The feasibility of a dimmer and neon transformer to provide power control to the atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) is presented in this paper. The standard neon transformer was previously shown applicable to power up a plasma torch to generate plasma irradiation of an APPJ at 8.64kv and 35kHz. However, the plasma emission is not controllable. In this study, a lamp dimmer was proposed to function as a power controller to the neon transformer which drives the generation of plasma and discharged with argon gas. With the dimmer output voltage adjustable from 60 - 220V, the power and current of the dimmer were variable from 8.4 to 83.6 W and 0.08 and 0.38 A, respectively. The temperature measured at the quartz tube and sample exposure site were less than 50oC suggested that the APPJ produced were non-thermal. A simple test by exposing plasma plume to a leaf sample showed that the plasma produced were non-damaging to the leaf. This portable system can provide control to the APPJ and applicable for bioengineering studies.
The document describes a new thermoelectric converter called the MDSM (Metal-Dielectric-Semiconductor-Metal) converter invented by Gevork Karapet'yan. It consists of a capacitor with a thermoelectric junction that can efficiently convert thermal energy to electric energy. Research showed that applying a magnetic field can change the thermoelectric force in Indium antimonide by 7 times, potentially improving generator efficiency. The proposed MDSM converter uses an electric field rather than magnetic field to vary the thermoelectric force. It could be used to build more efficient thermoelectric coolers and generators by reducing parasitic heat flows and electric losses. Applications mentioned include powering wearable sensor nodes from body heat.
MOSFET Based High Frequency Inverter for Induction Heating Equipment Using M...ijiert bestjournal
High frequency resonant converters are used widely for induction heati ng. This paper presents a resonant inverter to achieve the desired high frequency with reduced swit ching losses and simulating the power electronic converter circuit using MATLAB/SIMULINK for inducti on heating equipment. The circuit designed has the load as induction coil and high frequency electrici ty is required to heat the work piece placed within the induction coil. The output power of the load coil is v aried by changing the frequency of the inverter. The circuit uses the Power MOSFET instead of t he IGBT.The series-resonant inverter is implemented to provide Zero Current Switching (ZCS) for all the s witches at turn off conditions and Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) at diode turn on. The main features of the proposed inverter are simple PWM control strategy and high efficiency. The operation mode of t he inverter will be evaluated corresponding to the duty cycle of the switch.
Abstract: In this paper circuit for coilgun is simulated and analyzed using SIMULINK. Behavior of the magnetic field due to the current carrying coil is analyzed. Also, the effect on the coilgun performance for different weights of projectiles is investigated. The speed profile for different positions of the projectile is observed which is a critical parameter for coilgun operation. A comparison is drawn between the simulated and experimental results.
The document describes the design and construction of a prototype transversely excited atmospheric (TEA) nitrogen laser energized by a high voltage electrical discharge. Key aspects include:
1) The laser uses a Blumlein line discharge circuit to excite nitrogen gas in air using air as the active lasing medium, producing 337.1 nm wavelength laser output of 300 microjoules.
2) The design includes two parallel plate capacitors connected by an inductor to form a Blumlein circuit, charged by a high voltage flyback transformer-based power supply producing 10-20 kV.
3) A spark gap triggers the electrical energy to excite air molecules in the laser discharge channel between two electrodes, producing population
Cyclic voltammetry readout circuitry for DNA biosensor applicationjournalBEEI
Cyclic voltammetry electrochemical biosensors reported a wide usage and applications for its fast response, able to be miniaturized and its sensitivity. However, the bulky, expensive and laboratory-based readout circuitry made it impossible to be used in the field-based environment. A miniaturized and portable readout circuitry for the DNA detection using hybridization technique had been design and developed in this work. It embedded with fabricated FR4 based sensor and produced respective current when the applied voltage was within the range of 0 to 0.5 V. The readout circuitry had been verified with five analysis environments. Bare Au with distilled water (dH2O), bare Au with ferricyanide reagent solution, DNA immobilization, DNA non-hybridization and DNA hybridization. All the results performed produced peak cathodic current when the applied input voltage is within 0.5 V to 3 V and hence proved that the miniaturized and portable readout circuitry is suitable to be implemented for cyclic voltammetry electrochemical biosensor.
This document discusses instrumentation and applications of spectrophotometry. It begins by describing how electromagnetic waves are created by vibrating electric charges, and how EM waves propagate through different materials at varying speeds. The document then covers the electromagnetic spectrum and various regions including visible light, infrared, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays. It discusses absorption of EM radiation by matter and how this relates to the colors we see. Finally, it provides an overview of common spectroscopic techniques and components of a basic spectrophotometer, including sources, wavelength selectors, sample containers, detectors, and readout devices.
Mitigation of high voltage induction effect on ICCP system of gas pipelines: ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
An analysis of the high voltage induction effect on the impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) system on pipelines parallel toward high voltage power lines was employed in this research. Mitigation of high voltage effect throught human and environment is necessary to implemented. Direct current induction was used to increase the electrical potential of the gas pipeline, from Klumpang to sicanang area, Indonesia. During the mitigation process, the highest induction value was obtained 0.00574 KV which is previously was 0.01732 KV, and occurred at the limit of the allowable secure touch tension value of 0.015 KV. The data that acquire from the measurement of test point of ICCP underneath the transmission line revealed a comparison data between field measurements occurred of mitigation process. The direct current induction method is found to be safe for ICCP system and environment.
