life, such as removing dead trees, replanting trees, and building embankments along rivers.
2. Community-based disaster preparedness refers to preparations involving direct participation of all community members based on the geographical area and potential disasters, considering the local context.
3. The basic goals of disaster preparedness planning include reducing disaster risks through community organizing and capacity building, early warning systems, infrastructure improvements, and special provisions for children, elderly, disabled, and women.
The document summarizes the findings of a field study conducted in Nepal's Koshi river basin to understand the impacts of climate change and disasters. Key findings include increased temperatures, changes in crop production, more frequent disasters, and shifts in wildlife habitats. Communities reported impacts on livelihoods and concerns about climate trends. Next steps proposed include awareness campaigns, community-based disaster management, developing early warning systems, and building community resilience.
The community initially had misunderstandings about the relief distribution from PACT Nepal, with people saying PACT would provide each household Rs. 50,000 and a bag of grain. However, after regular meetings between PACT staff and the community to explain PACT's objectives and that it does not provide direct cash relief, the community now understands PACT's role is to build disaster resilience, not provide cash. The community disaster management committee now clarifies any issues themselves. Regular interaction through the community listening center helped address the initial challenges around project implementation.
Ii day disaster impact & drr in nepal a concern july2k10DIPECHO Nepal
Nepal faces significant risks from natural hazards like floods, landslides, and earthquakes. Over the past 37 years, disasters have killed over 27,000 people and affected nearly 5 million. The annual economic losses from disasters average over 20 billion NPR, with water-induced floods alone causing over 5.3 billion NPR in losses. Disaster risk reduction through preparedness, mitigation and building resilience is necessary to reduce vulnerabilities and impacts.
Disaster Knowledge Book Compiled in NepaliDIPECHO Nepal
The book describes Disaster Management , Types and hazards in Nepal. The book is compiled version of Disaster Knowledge Series brought to DRR stakeholders by ECO Nepal with financial support from CARITAS. The original version of 15 series was published with support from ActionAid, Oxfam and DIPECHO
This document provides an overview of floods (cfunfuL) in Nepal, including their causes and impacts. It discusses how floods primarily occur during the monsoon season from June to August due to heavy rains. Floods cause significant economic losses and deaths in Nepal each year. The document emphasizes that floods can be largely controlled by humans through proper management and use of fire (cfuf]), as nearly 99% of floods are caused by human error. It calls for increasing public awareness and making the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology more effective in flood control. The document also provides a brief history of the use of fire and an introduction to flood control efforts in Nepal.
Disaster impact & drr in nepal a concern july2k10DIPECHO Nepal
Nepal faces significant risks from natural hazards like floods, landslides, and earthquakes. Over the past 37 years, disasters have killed over 27,000 people and affected nearly 5 million. The annual economic losses from disasters average over 20 billion NPR, with water-induced floods alone causing over 5.3 billion NPR in losses. Disaster risk reduction through preparedness, mitigation and building resilience is necessary to reduce vulnerabilities and impacts.
The document discusses biological and chemical disasters in Nepal. It notes that while Nepal has not experienced large chemical disasters due to its lack of industrial development, biological disasters from animal attacks and use of pesticides do pose risks. Animal attacks by wild animals like elephants, rhinos and monkeys cause many human deaths each year. The increasing use of pesticides in agriculture also increases risk of epidemics. The document aims to provide simple information about biological and chemical disasters.
The document discusses environmental pollution and disasters. It states that most disasters are increasing due to human-caused environmental degradation rather than purely natural causes. Environmental pollution and climate change from factors like industrialization, unsustainable land use, and waste mismanagement are exacerbating disasters and harming human life. The summary focuses on how human activities are degrading the environment and increasing disaster risks.
This document summarizes the outcomes of an ActionAid disaster management project in Nepal. The project aimed to build safer communities through awareness, empowerment and capacity building. Key results included:
1) Increased awareness and confidence in disaster preparedness and risk reduction among 135,000 community members through training of volunteers.
2) Establishment of functional disaster management committees that synergized community efforts and mobilized local resources above targets.
3) Implementation of small-scale mitigation projects like shelters and embankments that protected communities.
Dipecho v aan article for capacity development aanedmnepal
The document summarizes the capacity building activities of the Surakshit Samudaya II project in Nepal, which aims to build community resilience to disasters. Key activities included assessing communities' knowledge of disaster preparedness, hazard mapping, training over 150 disaster management committee members and volunteers, first aid training for 48 young volunteers, and orienting 171 government authorities on disaster risk reduction. The capacity building efforts have empowered community members to advocate for their disaster-related rights and needs.
This document describes three DIPECHO projects in Nepal that aim to build disaster resilience. The first project will raise awareness and build capacity of communities and stakeholders in 14 districts to prepare for disasters through training and information sharing. The second will increase inclusion of people with disabilities in disaster management programs. It will provide training to partners on mainstreaming disability. The third project establishes an early flood warning system across two districts. It will link communities, media, and authorities to disseminate warnings and support integrated disaster planning.
This document summarizes several DIPECHO projects in Nepal funded by ECHO. It provides details on 7 different projects, including their location, timeframe, budget, objectives, overview and expected results. The projects focus on building community resilience to disasters through activities like awareness raising, training, early warning systems, and small-scale mitigation structures. The overall goal is to help vulnerable communities in Nepal better prepare for and respond to natural hazards.
The project has contributed to achieving the priority actions of the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) in several ways. It established Disaster Preparedness Committees (DPCs) in six communities to identify risks and develop early warning systems. Financial transparency was maintained through social audits. Emergency funds helped communities conduct preparedness activities. Linking community and village development committee disaster plans helped secure resources. The project identified physical, attitudinal and social risks through vulnerability assessments. Early warning information from the meteorology department was disseminated through local messengers and radio. Simulations helped build knowledge of evacuation procedures.
Dipecho v aan brief update july 09 april 10edmnepal
The document provides an update on the progress of ActionAid Nepal's DIPECHO V project from July 2009 to April 2010. The project worked to build disaster resilience in communities in Banke, Sunsari, and Udayapur districts. Key achievements included forming disaster management committees, providing training to communities and stakeholders, conducting vulnerability assessments, establishing emergency funds, and implementing small-scale mitigation activities like raising tube wells and constructing bio-dykes. The project enhanced community capacity for disaster risk reduction and created an enabling environment for DRR policies through orientations with government officials, NGOs, and parliamentarians.
Social Work practice conducting PDNA in post disaster situation: Special re...Bibhuti Bhusan Gadanayak
Social Work practice conducting PDNA in post disaster situation: Special reference to the volcanic eruption in bordering area of DR Congo-Rwanda, East Africa on Saturday 22nd May 2021. Presented before the students of Department of Social Work, Visva-Bharati (A Central University of National Importance ) on 11th July 2021 from RWANDA
Dipecho5 news letter 5th edition- march10DIPECHO Nepal
The document discusses capacity building efforts for disaster risk reduction in Nepal. It describes several organizations' projects:
1) Action Aid's project enhances knowledge and skills through trainings, develops systems/institutions, and advocates for stronger disaster policy.
2) CARE's project builds communities' capacity for risk reduction through participatory vulnerability analysis and supporting disaster management committees.
3) Several other organizations like Danish Red Cross, Handicap International, Mercy Corps, etc. also emphasize community-based disaster preparedness and capacity building.
Dipecho v news letter 5th edition- march10edmnepal
The document discusses capacity building efforts for disaster risk reduction in Nepal. It describes several organizations' projects that focus on building the capacities of communities, local governments, and other stakeholders. Key points:
- Action Aid's project enhances knowledge and skills through trainings, develops community disaster management committees, orients local leaders on disaster risk reduction, and advocates for stronger policies.
- CARE's project builds communities' capacities for risk reduction through its SAMADHAN project.
- Several other organizations like Danish Red Cross, Handicap International, Mercy Corps, etc. also undertake capacity building initiatives through community trainings, strengthening local systems, and scaling up early warning systems.
The project successfully built community resilience to disasters in Nepal through various activities. It established 31 REFLECT circles with over 500 members to educate communities on vulnerabilities, disaster preparedness, and rights. It also formed 19 disaster management committees led by community members to regularly address disaster risks. The project enhanced awareness, prepared communities by training volunteers and establishing early warning systems. It mobilized funds for small-scale mitigation like constructing bio-dykes and tube wells to protect vulnerable communities from floods. Overall, the project achieved its goals of strengthening community capacity and creating an enabling environment for disaster risk reduction.
The European Commission's Humanitarian Aid department funds disaster preparedness projects in regions prone to natural catastrophes. It has supported initiatives in South Asia, including projects in Nepal managed by ActionAid Nepal. These projects aim to raise awareness, build community capacities, develop local resource persons, and facilitate disaster risk reduction through transparency and accountability. ActionAid Nepal implemented a 15-month project funded by the European Commission to establish disaster preparedness committees, build networks among stakeholders, and create disaster information centers in five Nepalese districts.
This midterm review report summarizes the progress of ActionAid Nepal's "Surakshit Samudaya II" disaster resilience project, funded by the European Commission. The project aims to strengthen community capacity for disaster risk reduction in 3 districts of Nepal. The review assessed project implementation, outcomes, and recommendations for improvement. Key findings include successful community mobilization and capacity building activities. The report recommends continued focus on empowering vulnerable groups and ensuring local ownership of disaster management efforts.
This document provides the midterm review report of the "Surakshit Samudaya II" project implemented by ActionAid Nepal with funding from the European Commission. The project aims to build disaster resilient communities in 3 districts of Nepal. The summary reviews the project's objectives, methodology, findings and recommendations. It finds that the project has strengthened community capacities for disaster risk reduction through community mobilization, training, and small-scale mitigation measures. However, it also notes some areas for improvement, such as further building ownership among local stakeholders and ensuring sustainability of project activities. The review provides recommendations to help the project better achieve its goals in the remaining implementation period.
The European Commission's Humanitarian Aid department funds disaster preparedness projects around the world. It has supported initiatives in South Asia, including Nepal, to raise awareness, build capacity for disaster response, and develop local leaders in participatory disaster preparedness. The department works with partners to provide relief supplies and support preparedness activities, especially in areas prone to natural disasters. ActionAid Nepal is implementing a DIPECHO-funded project called "Surakshit Samudaya" across five districts to help communities prepare for, respond to, and mitigate disasters through REFLECT groups, training, small-scale infrastructure, and networking.
Dipecho v news letter 2nd edition- oct 09 aaedmnepal
The document discusses community mobilization approaches used by various organizations working on disaster risk reduction in Nepal. It provides examples of how organizations are mobilizing communities in inclusive and participatory ways to assess risks, develop disaster preparedness plans, and build local capacity and leadership. Key approaches discussed include forming inclusive disaster management committees, conducting vulnerability and capacity assessments, developing community disaster preparedness and response plans, providing trainings, and using methods like street dramas and mock drills to raise awareness. The goal is to empower communities to identify and address their own disaster risks through collective action.
Child centred disaster risk reduction project evaluation and learning-plan-ne...DPNet
The document evaluates a child-centred disaster risk reduction project implemented by Plan Nepal in three villages in Sunsari District, Nepal from 2011-2012. The project aimed to build the capacity of government bodies and local communities, including children, to better respond to, prevent, and mitigate disasters. Some key findings of the evaluation include:
- The project was relevant by targeting vulnerable villages, allocating over 90% of funding to capacity building and preparedness, and engaging children who are often most impacted by disasters.
- It was effective in increasing community confidence in responding to disasters through preparedness training, mitigation planning, and developing local capacities. Children recognized their role in disaster risk reduction.
- The project
1) The document discusses knowledge management as an integral part of sustainability in community development projects. It argues that knowledge gained from projects is often not institutionalized, resulting in the loss of technical knowledge when projects end.
2) It proposes a framework for integrating knowledge management into projects that includes promoting community practices, managing community knowledge, and translating community memory into institutional practices.
3) Key challenges identified include personal mobility versus institutionalization of knowledge, lack of links between community activities and research, and limited networking and sharing of best practices.
Knowledge management a practical inquiry into knowledge gap, local practice ...Munas Kalden
The knowledge management is an integral part of sustainability process. It becomes pivotal in any community based development project. The knowledge society contributes to quality inputs and cascades the benefits to the next generations. It is an intellectual heritage; it ought to be owned and translated into development activities by the beneficiary community.
The document provides an update on the progress of ActionAid Nepal's DIPECHO V project from July to December 2009. It summarizes that:
1) The project has been implementing activities largely on schedule and reaching intended targets to build disaster resilient communities.
2) Key activities included training community members and local stakeholders in disaster preparedness, forming community groups, and identifying small-scale mitigation projects.
3) An initial assessment found communities have enhanced knowledge of risks and capacities, while further advocacy and mitigation work is ongoing.
Similar to Dipecho aan evaluation final report (20)
The document discusses the relationship between development and disaster risk reduction. It explains that development can both increase and decrease vulnerability to disasters, and that disasters can either provide opportunities for development or set back development. It advocates for a people-centered approach to development that reduces vulnerability through building resilience, livelihoods, and local capacities. Key strategies discussed include prioritizing adaptation efforts, integrating adaptation into development plans, strengthening local capacities, and leveraging disaster prevention to promote community-based adaptation.
The document discusses the relationship between development and disasters. It notes that development can both increase and decrease vulnerability to disasters. Development can increase vulnerability by encouraging population growth in hazardous areas and damaging the environment. However, development can also reduce vulnerability through infrastructure like earthquake-resistant buildings. While disasters can disrupt development, they can also provide opportunities for rebuilding safer structures and improving systems. Overall, the document examines how development and disasters intersect and influence each other in both positive and negative ways.
This document discusses how climate change is disproportionately impacting poor women in Bangladesh, India, and Nepal. Field research found that women in these countries are struggling to protect their livelihoods, assets, housing, and food security from increasing floods, droughts, heatwaves, and other climate-related disasters. While women are not passive victims, their limited resources, weak information networks, and lack of support constrain their ability to adapt. The evidence suggests women have started adapting in small ways like finding safer places to live and store goods during floods. However, larger investments and policy support are needed to make their livelihoods more resilient and sustainable over the long term. The document calls for targeted funding for poor women through climate change adaptation
This report summarizes interviews conducted with children in Nepal about the impacts of climate change on their lives. It finds that climate change is already affecting vulnerable communities through increased floods, landslides and irregular weather. Children interviewed in rural, mountain and urban areas of Nepal expressed experiencing impacts on their families' livelihoods, health, education, and access to food and water. They feel vulnerable but want support to adapt to and mitigate the effects of climate change. The report recommends ensuring children's rights to participation in climate change discussions and decisions that affect their lives.
The document summarizes a panel discussion held by the Association of Community Radio Broadcasters Nepal (ACORAB) on disaster risk reduction and community radio. Over 135 representatives from community radio stations across Nepal attended. The objective was to sensitize stations on DRR issues so they can effectively address them. A panel of experts presented on the status of disasters in Nepal, community-level DRR initiatives, and how media can contribute to DRR. Participants discussed how community radios and organizations like DPNet and Red Cross can collaborate more on DRR. Examples were shared of radios informing communities during disasters and helping victims, and calls were made to replicate such initiatives for greater impact. The discussion aimed to help community radio stations strategize
1) The document discusses a school building reconstruction project in Sunsari district to improve earthquake safety and security.
2) The project involved renovating existing buildings and constructing new earthquake-resistant buildings at Bhagawati Secondary School in Inaruwa-1 as a demonstration model.
3) Key aspects of the new building construction included two rooms measuring 16 feet by 23 feet, a total height of 49 feet, and features like railings and ramps to improve accessibility.
- Small scale mitigation works were carried out in Sunsari district to address drinking water problems experienced by communities during the monsoon season.
- A total of 28 structures such as tube wells were constructed across multiple locations in consultation with locally formed disaster management committees.
- The structures were 5 meters in height and designed based on discussions with the communities about where flooding typically occurred and input from local technicians.
- Community members contributed through provision of labor and materials while funds were also received from DIPECHO and local government sources to complete the projects.
1) Rambati, a woman from Karkhana Tole village in Sunsari, Nepal, recalls a devastating flood in 1990 when she had just given birth and had to stay in a dangling bed for two days without much food.
2) The village is prone to frequent flooding and other disasters that damage homes and crops. There was no disaster management system previously.
3) With support from a local NGO, the community formed a disaster management committee and began collecting "fistfuls of rice" daily to stockpile food for emergencies. Rambati is an active participant in these efforts.
1) A total of 2,600 meters of bioengineering riverbank protection works were completed in Bahardar tole of Babiya-8, Sunsari, exceeding the original plan of 1,000 meters due to community demand.
2) The works provided protection to 58 households from annual flooding and erosion of the Sunkoshi River, allowing families to invest in livelihoods without risk of loss of property.
3) The project was implemented through cooperation between the local development committee, disaster management office, and local construction committee with technical support from NGO partners and voluntary labor from the community.
The document summarizes an orientation program on disaster management for children in Nepal. It discusses forming child clubs in 7 communities to raise awareness about disaster preparedness and management among children. The 3-day program educated over 475 children on disaster types, reducing risks, and children's roles and rights during disasters. It resulted in the creation of 7 child club committees to discuss disasters and mobilize awareness campaigns under the guidance of Disaster Management Committees.
1. A 1-day orientation was held for masons on earthquake safety day to train them on constructing safe buildings.
2. The objectives were to inform masons about earthquake safety day, make them aware of building safely, and create an environment for cooperation in safe construction.
3. A total of 30 masons from 3 locations participated and were committed to start constructing earthquake-resistant buildings and follow building codes and standards.
1. The document outlines minimum standards for education in emergencies, protracted crises, and early recovery. It aims to ensure the right to education for all during humanitarian crises.
2. The Inter-agency Network for Education in Emergencies (INEE) developed the standards through a collaborative process, drawing on the expertise of over 20 organizations.
3. The standards cover key areas like community participation, assessment, education policy and coordination to help advocate for, support and implement education during humanitarian emergencies. INEE welcomes new members to help advance these goals.
The document provides context about a cost-benefit analysis conducted for a disaster risk reduction project in Kailali, Nepal. It describes the project, called the Kailali Disaster Risk Reduction Initiative (KDRRI), which was implemented from 2007-2009 in communities vulnerable to flooding. The analysis had two goals: 1) to assess the cost-effectiveness of the KDRRI project and 2) to create a generalizable methodology for evaluating community-based disaster risk reduction projects. Data was collected through surveys and interviews and analyzed using a mathematical model. The analysis found benefit-cost ratios greater than one, indicating the economic benefits of the project exceeded the costs. Specifically, the ratio was estimated to be 3.49, meaning
The document discusses disaster management in Nepal, with a focus on community-based approaches.
Key points:
- Nepal is vulnerable to various natural hazards like floods, landslides, droughts, and earthquakes due to its geology, topography, and climate. Disasters disproportionately impact the poor.
- A livelihood-centered approach to disaster management aims to strengthen communities' resilience by supporting their livelihoods and reducing vulnerabilities. This includes activities like hazard mapping, early warning systems, and diversifying income sources.
- The document outlines Nepal's practical experience with community-based disaster management planning and implementation. Priority areas are selected and community disaster plans developed and linked to development planning.
National platform on drr bidhan 2065 52DIPECHO Nepal
1) The document establishes the National Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction in Nepal, outlining its objectives, membership, structure and functions.
2) It aims to coordinate disaster risk reduction activities nationally and facilitate policy dialogue between stakeholders to develop shared visions and consensus.
3) The National Platform will represent Nepal at global forums and help implement international frameworks like the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030.
Drr focal person workshop completion reportDIPECHO Nepal
The document summarizes a two-day training workshop on mainstreaming disaster risk reduction to the focal desks of the Government of Nepal. The workshop was organized by the Ministry of Home Affairs in collaboration with ActionAid Nepal and supported by the European Commission, Australian Government, and others. It covered topics like disaster management concepts, Nepal's vulnerability to disasters, national and international frameworks for emergency response, and mainstreaming disaster risk reduction into development planning. Government officials from various ministries presented on mainstreaming efforts and challenges. Participants recommended mainstreaming DRR as a priority and holding such workshops regularly to build capacity of focal persons.
Dipecho iii final evaluation bcrd report june 09DIPECHO Nepal
This document provides an overview of disaster preparedness efforts in Nepal led by ActionAid Nepal and funded by the European Commission's Humanitarian Aid Department (ECHO). It discusses Nepal's high risk for various natural disasters and the devastating impacts they have had. The key goals of the Building Community Resilience to Disaster project were to raise awareness, build capacity, and implement small-scale mitigation programs to help vulnerable communities better prepare for and respond to disasters. The project was implemented in three districts over 15 months and aimed to help marginalized groups through training, advocacy, and community mobilization activities.
Constitution of national plaform on drr englishDIPECHO Nepal
This document outlines the constitution for the National Platform on Disaster Risk Reduction in Nepal. [1] It establishes the organization, defines key terms, and outlines its objectives. [2] The objectives are to coordinate disaster risk reduction efforts among stakeholders in Nepal and ensure policies and programs are participatory and coordinated. [3] It also aims to strengthen early warning systems, raise public awareness, and advocate for disaster risk reduction to be integrated into development policies.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
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This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
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How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
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Dipecho aan evaluation final report
1. Surakshit Samudaya:
Building Safer Community
through Disaster
Management
To enable communities
towards disaster
management through
awareness, empowerment
and enhanced capacity of
accountable stakeholders
A DIPECHO SUPPORTED PROJECT
EVALUATION REPORT
Evaluated by
Dhruba Raj Gautam
February-March 2008
2. FINAL EVALUATION REPORT OF
ACTIONAID NEPAL
SURAKSHIT SAMUDAYA: BUILDING SAFER COMMUNITY
THROUGH DISASTER MANAGEMENT
(SUPPORTED BY DIPECHO)
Evaluator: Dhruba Raj Gautam
Contact Details: Kathmandu-Sachetan Marg, Nepal
Phone: +977-1-4464716/98510-95808
Email: drgautam@wlink.com.np
Project Title: Surakshit Samudaya: Building Safer
Community through Disaster Management
Implementing Agency: ActionAid Nepal
Donor: DipECHO
Project Start Date: 01 November 2007
Project End Date: 28 February 2009
Project Duration: 15 months
Duration of evaluation: 24 days
Field visit dates: 20th February to 3rd March 2009
Project Objective: To enable communities towards disaster
management through awareness,
empowerment and enhanced capacity of
accountable stakeholders, contributing
towards the overall aim of building safer
communities in the project area through
disaster management initiatives.
This report has been produced and financed at the request of ActionAid Nepal. The
comments contained herein reflect the opinions of the consultant only.
3. Acknowledgements
This evaluation report has been possible because of the support of so many people personally
and professionally. We would like to extend our sincere gratitude to all persons who contributed
to this evaluation in many different ways: by sharing their experience, thoughts and opinions
about the project, and by contributing time, advice and hospitality.
First, we would like to acknowledge the hard work that is being done by the multitude of active
teams, and groups organized under the DIPECHO project. Next, our particular thanks go to all
project staff and people involved from partner NGOs that is excellently prepared the evaluation
process and arranged our field visit on the field sites. Their dedication, input and willingness to
share about critical issues were extremely valuable.
We are grateful to Mr PV Krishnan, DIPECHO Project Manager of DIPECHO/AAN and Mr
Shyam Sundar Jnavaly, Sr. Theme Leader/EDM for their feedback and suggestion in the
methodology as well as coordination of the whole evaluation. The painstaking efforts made by
Mr. Dinesh Singh and Mr Ashok Pokharel, the Project Officers, DIPECHO/AAN during the
whole evaluation administration were highly commendable. I would like to appreciate Mr
Saurabh Sharma, Finance and Admin Office, for his valuable comments in the draft report.
Similarly, the PSOs including all the DIPECHO team of Makwanpur, Sarlahi, Udaypur and
Rupandehi's assistance and support have been critical to undertake evaluation. We are indebted
to DMC, task force and REFLECT group members of all project districts for their patience, co-
operation and good understanding without their support; it would not have been possible to
complete this evaluation. We were encouraged when people accepted our presence, answered
our queries passionately and made us internalize the key project achievements and outcomes.
Therefore, we remain obliged to them.
I would like to appreciate the key role played by two evaluation interns-Ms Durga Rai and Ms
Neelima Poudel for their hard and dedicated work during the evaluation consultation at both
field and Kathamndu level. Last but not least, our thanks go to all senior personnel from AAN
who entrusted us with the task of conducting this evaluation.
Thanks
Dhruba Raj Gautam
Kathmandu
March, 2009
4. FINAL EVALUATION REPORT OF
ActionAid Nepal
Surakshit Samudaya: Building Safer Community
through Disaster Management
(SUPPORTED BY DIPECHO)
Executive Summary
1. Background of the Project and Evaluation: 'Surakshit Samudaya: Building safer community
through disaster management initiatives’ was implemented in five districts for 16 months from
November 2007 under a funding support of the European Commission through its Humanitarian Aid
department. The project's specific objective was to contribute towards building safer communities
through disaster management initiatives by enhancing communities’ awareness, empowering them
and enhancing the capacity of stakeholders. With the project scheduled to be completed in February
2009, Actionaid commissioned an external evaluation of the project. The broad objective of the
evaluation was to analyse the overall achievements, document and draw on the key learning to
suggest possible future direction for disaster preparedness (DP) and disaster risk reduction (DRR)
initiatives. The evaluation methodology mainly consisted of gathering primary information through
field visit, review of secondary information, and consultations with AAN, partner NGOs, DPNet,
National Society for Earthquake technology (NSET) and government officials (GOs). Focus group
discussions and key informant interviews were held to explore overall achievements and perceptions
of the project’s contributions.
2. Fulfilment/achievements of key objectives/results: The 14 Disaster Management Committees
(DMCs) are the backbone of the project and are working as facilitators to carry out DP activities. The
critical components of the project including awareness generation; grassroots institution building and
capacity enhancement as well as mobilization of resources for risk reduction have been accomplished.
Comparison of the originally stated indicators against the achievement clearly indicates that the
project has been successfully completed with all agreed initiatives fully and efficiently accomplished.
The disaster management committees are functioning and their discussions on disaster related issues
and vulnerability reduction is well informed and coordinated. There is an organic relation between
REFLECT and the DMCs. REFLECT circles has given new meaning to community mobilization,
ensuring that every member of the community is involved in the decision making process. The
presence of trained volunteers and youth in the community has resulted in increased capacity of the
people to respond to disasters. Though severe disasters have not tested the utility of the trained
volunteers, their presence and benefit to the community was apparent during Koshi floods and floods
in Rupandehi in 2008.
The information, education and communication (IEC) materials designed to suit the local culture and
context and 40-episode radio programme were successful in imparting the basic knowledge about DP
and DRR. The Gaunghar FM radio programme run by the youth of Jogidaha in Udaypur was highly
appreciated. In Sarlahi, in spite of the listener clubs, outreach was limited because of the broadcast
hours and language. The street theatre, drill rehearsals and school-level competitions helped to
understand disasters, causal relationships and to take steps to cope with them.
The youth, volunteers, teachers, students, masons, women, and community-and district-level
stakeholders were involved in capacity-building programmes. The communities were trained in
disaster management (DM) and Participatory Vulnerability Analysis (PVA) to identify risks, hazards
and vulnerable areas and cope with risks through local actions. Comprehensive risk assessment and
action plan imparted knowledge and skills to deal with multiple risks and hazards. Training in first aid
4
5. enabled the trained local women to serve people injured during floods. The members of communities
trained in light search, rescue and evacuation operations and fire fighting and training of
contractors/masons helped them translate the skills into action. Two schools were equipped with
retrofitting technology for safety from earthquakes.
The 28 REgenerated Freiren Literacy through Empowering Community Techniques (REFLECT)
groups had learned to identify the possible disaster risks and their local solutions. The women of
Butwal-5 were able to secure Rs 75,000 from the municipality to construct culverts. With seven
municipality and five district-level networks, it became easy to do resource mapping and resource
sharing/generation for coping with disasters. In Sarlahi, district-level DMC network had been
engaging in developing a district DM plan. Now, DDRC had become more accountable towards
DMCs. However, disaster information centres (DICs) were not fully functional because of resource
constraints and inadequate guidelines. The Disaster Relief Fund (DRF) was considered a ray of hope
for emergency and disaster situations. The ‘fistful rice campaign’ was instrumental in raising grains
on voluntary basis. The project had built the capacity of a large number of constituent assembly
members, GOs, NGO representatives and members of SMCs, parents and teachers’ associations,
students on DP and HFA.
School building EQ-proof retrofitting, culvert construction, emergency shelters, plantation area,
protection work, retention wall and safe exits have greatly contributed to provide safe places and to
protect agricultural land. In Udaypur and Rupandehi, about 650 bighas (1 bigha =0.67ha) of land was
safeguarded. In Sunsari and Udaypur, plantation of saplings has contributed to protecting land and
human settlements. The riverbank protection work has raised the value of land in Hadikhola in
Makwanpur. The emergency shelter in Jogidaha in Udaypur can be said to be a model work. The
DMC of Butwal-13 in Rupandehi has mobilized its own resources to construct a safe shelter. The
construction of raised hand pumps has ensured safe drinking water during floods. In Sarlahi, the
provision of ramps has increased the access of the people with disability (PWD) to water and toilets.
The formulation of DM plans has made it easy to build up linkages to access external resources. The
GO supports ranged from 5 to 35 per cent in all mitigation works. The contingency plan prepared by
each DMC has also ensured management of relief work within 72 hours of a disaster. DMC of
Butwal-5 was able to secure municipality’s resources for construction of culverts; the DMCs of
Rupandehi and Udaypur were lobbying with the Village Council for greater allocation of funds to DP
and DRR. However, as the DMCs are at cluster level, there is some doubt on its ability to generate
resources from the government. In sum, these achievements are evidences of the fulfilment of the four
results and thus its key objective.
At a higher level, the comprehensive risk mapping exercise in Triyoga municipality and the
orientation on HFA and DRR to government officers, NGO leaders and constituent assembly
members have succeeded in ensuring informed policy makers at various levels. The multi-hazard risk
mapping in Triyoga was a successful pilot initiative that will help the municipality not only to
integrate risk reduction into the ongoing development initiatives but also help them mobilize
resources towards that. Working together, the DIPECHO project and the DRR through Schools
project (supported by DFID) ensured that there is complementarities and continuity in pursuing school
curricula on DRR. Where as DRRS project ensured that the school curriculum was developed,
DIPECHO project trained the master trainers of the Education Department on the new curriculum.
3. Project efficiency and effectiveness: The project was implemented with immaculate plan and
systems. Though Nepal was facing acute crisis through fuel shortage, power shortage and constant
road blocks and strikes that hampered movement, particularly in the project areas, AAN DIPECHO
project was implemented without being overtly hampered by such incidents. This happened only
because of the strong planning and closes monitoring, giving adequate room to accommodate last
minute changes and alterations without affecting the overall project performance.
5
6. The project developed highly innovative planning and monitoring tools that was well structured and
informed. The tools were easy to understand and accomplish even by grassroots workers. The
monitoring formats gave precise indication to team at all levels on levels of achievements, ensuring
bidirectional flow of information at all levels. It goes to the credit of DIPECHO team to have ushered
appropriate project management tools, which are being adapted and used by other projects within
Actionaid as well as other DIPECHO partners in the country.
While project processes are indeed commendable, it also increased the overall efficiency of
implementation and thus contributed to visible changes in the community. There is a clear correlation
between inputs and output and resource sharing. In Butwal-5, the REFLECT group constructed a
water tank to serve around 50 households with Rs 10000 only. With good functional linkages with
GOs, funds were mobilized for emergency shelter at Jogidaha in Udaypur. The plantation and
emergency shelter at Jogidaha, small-scale mitigation work at Shantinagar and safe exit at Raitole in
Makwanpur are other examples of good resource sharing. With the increasing participation of women
and endangered/indigenous sections of society, positive message was sent to the project communities
to undertake local actions for DP and DRR. All plans and programmes were executed through
systematic processes and procedures and within the timeframe. Despite poor security situation and
road blockades in the Terai, the work plan was followed due to flexibility in plans and periodic review
and reflection (R&R). The district-level project launching, direct agreement with the DMC to execute
project activities, competitive bidding, display of details of expenditures on the notice and hoarding
boards, and social audit at the time of project completion have collectively demonstrated good
efficiency and effectiveness of the project.
One of the key areas to improve in the project is emphasis on too many activities and adopting
scattered and diverse areas. This has resulted in some of the activities like disaster information centres
and early warning systems loosing focus and relevance, due to inadequate technical back up as well as
resource allocation. The scattered project area also might have reduced the ability of the project to
influence administrators at the municipal or district levels.
4. Gender, social inclusion, equity and ownership: Gender balance has been maintained in the
DMCs, taskforces, and capacity-building training, which has helped to fill the knowledge gaps among
the women about DP and DRR. With improved leadership skills, in Udaypur and Makwanpur, some
women DMC members were also involved in forest user groups, water users groups and self-help
groups. Adequate space had been provided to people with disability, indigenous/endangered peoples
in the project activities. Equity was ensured in resource sharing in riverbank protection work, fistful
rice campaigns and regular savings. The involvement of DMCs in DDRCs' meeting revealed that
different actors owned the project. The empowerment of women as social change agents can be
gauged from the active role they have played in Sunsari during Koshi floods as well as in resource
mobilization process. REFLECT circles have given women a new understanding about their roles and
have since then become more vocal and involved in the grassroots affairs.
5. Project methods and approach, management and implementation processes:
While the project has successfully developed innovative and appropriate models and tools towards a
systemic approach to implementation, discussions with the team members at various levels indicated
the high level of confidence and increased capacities they have garnered through this project. The
overall management has been highly participatory and ensured that the project gave scope and space
for each and every members to build on their existing strengths and learn new ideas and concepts.
Partner organizations and project staff has learned many things from this project and their confidence
levels are very high. The implementation process was participatory at all levels, transparent in its
dealings. Information was shared without any inhibition that resulted in each and every member
involved in the project, from ActionAid senior management to the grassroots workers and DMC
members feeling ownership of the project.
The project had adopted some methods such as community mobilization and capacity building to
mobilize rights holders for enabling, bargaining, institutionalizing and mobilization to serve a large
6
7. number of disaster-affected people/families to claim their rights. Partnership and hazard-centric
approaches were found effective, and has made it easy to focus the project activities on individual-,
family- and community-level preparedness. The staff had clear understanding about the FPA
guidelines with good visibility of the project from community to national level. The community-based
institutions, capacity building and involvement of these institutions in the project initiatives with
acquired knowledge and skills have helped to build clear understanding about future DP and DRR.
The monthly PSO meeting and periodic R&R had enlarged the scope for sharing and cross learning in
these areas.
6. Ensured rights of rights holders: Through careful processes and procedures like awareness of
basic rights, capacity building for claiming rights and institutionalization of rights through policy
advocacy, it was easy to ensure rights in favour rights holders. The Prakop Chetana radio
programmes and REFLECT added value. Now, people took relief as their right not a favour. A culture
of collective bargaining for claiming the rights to protection, safety and participation is now in place.
For instance, the issues of disability allowance and advocacy to enforce the disaster regulations and
building code are some examples.
7. Alignment with EDM theme and Updated AAN CSP III: A good correlation between the
overall objective of DIPECHO IV, key thrust of EDM theme and strategy of AAN updated CSP III
shows proper alignment.
8. Relevance: As the design is sound, people are equipped with new skills, knowledge and
institutions, the access of disaster-affected people to GOs has been increasing. The major issues and
concerns of disaster-affected families who were suffering due to multiple vulnerabilities have been
addressed. The project has reached the un-reached through humanitarian support. The project was
based on the government’s Three-Year Interim Plan, Millennium Development Goals and Hyogo
Framework of Action (HFA), which reflects the relevance of the project.
9. Sustainability: The project communities were enabled towards DP and DRR through awareness,
empowerment, knowledge and skills through capacity-building initiatives, rehearsals and mock drills.
The local resource persons (LRPs) that have been developed have sufficient capacity and willingness
to continue fistful rice campaign, DRFs and REFLECT classes. As some of the task forces members
are in the DMC and some DMC members are in the municipal/district level networks, there are good
institutional linkages. The provision of DRF will enable the community to response and face
emergencies, which will support the sustainability of the project.
10. Impact: The LRPs have started to act as planners, designers and potential responders for any
kinds of disaster at local level. DMCs are able to assess the potential hazards, vulnerability for
immediate action through action planning. Risks and vulnerability zoning has made it easy to
convince local/district-level stakeholders to generate resources. Through careful small-scale
mitigation, a large number of people and areas have been protected from physical and psychological
vulnerabilities. The project's comprehensive design was successful in changing the perception and
mindset of communities who used to interpret disasters as divine interventions. These are some of the
preliminary impacts.
11. Key lessons/practices: At local level, DM and contingency plans, fistful rice campaigns, school
retrofitting, PVA, mainstreaming PWD in DRR and the REFLECT approach for community
empowerment were found to be some of the good practices. Visibility material development,
celebration of EQ safety and ISDR days, publication of thematic bulletin, and training among
DIPECHO projects in Nepal in collaborative approach are some good practices. The pre-and post-
monsoon workshops, orientation to teachers and political leaders on HFA/DDR education are other
good practices at national level. At international level, the coordination mechanism among DIPECHO
partner's for resource sharing and synergy could be said to be some of the best examples.
12. Recommendations: Based on the overall analysis, the following recommendations are made:
7
8. • The hazards, risks and vulnerability maps should be modified on periodic basis to gauze
people's changing perceptions and actions. Training need assessment is important before
training selection.
• DMCs should be formed at VDC and ward/NP level for claiming GO resources. Inter-DMC
visits are required to assess the strengths, main learning and areas for improvement for DP.
DRF should be used for dealing with emergencies. Use of existing social platform instead of
creating new organizations is suggested, wherever possible. The project should channelize the
project fund from GOs for involving technicians from design phase for future sustainability.
The project should work with wider stakeholders such as market, civil society, NGO, political
parties/leaders, GOs, etc in comprehensive approach for DP and DRR. Municipality should lead
DIC and the role of the project is just to facilitate the process with some budget provisions.
People's indigenous knowledge/practices should be link while improving early warning systems
at local level.
• Clear guidelines/strategies should be prepared for DRR based-REFLECT, CBDP, DRF and
DMC networks for uniformity in understanding and for making strategic inputs for
sustainability. The project should be designed for limited areas and population in a few districts
to demonstrate tangible output and exemplary work. Humanitarian assistance should be linked
with long-term development work with government without compromising on the core
humanitarian values and norms.
• It will be more effective if the project is concentrated in specific locations. Compact areas will
surely contribute to higher impact and higher involvement with the government and other
stakeholders. Tendency to use a short term project to implement all activities should be avoided
and project like DIPECHO should be used more as complimenting and gap filling initiative to
the long term development, thereby effectively integrating DRR into the long term development
initiatives of ActionAid
8
9. TABLE OF CONTENT
Acknowledgements 3
Executive summary 4
1. Preamble 10
1.1 The context 10
1.2 Overview of DIPECHO project 10
2. Background to Evaluation 10
2.1 Objectives of Evaluation 10
2.2 Evaluation methodology 11
2.3 Limitations 11
3. Evaluation Findings and Analysis 11
3.1 Fulfilment/achievements of key objectives/results 11
3.2 Project efficiency and effectiveness 20
3.2.1 Project efficiency 20
3.2.2 Project effectiveness 20
3.3 Gender, social inclusion, equity and ownership 21
3.4 Project methods, approach, management and implementation processes 22
3.4.1 Project methodology and approach 22
3.4.2 Project management 22
3.4.3 Implementation process 23
3.5 Ensured rights of right holders 23
3.6 Alignment with EDM theme and Updated AAN CSP III 24
3.7 Relevance 24
3.8 Sustainability 24
3.9 Impact 25
4. Key lessons/practices 26
5. Recommendations 26
APPENDICES 29
Appendix 1: Terms of References 29
Appendix 2: Evaluation Team Members and Schedule 36
Appendix 3: Fieldwork tools and techniques 39
Appendix 4: List of people consulted during the evaluation process 42
Appendix 5: Quantitative analysis in terms of project achievements 46
Appendix 6: Acronyms 49
9
10. Surakshit Samudaya
Building Safer Community through Disaster Management
DIPECHO Project Evaluation Report
1. Preamble
1.1 The context
'Surakshit Samudaya: Building safer community through disaster management initiatives’ was
implemented in five districts of Nepal (Makawanpur, Rupandehi, Sarlahi, Sunsari and Udaypur) in
association with the local partners of ActionAid Nepal (AAN), directly benefiting nearly 135,000
people in 14 wards, including 12 municipality and two village development committee (VDC) wards. In
addition, refresher activities were carried out in eight VDC wards covered by the DIPECHO III project.
The project implemented for 16 months, beginning 01 November 2007, under a fund received from the
European Commission through its Humanitarian Aid Department (under DIPECHO IV Action Plan for
South Asia).
1.2 Overview of DIPECHO project
The specific objective of the project is to contribute towards building safer communities in the project
area through disaster management initiatives by enhancing communities’ awareness, empowering them
and enhancing the capacity of stakeholders. The key components of the project include community
mobilization and strengthening of leadership skills through REgenerated Freiren Literacy through
Empowering Community Techniques (REFLECT) and participatory processes, awareness generation,
capacity building, skill enhancement, model small-scale mitigation measures and networking, to be
implemented based on principles and values of participation, transparency and accountability.
2. Background to Evaluation
2.1 Objectives of Evaluation
The broad objective of the evaluation is to analyse the overall achievements and limitations of the
project. The evaluation is a part of AAN’s own accountability measures for documenting key learning
for future reference. It was expected to draw on the key learning to suggest possible future direction of
the disaster preparedness (DP)/disaster risk reduction (DRR) initiatives of AAN. The specific objectives
of the evaluation are to:
• Review the level of project achievement against the set objectives and expected results based on
the indicators forecasted in the project proposal.
• Analyse the efficiency, effectiveness and possible effects of the activities and measures taken to
sustain the results achieved through the project.
• Analyse the project outcomes in terms of empowerment, particularly with respect to building
the capacity of women and other differentially vulnerable groups to participate and contribute to
the decision-making process.
• Review the management and implementation processes adopted by the project.
• Analyse the level of ownership and receptiveness of the communities and their participation in
the implementation processes.
• Explore the potential for sustainability, scaling up and replication of the approaches used by the
project in disaster preparedness and risk reduction.
• Review and analyse the contribution of the project to AAN’s core strategy on human security,
emergency and disaster management.
• Review and suggest some of the key learning and practices that have potential for wider
application and replication in similar approaches elsewhere, if any.
10
11. 2.2 Evaluation methodology
This evaluation report is based on the findings and results of the field research conducted in nine project
communities in the five project districts. Those communities were chosen following random sampling
methods. Before preparing checklists and guidelines for administering them in the field, project
documents and relevant literature were reviewed. A number of reports, original proposal, interim
reports, various periodic communication bulletins and reports were reviewed to understand the project
as well as its context.
A consultation was held with AAN and partner NGOs (PNGOs) before the fieldwork to identify the key
areas of intervention, emerging issues and concerns of the disaster-affected people with respect to DP
and DRR. Sharing meetings with district-level stakeholders helped to identify the level of coordination
and networking that existed for providing technical backstopping and creating synergetic impact
through resource sharing. Primary data was collected using participatory tools and techniques such as
focus group discussions (FGDs) and key informant interviews (KIIs). FGDs were carried out with
disaster management committees (DMCs) and taskforces to get insights into the project's key
accomplishments. KIIs were conducted with coordinators of subcommittees/taskforces, project
volunteers, schoolteachers and students to explore their perceptions of the project’s contributions
towards building safer communities through DRR. Apart from these groups of respondents, dalits,
women, elderly, children and youth were consulted to capture their views about the project's overall
achievements. Transect walks with DMC members were held to observe the extent of mitigation work
carried out by the communities, make physical verification of key small-scale mitigation work, the
processes and procedures they followed during that work and their benefits.
Extensive interviews were held with the key members of staff of the project, AAN, PNGOs,
government officials (GOs) and other key stakeholders to capture their perceptions of the project's
achievements. Similarly, an interaction meeting was held with government officials, DIPECHO partners
such as Practical Action, Mercy Crops, Care Nepal and UNDP to review the degree of coordination and
overall benefits. Consultative meetings were also held with Disaster Preparedness Networks (DPNet),
National Society for Earthquake technology (NSET) and AAN management.
2.3 Limitations
The evaluation team faced some problems during the evaluation process, which could be taken as the
limitations of the evaluation. First, the evaluation was delayed by two days due to some unavoidable
problems faced by the Expatriate Evaluation Consultant, which delayed the fieldwork and caused it be
conducted in a hurried manner. Second, due to frequent road blockades, the planned field trip to
Sunsari, one of the DIPECHO project districts, could not be made. Third, despite prior notification
about the consultative meetings with government officials, the evaluation team could not meet all the
officials. Despite these limitations, the evaluation team used the available time tactfully to consult as
many people and stakeholders as possible to capture the key project output, as well as their perceptions
and views about the DIPECHO/AAN project.
3. Evaluation Findings and Analysis
3.1 Fulfilment/achievements of key objectives/results
Result 1: Raised awareness and enhanced capacity of communities and stakeholders to cope
with disasters
a. Raised awareness of disaster management
The 14 Disaster Management Committees (DMCs) are the backbone of the project and are working as
facilitators to carry out DP activities. The critical components of the project including awareness
11
12. generation; grassroots institution building and capacity enhancement as well as mobilization of
resources for risk
reduction have been Box 1: Capacity building is more important than material support
Initially we were not very optimistic about the project initiatives for building
accomplished.
capacity through training. However, our perceptions were proved wrong. The
PVA taught us how to analyse the degree of vulnerability and prepare actions
Comparison of the plans to reduce them with the mobilization of local resources. As vulnerability
originally stated is a dynamic process, we have realized the importance of updating the mapping
indicators against the during PVA. We have also benefited from the CBDP, SAR and fire-fighting
achievement clearly training. Since the hazard and vulnerability contexts are different for each
indicates that the project district, different training is needed for different districts. Now, we are
has been successfully convinced that capacity building is more important than material support in
completed with all dealing with disaster risks.
agreed initiatives fully -Madhav Gautam, Chairperson, DMC Networks, Makwanpur
and efficiently accomplished. The disaster management committees are functioning and their
discussions on disaster related issues and vulnerability reduction is well informed and coordinated.
There is an organic relation between REFLECT and the DMCs. REFLECT circles has given new
meaning to community mobilization, ensuring that each and every member of the community is
involved in the decision making process. The presence of trained volunteers and youth in the
community has resulted in increased capacity of the people to respond to disasters. Though severe
Objectively Verifiable Indicators for RESULT 1
• 14 (14) new formation of community-based Disaster Management Committees
• 150 (125) volunteer trained on DM
• Participatory Vulnerability Analysis and Risk Mapping
• 31 (25) PVA TOT trained in 5 districts; PVA conducted in 7 (7) municipalities and (1) VDC
• Disaster Management Training for grassroots volunteers
• Basic First Aid Training provided to 128 (125) people in five districts
• 27 (14) Activate and sustain REFLECT centres in project area
• 27 (14) Reflect/ Reflect cum DMCs trained on Reflect
• 160 (125) persons from five districts trained in fire fighting
• Awareness through 40 (40) episodes radio and 32 (32) street theatre
• IEC materials of 5 (5) types
• 1 (1) drill rehearsal and school competitions conducted in each district
• 150 (35) SAR trained in the target area...
• 50 (50) contractor/mason will be trained about safe construction and adopting building code issued by
the municipalities
• Risk mapping of two wards in Trijuga municipality completed with multi-stakeholder participation and
accepted by district administration
• ToT for teachers on the curriculum on DRR/disaster preparedness (one training for 22 (25) participants)
• Food security during disasters improved in 14 (14) wards through fistful of rice campaign and
advocacy effort
Note: The number in parenthesis is revised target
disasters have not tested the utility of the trained volunteers, their presence and benefit to the
community was apparent during Koshi floods and floods in Rupandehi in 2008.
The awareness of disaster-related issues and the possible coping mechanisms against them was further
strengthened by
Box 2: Guanghar radio programme raises awareness of DM
the five types of The Gaunghar FM run by the youth for disseminating disaster-related information
information, usually covers the local news published in newspapers and the initiatives taken by GOs
education and and NGOs for disaster management, and play the Prakop Gyanmala. These initiatives
communication are very beneficial for us for making individual-, family- and community-level
(IEC) materials preparedness and for coping with disasters.
that had been -Sita Devi Chaudhary, DMC Member, Jogidaha
produced and
12
13. disseminated by the project. These materials were designed to suit the local culture and context so that
even illiterate people could easily understand their key themes and enhance their awareness of DP and
DRR.
The respondents expressed that the (40-episode) radio programme had imparted them with the basic
knowledge of how to reduce the impact of disasters (see appendix 5, table 5.7). The initiative taken by
the youth of Jogidaha in Udaypur to run the Gaunghar (village) FM radio programme in the local
language was highly appreciated. The listener clubs prepared articles covering grass roots-level
disaster-related issues and sent them to the FM radio for broadcast for wider dissemination. In Sarlahi,
however, the radio programme aired by the local FM radio had limited outreach because of the limited
broadcast hours and language. Nevertheless, it had enhanced the communities’ and stakeholders’
awareness and knowledge, as well as helping them take initiative to cope with disasters.
The street theatre (32 events) organized at community and district level made it easy to understand the
importance of local resource mobilization and management to reduce disaster risks (see appendix 5,
table 5.7). Drill rehearsals and school-level competitions in each district also raised the awareness of
DP and DRR. After observing the street theatres and drill rehearsals, people have now become fully
aware of what disasters are, their causal relationships and the steps to be taken to cope with them.
In an innovative measure, on the initiative of Budhnagar DMC, the locals of Jogidaha-7 in Udaypur
put up red flags in each house to demonstrate that they were living in a disaster-prone area. Once the
individual- and family-level DP was fully in place, these flags would be replaced by green ones, but
this task could not be
Box 3: Comprehensive risks assessment and action planning is very
materialized properly.
fruitful
This kind of the training was very new to us. The training has successfully
b. Increased confidence imparted the knowledge to us how the local people face the threats of
through capacity-building multiple hazards and risks, as well as how to deal with those with
initiatives comprehensive risks assessment and action plan. It will ease the pressure
The project has built on government resources by setting up a basket fund for dealing with risks
community people's from multiple hazards.
confidence to translate their -Bishnu Chaudhary, DMC Vice-chairperson, Triyoga-5 , Partaha
plans into action by
promoting coping mechanisms and increasing their resilience to disasters. The youth, volunteers,
teachers, students, masons, women, and community- and district-level stakeholders were involved in
capacity-building programmes. A total of 125 volunteers had received training in DM, which made it
easy to mobilize them in community-level DRR initiatives. Thirty-one persons from seven
municipalities were trained in
Box 4: REFLECT helps to build leadership
the Participatory Vulnerability Though we were already involved in the adult and women literacy
Analysis (PVA) so that they programmes with support from the District Education Office, the
could analyse different types process and approach was somewhat new in REFLECT. Its main
of vulnerability and prepare strength is the learning by doing approach. Before the REFLECT class,
action plans to cope with we were fully dependent on outsiders to deal with even small problems,
them. The respondents from but now we are not. We learnt many things such as how to analyse
the communities claimed that disaster risks, their implications, local actions to response through the
now they could identify the mobilization of local resources, etc.
risks, hazards and vulnerable -Ms Jayadevi Lamsal, REFLECT participant, Butwal-5
areas, the underlying reasons
thereof, the ways to cope with risks and hazards through local actions, thanks to the intensive PVA
process.
The comprehensive risk assessment and action planning training, conducted in two wards in Trijuga
municipality, had provided knowledge and skills to the participants to deal with multiple risks and
hazards and undertake community actions through mobilization of external resources. Altogether 128
local women had received first aid training that enabled the trained local women to serve people. For
instance, the DMCs of Raitole in Makwanpur and Jogidaha in Udaypur claimed that they had served a
13
14. large number of people injured by floods during the last monsoon. A majority of the DMCs had
become able to procure additional medicines from the local sub-health posts through proper
coordination.
The project has trained 150 persons in light search, rescue and evacuation operations, which has
imparted to them the knowledge and skills of how to search for and rescue missing people after a
disaster. The emergency kits have helped them in search and rescue work. These materials are being
properly managed and used by Box 5: The youth become the change agents for DM
the DMCs. Similarly, the In my view, the recognition of the role of youth by this project is
project has trained 160 people in highly appreciable. With the involvement of training as well as
fire-fighting and 50 community-level disaster management initiatives, we have developed
contractors/masons in our skills and confidence, raised our understanding about the disaster
constructing earthquake-proof and enhanced our capacities. We are confident that we will manage
buildings. Two schools have disaster risks in the future with acquired knowledge and skills.
been equipped with retrofitting -Ram Kumari Rai,DMC Chairperson, Raitole, Makwanpur
technology, which are evidence of the newly acquired knowledge. In Udaypur, after the retrofitting of
Laxmi Secondary School, the school management committee (SMC), inspired by the new technology,
has started constructing additional buildings by using earthquake-proof technologies. The trained
masons claimed that the demand for them, as well as their fees, had risen several folds after the
training. Similarly, training in fire fighting to the people of an area that is vulnerable to fire hazards
had imparted knowledge of simple but important preparedness measures. According to Neelam Devi
Ram, DMC member of Malangawa-5, Panitanki, Sarlahi, fire-fighting training had also changed
behavioural practices; keeping buckets full of water all the time, putting out fire after cooking, using
wet sand or blankets to extinguish fire, etc were some of the practices that had been adopted. Training
of trainers (ToT), imparted to 22 teachers, was conducted to develop a suitable curriculum on
DRR/DP. Apart from this, the study visit to Bangladesh helped the participants to learn more about
individual- and family-level preparedness before community-level preparedness.
c. Leadership developed at local level
REFLECT was considered a highly effective participatory tool for empowering and mobilizing
women, as well as for strengthening their collective leadership. Altogether 133 male and 434 female
have benefited from 28 REFLECT groups (see appendix 5, table 5.2). Through Prakop Gyan Mala
series, REFLECT has helped to identify the possible disaster risks and their solutions at local level.
Thanks to REFLECT, the women of Butwal-5 were able to secure Rs 75,000 from the municipality to
reduce the risks through constructing a culvert. DM training for 150 grass roots volunteers had helped
to mobilize those volunteers in times of disaster with new energy and action.
All these initiatives confirm that the communities and stakeholders have become more aware to cope
with disasters. Thus, it can be said that result 1 has been fulfilled.
Result 2: Established functional network of disaster preparedness committees and stakeholders
a. DMC networks are functional
Networks have been formed at municipality and district level following a series of advocacy, lobbying
and campaigning.
These networks Box 6: Municipality-level disaster network is praiseworthy
have been useful for Initially, I was not much enthusiastic about the idea of forming disaster networks at
resource mapping, municipality level. However, it was effective and, with the active role of networks, it
resource was easy to distribute relief in a collaborative way in times of disaster. It was also
sharing/generation appreciated by many agencies. All agencies agreed to follow a common format to do
and information damage and need assessments, raise resources in a collaborative way and distribute
dissemination and relief materials through the Nepal Red Cross Society (NRCS) to cover larger number
of families effectively and efficiently. If there had been no network, the distribution of
in increasing
relief materials would not have been equitable or not much efficient to reach the
community services immediately for the needy families.
resilience to cope -Mr Krishna Prasad Jaisi, Executive Officer/Butwal Municipality
with disasters. With
14
15. the formation of seven municipality- and five district-level networks, people are directly involved in
advocacy and lobbying work (see appendix 5, table 5.6). The networks have helped the grass roots
initiatives to establish good linkages with relevant stakeholders, including GOs. However, as these
networks were established only recently, their effectiveness is yet to be seen, but their willingness to
work in favour of disaster-affected people, acting as a conduit between communities and duty-bearers,
is really commendable. As an offshoot, it became possible to link with schools, fire control units,
GOs, including District Disaster Relief Committee (DDRCs), for resource utilization and with other
I/NGOs for formulating a comprehensive DM plan. For instance, in Sarlahi, district-level DMC
network has been developing a district DM plan in partnership with Bagmati Sewa Samaj/Oxfam. In
Objectively Verifiable Indicators for RESULT 2
• 7 (7) municipal level networks formed
• 22 (22) DMCs networks active during disaster
• 14 (14) DMCs (new) have access to disaster preparedness fund
• 8 (8) DMCs have sustained their disaster preparedness fund regulated and raised.
• More than (at least) 100 members from SMC, PTA, students, school teachers active in DP
• 3 (5) Disaster Information centers established at municipalities
• 5 (5) DNDRC active in disaster preparedness works
• 2 (2) interactions workshops organized per year among the networks among the government
stakeholders
• More than (75) newly elected members to the constituent assembly are orientated on HFA/DRR
• More than (75) government officials are orientated on HFA/DRR
• 150 (100) NGO representatives from 5 districts are oriented in HFA/DRR At least 2 interaction
workshop organized per year
Note: The number in parenthesis is revised target
addition, the values, social recognition and weightage of networks had increased. For instance,
realizing the potential of the DMC network, it was invited to the DDRC meeting. Because of 22
strong DMC networks at municipality and district level, GOs, including the DDRCs, had become
more accountable towards the DMCs and disaster-affected people. Thanks to the networks’ advocacy
and campaigning, it had become possible to secure external resources, both cash and kind. In
Rupandehi, the advocacy of policy issues by the Disaster Management Forum through media
mobilization was bearing desirable fruits. The Forum was also advocating the issues of disaster-
affected people through media mobilization (one of the basic provisions of the Disaster Relief Acts
and the Disaster Bill).
b. Increase in access to disaster-related information
The Disaster Information Centres (DICs) have enhanced communities’ access to disaster-related
information. Three of the proposed five DICs have been established at municipality level to
streamline the disaster information system. However, the DICs were functional only in Sarlahi and
Rupandehi districts. DMCs were receiving more disaster-related information through the DICs than in
the past. The DICs were not fully functional because of resource constraints and inadequate
guidelines.
c. Disaster Relief fund: ray of hope for the communities
The Disaster Relief Fund (DRF) was considered a ray of hope for emergency and disaster situations.
It not only provided Box 7: DRF is a friend in hard times
immediate relief for For me, the greatest achievement that the project brought to our community is the
disaster-affected establishment of the DRF by practising regular savings and fistful rice campaigns.
people in the We love the DRF as our own children and nurse it. In my observation, we can never
aftermath of a get response from government in time. It needs damage and need assessment and
disaster, but also management of necessary documents. When Shambhu Paswan's house was damaged
showed potential by strong winds, we provided Rs 500 and 10 kg rice as immediate relief and
for reducing long- advocated for more from the NRCS and DAO based on the extent of damage. The
term disaster risks fistful rice campaign has also been contributing to a hunger-free society.
-Mehroom Khatun, DMC member, Malangawa-7, Dom Tole, Sarlahi
and people's
15
16. vulnerability. So far, Rs 314700 in cash and 6.5 quintals of grain (paddy, rice and maize) have been
collected from the DRFs (see appendix 5, table 5.8). DMC member contributes from Rs 10 to Rs 50
per DMF every month. A sum of Rs 25,000 was provided by the project to each DMC as seed money
for raising its fund. The ‘fistful rice campaign’ was instrumental in raising grains on voluntary basis.
This hunger-free campaign strengthened food security during disasters. The DRF effectively
supported the households in immediate relief after disasters and helped them to mobilize external
resources. So far, 14 DMCs have accessed and sustained their DRFs by regulating and raising them.
In a few DMCs, the operation of the DRF is questionable due to inadequacy of guidelines; some
members want to follow the cooperative model, whereas others want to follow the savings and credit
model.
Various groups of people have been actively contributing to the DRF. For instance, the Youth DMC
(YDMC) of Shrameekpath in Hetauda raised Rs 50 from every student studying at a SLC tuition
centre for the DRF. Similarly, some Nepalese working in Malaysia contributed to the DRF of
Hadikhola in Makwanpur.
d. Increase in the knowledge of HFA
The knowledge of newly elected members of the constituent assembly, government officials and
NGO representatives about HFA/DRR has increased. Altogether 75 newly elected members to the
constituent assembly, 75 government officials and more than 150 NGO representatives from five
districts were oriented on the Hyogo Framework of Action (HFA)/DRR. It had built up the resilience
of the communities to disasters as the HFA provides a strong basis for priority actions for
governments and governmental organizations as well as for local, regional and international
organizations. Similarly, the orientation in DP for more than 100 members from SMCs, parents and
teachers’ associations, students, schoolteachers were found beneficial.
At a higher level, the comprehensive risk mapping exercise in Triyoga municipality and the
orientation on HFA and DRR to government officers, NGO leaders and constituent assembly
members have succeeded in ensuring informed policy makers at various levels. The multi-hazard risk
mapping in Triyoga was a successful pilot initiative that will help the municipality not only to
integrate risk reduction into the ongoing development initiatives but also help them mobilize
resources towards that. Working together, the DIPECHO project and the DRR through Schools
project (supported by DFID) ensured that there is complementarities and continuity in pursuing school
curricula on DRR. Where as DRRS project ensured that the school curriculum was developed,
DIPECHO project trained the master trainers of the Education Department on the new curriculum.
In sum, the formation of networks at municipality and district level has helped to link people’s grass
roots initiatives with government and other stakeholders to ensure community resilience to disasters,
which indicates that result two has been fulfilled.
Result 3: Ensure protected sites through small-scale mitigation for disaster preparedness
Objectively Verifiable Indicators for RESULT 3
• 1 (1) safe exist identified/developed with (a replicable model), safe exit identified in 7 municipalities
• 1 (1) emergency shelter constructed with participation augmented hygiene and sanitation facilities and
support (only roofing) to one safe shelter in community at 1 VDC (new) in Sarlahi
• 2 (2) school retrofitted with community participation and contribution as model school for DP in
Sunsari and Udayapur
• EWS functional at 7 municipalities and 1 VDC (new)
• 3500 Plantation conducted in Sunsari and Udaypur district
• 11 (16) existing tube wells raised in 8 wards and 3 (2) water storage tanks provided in 2 wards to ensure
water security during disasters, all with community participation and contribution
• 2(2) check dams (total 14 m length) constructed with community participation in Butwal
• 2(2) retention wall of total length 72 m developed in Hetauda
• 2 embankments and 2 spur (4) net-stone flood protection embankments of total length of approximately
250 m construction with community participation and contribution in Udayapur (3) and Rupandehi (1)
Note: The number in parenthesis is revised target
16
17. a. Decrease in disaster risks with increased accessibility to infrastructures
The project has initiated small structural support and mitigation work simultaneously to mitigate the
impact of disasters. Emergency shelters, safe exits, flood control structures and environmental
management through community afforestation were some of the effective activities for small-scale
mitigation. The emergency shelter at Jogidaha in Udaypur, early warning tower at Hadikhola, safe
exit at Raitole and flood control structures at Shantinagar in Makwanpur, plantation and school
retrofitting work at Udaypur are some of the best examples. The details of small-scale mitigation are
presented in appendix 5, tables 5.4 and 5.5.
Emergency shelters have been built to provide safe places to live during and after a disaster. These
shelters are equipped with hygiene and sanitation facilities. In Sarlahi, only a roof support was erected
as part of emergency shelter, which was not much effective, considering the available space and the
dense population of the area. The emergency shelter in Jogidaha in Udaypur, built with the co-
financing of several local organizations, can accommodate up to 200 people. The DMC of Butwal-13
in Rupandehi has mobilized its own resources to construct a safe shelter. Each of these emergency
shelters were appropriately located in a disaster-prone area.
The identification and marking of safe exits has reduced physical vulnerability and increased safe
mobility in seven municipality areas, and are standard replicable models. Learning from the example
of Udaypur, the DMC of Raitole in Makwanpur has constructed a model safe exit to reduce physical
vulnerability.
The construction of 11 raised hand pumps has ensured safe drinking water during floods. In Sarlahi,
the provision of ramps has increased the access of the people with disability (PWD) to water and
toilets. At Portaha in Udaypur, impressed by the benefits of raised hand pump with slabs, community
people have been
replicating the Box 8: Now we fear the monsoon less
practice of placing With the improvements in physical infrastructures, the inherent fear of monsoon
has been greatly allayed. We are largely benefited by saving our villages and
slabs in their private
cultivable land. Inspired by the DMC’s work in Udayapur, we have started to
hand pumps to frame rules and regulations for safeguarding forest resources and zero grazing in
prevent contamination some of the vulnerable areas along the riverbank. We are also trying to replicate
of their water sources. similar interventions through the mobilization of GOs. For example, we have
Three water storage already held discussions with DWIDP and river training division to make
tanks have been available some support. The project has offered numerous alternatives to protect
constructed, with lives and valuable belongings. We are very much aware of the future O&M work
meaningful of these infrastructures.
community -Sudarshan Basnet, DMC member, Hadikhola, Makwanpur
participation and contribution, to ensure the supply of pure and clean water even during floods.
With the increased knowledge, people have started to make safer houses through minor adjustment.
For instance, in Ithari-7, Sunsari, people have started making houses in the raised platform. Around
seven newly renovated houses are built raising 3 feet height seeing the flood level of last 20 years.
According to Anita Chaudhary, a DMC member, now locals are fully aware about the reasons of
inundation (because their houses were made in low height). The project has made clear understanding
about the rationale of raised tube well with raised platform and raised plinth-level of house to safe
during inundation (source: project documents).
In Butwal, the construction of one culvert has made crossing of the river safe. The riverbank
protection work has significantly contributed to protecting settlements and productive agricultural
land. In Butwal, two check dams (total 14 m in length) have been constructed with active community
participation and contribution, which has made communities safe from floods. In Hetauda, two
retention walls (total length 72 m) have been erected to safeguard settlements. In Udaypur and
Rupandehi, about 650 bigha1 of land was successfully safeguarded through the construction of two
1 Unit of land mostly used in terai region of Nepal. 1 bigha equals 0.67ha.
17
18. embankments of total length of approximately 250 m, constructed with community participation and
contribution. In Sunsari and Udaypur, planting of 3,500 varieties of different saplings over an area of
8180 sq. m. has largely contributed to flood protection work, and safeguarded productive land and
human settlements. It is hoped that the planting of saplings will contribute to afforestation in the flood
catchments areas in the near future. It was reported that the riverbank protection work had raised the
value of land in Hadikhola in Makwanpur (Khet2 land: from Rs 10,000 to Rs 40,000; Bari3 land: from
Rs 5,000 to Rs 18,000). For the construction of these infrastructures, government resources were
mobilized to create ownership. As in some cases, government agencies are involved only during
implementation, whereas their active participation is also required during design and planning stages
to generate resources and to create sense of ownership of the project for sustainability.
b. Making schools safe through retrofitting
Apart from making safer communities, the project has also contributed to making safer schools
through school retrofitting. In Sunsari and Udaypur, a school each has been retrofitted with
community participation and contribution. The quality of retrofitting work in Shree Laxmi Higher
Secondary School at Portaha, Udayapur, was highly lauded by the district-level stakeholders. Students
felt secure, and teachers felt proud of their school being different from other schools. Inspired by this
school, the teachers of some neighbouring village schools had tried to replicate similar technologies
and had even held
consultations with trained Box 9: Retrofitting helps to save lives
masons for this. An Until last year, we had heard about earthquakes, but had not much idea
about its possible impact on community and schools. The mock drills have
increasing number of opened our eyes. If we are aware of the preparedness activities, the impact of
schools were requesting earthquakes can drastically be reduced. Now, we have realized that
the District Education retrofitting is the best option to make the existing buildings quakeproof. At
Office for replication of the same time, this technology should be used in the construction of all school
similar technology in their buildings, hospitals, emergency shelters and even private house in the future.
schools. -Shyamwati Chaudhari, Adviser of DMC, Partaha, Udaypur
Overall, the quality and operational status of infrastructures were satisfactory. Small-scale mitigation
had protected people and property from disasters, and had demonstrated practical measures useful to
other communities living in similar conditions. The small-scale mitigation sites have been made as
demonstration and replication models as a part of DP initiatives, although they are few in number.
c. Enhanced knowledge of indigenous early warning system
The project has promoted low cost and indigenous knowledge-based traditional early warning systems
(EWSs) to protect human lives from possible disasters by disseminating in advance key messages
from loudspeakers. Such EWS are functional in seven municipalities and VDCs. Even though EWS
initiatives are inadequate in technology, they are being used before every hazard to make the people
aware, alert and to make necessary arrangements to mitigate the impact of disasters.
In a nutshell, with decreased disaster risks with increased accessibility to infrastructures, making
schools safe through school retrofitting work and increased knowledge of indigenous knowledge-
based EWSs, the project communities have successfully reduced the impact of disasters; hence, result
3 has been fulfilled.
2 Khet are low land mostly cultivated paddy and wheat
3 Bari land are upland suitable to cultivate maize and barley
18
19. Result 4: Increased access to locally available resources through accountable and responsible
stakeholders
Objectively Verifiable Indicators for RESULT 4
• DP action plan developed at 7 municipalities, 9 VDCs and 5 districts
• all mitigation works through the DMCs/networks
• Rescue and relief materials distributed by stakeholders to 14 (14) Reflect/ Reflect cum DMCs
• At least 80 (80)% disaster affected people/victims received support from the government and relief
agencies
• Maximum 25 (15)% government support ensured in all mitigation work through DMCs/networks
• Dissemination workshop conducted at the national level
• Documentation published and activity focused (process) broadcasted in television
• Grain banks established with community participation and contribution, in 6 new project sites and 8 old
project sites, ensuring food security during disasters (This indicator is related to the last indicator
generated through same activity)
Note: The number in parenthesis is revised target
a. Increase in access to resources and local participation
The development of concrete DM plans has facilitated mobilization of government resources for
disaster management. The DM plans (in seven municipalities and nine VDCs) has made it easy to
build linkages to access external resources. It was reported that more than 80 per cent of the disaster-
affected people had received support from the government and relief agencies, and government
support, ranging from 5 to 35 per cent, was ensured in all mitigation works through the
DMCs/networks. This is an outcome of the active involvement of relevant stakeholders from the
beginning. A total of Rs 2686714 in cash has been contributed by VDCs, District Development
Committees (DDCs), municipalities, CFUGs, individuals for small-scale mitigation works (see
appendix 5, table 5.9). The project has also mobilized the resources of municipalities such as fire
brigade for mock drills, sweepers for sanitation campaigns, resource persons and training hall for
training, etc. The contingency plan prepared by each DMC has also ensured management of relief
work within 72 hours of a disaster.
The DMCs have also been able to mobilize external resource. For example, the DMC of Butwal-5
was able to secure municipality’s resources for construction of culverts; the DMCs of Rupandehi and
Udayapur were lobbying with the Village Council for greater allocation of money to DM and
government resources for small-scale mitigation work.
Despite enhanced
awareness of the Box 10: DMCs successfully generate external resources
importance of The DMC of Butwal-5 has secured Rs 75,000 for the construction of a check dam;
resource sharing, that of Jogidaha has mobilized Rs 250,000 from CFUGs for building emergency
stakeholders should shelters; for early warning tower construction at Hadikhola in Makwanpur, VDC
has raised Rs 20,000, Rs 25,000-30,000 from DDC for roofing, timber equivalent
become more to Rs 2-2.5 lakhs from CFUG. Similarly, Malangawa municipality has contributed
accountable and Rs62,000 for shelter construction and Rs 4,000 for community plantation work.
responsible through Hetauda municipality has contributed Rs 160,000 to the DMC of Raitole of
their involvement in Makwanpur for the construction of a safe exit. Inspired by the DMCs, the Ministry
project activities from of Water Resources has allocated Rs 300,000 for landslide control in Butwal 5
design and planning and Rs 30 million for river protection work along the Tinau River. These are only
stages. As the DMCs a few examples.
are at cluster level, Source: FGDs and KIIs
there is some doubt
on its ability to generate resources from the government. As the government contribution to small-
scale mitigation work is not on equitable basis, it is difficult to mobilize local stakeholders, including
the community, for contribution.
19
20. b. Communities are equipped with skills and rescue and relief materials
All rescue and relief materials provided by the project were found in good condition for immediate
use. Visibility was ensured in each of the materials. With such provisions, the DMCs are striving to
improve linkages with other stakeholders to access relief during disasters on behalf of the disaster-
affected people.
In sum, the project communities have been successful to set up the process and procedures, as well as
mobilizing government resources, for DP and mitigation. These initiatives have demonstrated that the
DMCs have enhanced access to locally available resources through accountable and responsible
stakeholders. This satisfies the key aspects of result 4.
With the fulfilment of the four results of the project, the overall objective of the project 'to enable
communities towards disaster management through awareness, empowerment and enhanced capacity
of accountable stakeholders, contributing towards the overall aim of building safer communities in
the project area through disaster management initiatives' has been fulfilled.
3.2 Project efficiency and effectiveness
The evaluation team gathered several evidences that demonstrate that the project is efficient. Some of
these evidences are as follows:
3.2.1 Project efficiency
Correlation between inputs and output and resource sharing: Good correlation exists between inputs
and output. Tangible output was achieved with little project resources. For instance, in Butwal-5, the
REFLECT group was able to construct a water tank to serve around 50 households (HHs), with a
support of Rs 10,000 from DIPECHO. Such small initiatives were even possible because of the efficient
financial (resource) management tools and techniques adopted by the project.
Culture of resource sharing: The culture of resource sharing is in place. The project has been able to
maintain functional linkages with GOs at local and district level for the sustainability of the initiatives
through resource and technology sharing. In some cases, communities raised significant contributions
(e.g. more than 50% for emergency shelter at Jogidaha in Udayapur), including from the government,
which ranged from 5% (plantation work in Sarlahi) to 35% (emergency shelter construction in Sarlahi).
Examples of locally available resources are saplings from local nurseries, bamboo for making nets for
newly planted plants used for small-scale mitigation work, etc.
Increased participation of women and marginalized people: The participation of women and
marginalized sections of society in project work, REFLECT and DMC meetings has increased. With the
increasing participation of these sections of society, positive message was sent to the project
communities to build up their capacity to undertake local actions for DP and DRR. Even during the
evaluation consultations, the number of women was high, which indicates the motivation and ownership
of women towards the project.
Functional project process and procedures: All plans and programmes were executed through
systematic processes and procedures and within the timeframe, through development of various
monitoring tools. The project has maintained quality in all its endeavours. For instance, the quality of
plantation and emergency shelter at Jogidaha, small-scale mitigation work at Shantinagar and safe exit
at Raitole in Makwanpur are some of the best examples.
3.2.2 Project effectiveness
The level of project effectiveness was judged on the basis of the following achievements:
Correlation between work plan and achievement status: Despite poor security situation and frequent
bandhs (strikes) and road blockades by different parties in the Terai, the work plan was by and large
20
21. followed. It was basically due to flexibility in the monthly plan, periodic review and reflection (R&R)
and effective project management initiatives. Processes and procedures were locally made in such a way
that the DMCs could continue the local activities even during bandhs.
Community-focused project: According to Mr Suresh Raut, Project Support Officer (PSO) of Sarlahi,
as most of the field-based staff of the partner NGOs were from the project communities, it became easy
to understand their problems, local context and culture and even work during bandhs. A substantive role
was given to the flood-affected people, which empowered them and made them feel ownership of the
activities being implemented.
Ensured transparency and accountability in project work: The project has initiated several efforts such
as district-level project launching to share detailed plans and budget, direct agreement with the DMC to
execute project activities, competitive bidding for procuring materials, and detailed monitoring of work
before the final release of funds for maintaining transparency. Though details of expenditure were not
displayed at VDC/Nagarpalika (NP) level, transparency was ensured through media mobilization by
collecting people's voices and opinions and display of details of expenditures on the notice and hoarding
boards, and social audit at the time of project completion. The details of cost with co-financing are
clearly displayed in the hoarding boards at each mitigation site. The project is accountable to the DMC,
and the DMC is accountable to the community and vice versa in terms of decision-making, resource and
benefit sharing.
Good capacity of AAN and PNGOs for advocacy and lobbying: The project has built appropriate
linkages with various stakeholders at both local and national level through networks for resource
mapping and mobilization. PNGOs are equipped with sufficient human resources with knowledge and
resource backup. With clear and concise human security/EDM strategy, they have also acquired proven
knowledge and information about DP and DRR.
Immaculate plan and systems: The project was implemented with immaculate plan and systems.
Though Nepal was facing acute crisis through fuel shortage, power shortage and constant road blocks
and strikes that hampered movement, particularly in the project areas, AAN DIPECHO project was
implemented without being overtly hampered by such incidents. This happened only because of the
strong planning and closes monitoring, giving adequate room to accommodate last minute changes and
alterations without affecting the overall project performance.
Innovative planning and monitoring tools: The project developed highly innovative planning and
monitoring tools that was well structured and informed. The tools were easy to understand and
accomplish even by grassroots workers. The monitoring formats gave precise indication to team at all
levels on levels of achievements, ensuring bidirectional flow of information at all levels. It goes to the
credit of DIPECHO team to have ushered appropriate project management tools, which are being
adapted and used by other projects within Actionaid as well as other DIPECHO partners in the country.
One of the key areas to improve in the project is emphasis on too many activities and adopting scattered
and diverse areas. This has resulted in some of the activities like disaster information centres and early
warning systems loosing focus and relevance, due to inadequate technical back up as well as resource
allocation. The scattered project area also might have reduced the ability of the project to influence
administrators at the municipal or district levels.
3.3 Gender, social inclusion, equity and ownership
The project has ensured gender, social inclusion and equity on the following grounds.
Gender: Gender balance has been maintained in the DMCs, taskforces, and various capacity-building
training, workshops and orientations (see appendix 5, table 5.1, 5.2, 5.3.5.6.5.7). The policy of positive
discrimination was followed with the result that more than 96% women were involved in the REFLECT
groups, which contradicts the overall gender approach. Both men and women are given equal treatment
21
22. and opportunity to involve in project processes and activities. According to Kamala Khatiwada, a local
REFLECT Facilitator, with gender balance in all endeavours, except REFLECT groups, a sound
environment had been created at local level to initiate DP and DM activities. It was claimed that the
knowledge gaps among the women about DP and DM was narrowed and their leadership had been
enhanced. For instance, in Udayapur and Makwanpur, some women DMC members were involved in
community forest user groups (CFUG), water users groups and self-help groups. The involvement of
women in project activities was substantiated by the fact that the majority of the male members of the
family were outside the home to run their livelihood.
Social inclusion: Adequate space had been provided for PWD, indigenous and endangered peoples like
Bankariya, Chepang and Mushahar in Makwanpur and Udayapur. These people were involved not only
in the DMCs and taskforces to carry out DP and DM initiatives, but were also given priority in service
delivery and decision-making. In the opinion of Ram Prasad Chepang, DMC member of Hadikhola,
Makwanpur with the socially inclusive approach, awareness of hazards, their types, causes and effects
and needed actions to cope with the impact of each hazard with local efforts was increasing.
Equity: Equity was ensured in resource sharing in riverbank protection work, fistful rice campaigns and
regular savings. Despite the importance of equity in participation of people from all walks of lives in
project initiatives, the elite groups exercised greater influence in the decision-making process. At
Hadikhola in Makwanpur, the community members were contributing money for DRF on equality basis
to preclude unnecessary influence of high payers in the DMC.
Ownership: An enabling environment was created for resource sharing by civil society organizations
and GOs, which had increased the sense of ownership and participation. According to Mahmod Akthar
Raja Mansoor, DMC Secretary, Malangawa-7, Dom Tole, Sarlahi, the provision of identifying human
resources at local level had made this project pro-community and created a sense of ownership,
resulting in active participation of people in the project. The youth were being used as change agents to
claim rights in favour of disaster-affected people, in contributing through taskforce and collecting
resources for the DRF; the co-financing generated from various local-, district- and national-level
stakeholders; involvement of DMC networks and DMCs in DDRC meetings; and nomination of
Prerana, a PNGO in Sarlahi, to the DDRC show that the project was owned by different actors at
different levels.
3.4 Project methods and approach, management and implementation processes
Overall, the project management and implementation process was judged by the following indicators:
3.4.1 Project methodology and approach
The project has adopted methods such as community mobilization, capacity building and mobilization
of rights holders for enabling, bargaining, institutionalizing and mobilization to serve a large number of
disaster-affected people with DP and DRR to claim their rights. For the institutionalization, additional
time is required for these good initiatives to mature. Partnership and hazard-centric approaches were
found effective, which has made it easy to focus the project activities on individual-, family- and
community-level preparedness with collaborative approach.
The project's framework, processes and methods were found appropriate to the ECHO/DIPECHO
framework. Finance and Administrative Officers (FAOs) were clear about the FPA guidelines. The
visibility of the project from community to district to national level was high.
3.4.2 Project management
Human resources: The current modality of project management at centre and district/community level
was sound and effective. The provision of PSO and full-time FAO (it was on part-time basis during
DIPECHO III) in each district had greatly contributed to updating the progress and financial reports.
The female REFLECT facilitators and field mobilizers selected from the project communities had sent a
positive message to project stakeholders.
22
23. Coordination between and among projects: The coordination mechanism of DIPECHO/AAN with
Central and Eastern Resource Centres was limited to administrative and logistic level. This may be
partly because of the previous Country Strategic Plan (CSP) modality, and many activities within the
DIPECHO project also hindered meaningful coordination with these centres at programmatic level.
However, good coordination existed among the Emergency and Disaster Management (EDM) theme,
Disaster Risk Reduction through School Project and DIPECHO at central level.
3.4.3 Implementation process
The project followed a systematic process during its implementation, which enabled its stakeholders to
deliver tangible output. The formation of community-based institutions, allocation of roles and
responsibilities among institutions, capacity building and involvement of these institutions in the project
initiatives with acquired knowledge and skills were some of the key processes. According to Mr Raksu
Chaudhary, DMC Vice chairperson, Triyoga-7, Jogidaha, Udaypur, local stakeholders participated in
resource sharing and implementations but inadequately involved in design, planning process and
vulnerability and risks analysis process on periodic basis, which is also equally for ideas and resource
sharing.
The monthly PSO meetings and periodic R&R have enlarged the scope for sharing and cross learning
for DP and DRR. The project followed the log-frame for monitoring and follow-up of the activities.
Though there was a provision for quarterly R&R meetings, the project could not strictly follow these
meetings, partly because of strikes in the project districts. The provision of periodic R&R among the
PNGOs has helped to collate and adopt good practices through learning from each other. Interestingly,
municipalities were involved in the area selection of the project, which is itself a praiseworthy initiative.
In sum, while the project has successfully developed innovative and appropriate models and tools
towards a systemic approach to implementation, discussions with the team members at various levels
indicated the high level of confidence and increased capacities they have garnered through this project.
The overall management has been highly participatory and ensured that the project gave scope and
space for each and every members to build on their existing strengths and learn new ideas and concepts.
Partner organizations and project staff has learned many things from this project and their confidence
levels are very high. The implementation process was participatory at all levels, transparent in its
dealings. Information was shared without any inhibition that resulted in each and every member
involved in the project, from ActionAid senior management to the grassroots workers and DMC
members feeling ownership of the project.
3.5 Ensured rights of right holders
Through careful processes and procedures like awareness of basic rights, capacity building for claiming
rights and institutionalization of rights through policy advocacy, the project was successful in ensuring
the rights of disaster-affected people and PWD. In the opinion of Upendra Prasad Yadav, REFLECT
Facilitator, Malangawa-4, Pani Tanki tole, Sarlahi, the Prakop Chetana Radio programme was
successful in spreading the awareness of the rights of disaster-affected people and PWD and in raising
the issues of the right holders. With ensured awareness of rights, these people took relief as their right
and not a favour. During the evaluation consultations, the right holders proudly expressed that they were
able to get some relief and response for the first time from the District Administration Office (DAO)
once they had organized themselves through REFLECT groups and DMCs.
REFLECT is a good platform for enhancing leadership, collective actions and culture of collective
bargaining for claiming the right to protection, safety and participation. The issue of the rights of the
PWDs is being discussed for the first time. As a result, one public toilet and raised hand pumps with
ramp were constructed in Sarlahi and provision for ramps made in public offices, including
municipalities. The issue of disability allowance (Rs 300 per month) is being raised with the DAO. A
signature campaign has been launched to draw the attention of the government to immediately enforce
the disaster regulations and the building codes. The Community Based Disaster Preparedness (CBDP)
training has helped to increase the awareness of policy and regulations (for instance, Ministry of Home
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24. Affairs has circulated a norm that Rs 25,000 should be paid in the event of death, Rs 4,000 on the
burning of a house and Rs 7,000 if a house is to be reconstructed in new land), and to advocate at local
level to get rights.
As the communities have become aware of their rights, they have been able to secure external resources
(see appendix 5, table 5.9.). With the DMCs’ advocacy for claiming the rights of disaster-affected
people, in Triyuga municipality, there persons were able to get Rs 15,000 each as immediate relief.
DMCs are continuously lobbying with the VDC and ward/municipality for allocating Rs 30,000 for DM
on annual basis. Shyam Bishwakarma, DMC member, Hadikhola, Makwanpur proudly said that ‘once
we are able to know our rights, the local power dynamics and traditional leadership gradually shifting
towards the vulnerable and marginal sections of society.’ In sum, the project was successful in raising
awareness and build the capacity of the right holders to claim rights, but it could not adequately
contribute towards the institutionalization of rights, as it needs continuous and long-term efforts in
partnership with other like-minded institutions.
3.6 Alignment with EDM theme and Updated AAN CSP III
The revised CSP III indicates that land, livelihood and food security; education; and women rights are
the three basic themes, whereas governance and human security are the crosscutting themes. Urban
poverty and the rights of the PWDs, dalits and indigenous peoples', etc are the other themes. One of the
strategies of the CSP enabled vulnerable groups to mitigate the impact of disaster through ensured
rights. Similarly, the key thrust of the EDM theme is to reduce the disaster risk by addressing the issue
of vulnerability and hazards, increasing capacity of the poor, marginalized and vulnerable groups. The
evaluation found good correlation between the overall objective of DIPECHO IV, key thrust of the
EDM theme and strategy of AAN updated CSP III, which shows proper alignment between them.
3.7 Relevance
The project has brought forth several evidences that confirm its relevance to the local and national
contexts. The design of DIPECHO IV was based on DIPECHO III, which shows that designs are
strategically logical and relevant. In DIPECHO III, the project was designed with a rural setting with
focus on capacity building, advocacy and lobbying and small-scale mitigation. DIPECHO IV was
designed with an urban setting for the mobilization of local/district-level stakeholders to enable
communities towards disaster management through awareness, empowerment and capacity
enhancement of stakeholders.
As the design was sound, people are equipped with new skills, knowledge and institutions, the access of
disaster-affected people to GOs has been increasing. The major issues and concerns of disaster-affected
families who were suffering from multiple vulnerabilities have been addressed. Community
empowerment, increase in resilience capacity and social inclusion are some of the key thrusts that have
helped to ensure the rights of disaster-affected people. On the other side, the project has reached the un-
reached through humanitarian support. At national level, the project was set within the essentially
enabling national policy context like the Three-Year Interim Plan of government, Millennium
Development Goals and HFA, which has collectively ensured the project relevance.
3.8 Sustainability
Some strong evidences confirm that the initiatives taken by the project are likely to sustain even after
the phase-out of the project.
Increased knowledge management: The project communities were enabled towards DM through
awareness, empowerment, knowledge and skills through capacity-building initiatives, rehearsals and
mock drills. As a result, 1427, local resource persons (LRPs) have been developed for DRR (refer
appendix 5, table 5.3). The LRPs—the social/human capital of the community in the long run—have
sufficient capacity and willingness to continue the project initiatives such as fistful rice campaign,
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25. operation of DRFs and REFLECT classes. Some preliminary arrangements have been made to continue
these initiatives at local level. The youth are at the forefront to provide backstopping support and
technical guidance to the DMC.
Capable institutions are in place: The project has designed institutions at three levels: task force, DMC
and district/municipal networks. Some task force members are on the DMC, and some DMC members
are members of the municipal/district level networks. This shows existence of institutional linkages
from bottom to top and vice versa. DMCs have developed community safety nets to some extent. The
networks are formally recognized by the district authorities, which ensures regular linkages in terms of
resource sharing and technical backstopping. Recognizing the role of networks, GOs have started to
channelize their resources for DP and DRR.
Simple but tactful operation of DRF: Seeing the enthusiasm of the DMC members, as well as the
simple but tactful operation of the DRF through regular savings and fistful rice campaign, the DRF is
expected to continuously augment, which will enable the community to get immediate support during
crises. Many disaster-affected people have already received relief from the DRFs, which has encouraged
them to cope with even bigger disasters.
Adequate knowledge and information for external resource mobilization: The DMC members are
familiar with the variety of resources at local level, the process and procedures to secure those
resources. In the opinion of Dilip Rai, Raitole of Makwanpur, the formulation of DM and contingency
plans is the main basis for winning the trust of stakeholders for external resource mobilization. Once the
plan is ready, it would become easier to convince GOs for resources.
Knowledge of DP at individual and family level: With the project inputs, people have become familiar
with the needed actions for DP at individual and family level. With increased knowledge and skills, it
has become easier to prepare at individual-level. The respondents have learnt to keep safety bags to
keep important belongings, advance management of dry foods in times of emergency, and change
behavioural practices for pre-, during and post-disaster situations. All these practices were helpful to
deal with community-level DP.
3.9 Impact
Being a short duration project, not many long-term impacts could be identified at the time of evaluation.
However, there were some short-term impacts, which are discussed below.
Increased self-confidence through capacity-building initiatives: Through the various capacity-building
initiatives, more than 150 teachers, youth, REFLECT facilitators and people are trained and developed
as LRPs. They could be mobilized during emergencies by being equipped with skills and inputs. They
have been developed in such a way they can efficiently and effectively act as planners, designers and
potential responders to any kinds of disaster.
Identified the vulnerable and risk areas for local action: The series-wise risks and vulnerability
mapping has equipped the local people with sufficient knowledge and skills to assess potential hazards,
vulnerability for immediate action through action planning. Risks and vulnerability zoning is also done
based on priority order. The zoning work has made it easy to convince the local people and
local/district-level stakeholders to generate resources. This has added value for overall risk reduction at
community level.
Risk minimized through small-scale mitigation: With the construction of school retrofitting for making
them earthquake-proof (2), hand pumps (14), culvert (2), emergency shelters (1), safe exits (1), people
have been protected from risks. Similarly, protection work, retention wall, plantation area have
contributed to save roughly 15000 sq. m area and more than 135000 population. The construction of
culverts has helped to minimize risks while crossing rivers during torrents, while the construction of
emergency shelters (2) has made the population safe during disasters. The retrofitting of two school
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26. buildings has made around 2,400 students safer. With the installation of raised hand pumps, drinking
water facilities have been made available for 2,100 people for six days during inundations. The
incidence of water-borne diseases during monsoon has reduced. Inspired by these benefits, the people
are becoming increasingly willing to replicate these initiatives.
Made policy advocacy for external resource mobilization: Through careful implementation, the project
has built good linkages with DDCs, municipalities, local NGOs and CBOs, which has ensured people's
right to human security. The GOs are willing to allocate their resources for the execution of the DM
plan. For example, the Ministry of Water Resources (MoWR) has allocated Rs 30,000 for landslide
control in Butwal-5 and Rs 30,000,000 for riverbank protection in Butwal-13.
Change in beliefs and understanding: The project's comprehensive design was successful in changing
the perceptions and mindset of communities who used to interpret disasters as divine interventions.
Clearer understanding has now resulted in small initiatives in terms of preparedness on people’s part to
reduce the effects of big disasters.
4. Key lessons
Based on overall analysis, the following could be said to be some of the good practices of the
DIPECHO/AAN project that could be taken as lessons to be replicated at local, national and
international level.
At local level, the evaluation team found the modality of the DMC networks, DM and contingency
planning, fistful rice campaign, school safety net approach through retrofitting as some of the good
examples that could be used for wider replication. The PVA for in-depth vulnerability analysis and
immediate action, mainstreaming the PWD in the DRR and the REFLECT approach for community
empowerment were other good practices. The REFLECT approach is already being replicated by the
Danish Red Cross in Katari, Udayapur. Some of these good practices are gradually being replicated in
neighbouring villages. For instance, in Inaruwa 3, Sunsari, observing the changes made by project
activities, the people of another cluster has formed new DMC in their own initiatives called 'Latimai
Prakop Byabasthapan Samitttee' to carry out similar types of initiatives. They also initiated savings
for the emergency purpose. Finally, the project supported them in fistful of rice campaign. They made
the campaign big success. At national level, apart from the good practices at local level, visibility
material development, celebration of EQ Safety and ISDR days, publication of thematic bulletin,
mainstreaming DDR education in school curriculum and joint training for the DIPECHO projects in
Nepal through collaborative approach are some good practices. The pre- and post-monsoon
workshops, orientation to teachers and political leaders on DDR and HFA, collaborative approach
with DPNet, NSET and Disaster Management Networks are other good practices that could be
replicated by other institutions. At international level, apart from the national-level initiatives, the
coordination mechanism among the DIPECHO partners for resource sharing and synergy could be
replicated at international level.
5. Recommendations
Based on the evaluation findings and analysis, the following are some of the recommendations for the
future. The recommendations are divided into six different headings.
a. Approach and strategy
• As the PVA is a dynamic process, the hazards, risks and vulnerability mapping should be modified
to gauze the people's changing perceptions and actions on periodic basis.
• As hazards and people's vulnerability are different in each district, training need assessment is
important before the selection of training. It is important to link impact of the training with the next
training. Training should be taken as a process and not an event.
b. Capacity building
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