The document describes a new thermoelectric converter called the MDSM (Metal-Dielectric-Semiconductor-Metal) converter invented by Gevork Karapet'yan. It consists of a capacitor with a thermoelectric junction that can efficiently convert thermal energy to electric energy. Research showed that applying a magnetic field can change the thermoelectric force in Indium antimonide by 7 times, potentially improving generator efficiency. The proposed MDSM converter uses an electric field rather than magnetic field to vary the thermoelectric force. It could be used to build more efficient thermoelectric coolers and generators by reducing parasitic heat flows and electric losses. Applications mentioned include powering wearable sensor nodes from body heat.
MOSFET Based High Frequency Inverter for Induction Heating Equipment Using M...ijiert bestjournal
High frequency resonant converters are used widely for induction heati ng. This paper presents a resonant inverter to achieve the desired high frequency with reduced swit ching losses and simulating the power electronic converter circuit using MATLAB/SIMULINK for inducti on heating equipment. The circuit designed has the load as induction coil and high frequency electrici ty is required to heat the work piece placed within the induction coil. The output power of the load coil is v aried by changing the frequency of the inverter. The circuit uses the Power MOSFET instead of t he IGBT.The series-resonant inverter is implemented to provide Zero Current Switching (ZCS) for all the s witches at turn off conditions and Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) at diode turn on. The main features of the proposed inverter are simple PWM control strategy and high efficiency. The operation mode of t he inverter will be evaluated corresponding to the duty cycle of the switch.
Abstract: In this paper circuit for coilgun is simulated and analyzed using SIMULINK. Behavior of the magnetic field due to the current carrying coil is analyzed. Also, the effect on the coilgun performance for different weights of projectiles is investigated. The speed profile for different positions of the projectile is observed which is a critical parameter for coilgun operation. A comparison is drawn between the simulated and experimental results.
The document describes the design and construction of a prototype transversely excited atmospheric (TEA) nitrogen laser energized by a high voltage electrical discharge. Key aspects include:
1) The laser uses a Blumlein line discharge circuit to excite nitrogen gas in air using air as the active lasing medium, producing 337.1 nm wavelength laser output of 300 microjoules.
2) The design includes two parallel plate capacitors connected by an inductor to form a Blumlein circuit, charged by a high voltage flyback transformer-based power supply producing 10-20 kV.
3) A spark gap triggers the electrical energy to excite air molecules in the laser discharge channel between two electrodes, producing population
Cyclic voltammetry readout circuitry for DNA biosensor applicationjournalBEEI
Cyclic voltammetry electrochemical biosensors reported a wide usage and applications for its fast response, able to be miniaturized and its sensitivity. However, the bulky, expensive and laboratory-based readout circuitry made it impossible to be used in the field-based environment. A miniaturized and portable readout circuitry for the DNA detection using hybridization technique had been design and developed in this work. It embedded with fabricated FR4 based sensor and produced respective current when the applied voltage was within the range of 0 to 0.5 V. The readout circuitry had been verified with five analysis environments. Bare Au with distilled water (dH2O), bare Au with ferricyanide reagent solution, DNA immobilization, DNA non-hybridization and DNA hybridization. All the results performed produced peak cathodic current when the applied input voltage is within 0.5 V to 3 V and hence proved that the miniaturized and portable readout circuitry is suitable to be implemented for cyclic voltammetry electrochemical biosensor.
This document discusses instrumentation and applications of spectrophotometry. It begins by describing how electromagnetic waves are created by vibrating electric charges, and how EM waves propagate through different materials at varying speeds. The document then covers the electromagnetic spectrum and various regions including visible light, infrared, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays. It discusses absorption of EM radiation by matter and how this relates to the colors we see. Finally, it provides an overview of common spectroscopic techniques and components of a basic spectrophotometer, including sources, wavelength selectors, sample containers, detectors, and readout devices.
Mitigation of high voltage induction effect on ICCP system of gas pipelines: ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
An analysis of the high voltage induction effect on the impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) system on pipelines parallel toward high voltage power lines was employed in this research. Mitigation of high voltage effect throught human and environment is necessary to implemented. Direct current induction was used to increase the electrical potential of the gas pipeline, from Klumpang to sicanang area, Indonesia. During the mitigation process, the highest induction value was obtained 0.00574 KV which is previously was 0.01732 KV, and occurred at the limit of the allowable secure touch tension value of 0.015 KV. The data that acquire from the measurement of test point of ICCP underneath the transmission line revealed a comparison data between field measurements occurred of mitigation process. The direct current induction method is found to be safe for ICCP system and environment.
The document discusses a Pelletron tandem accelerator. A Pelletron uses a chain of metal pellets and insulating connectors to generate a high voltage on its terminal, allowing for tandem acceleration of ions. It operates similarly to a Van de Graaff generator but can achieve higher voltages and currents. Ions are produced, accelerated twice in opposite directions, steered, and directed into scattering chambers. Applications include materials analysis, medical uses, and industrial processes like radiation production and sterilization.
This document discusses the design of plasma torches, specifically addressing how a rotating magnetic field can extend the operational life of electrodes. A plasma torch uses an electric arc to generate very high temperatures by ionizing process gases. However, electrode erosion is a problem. A rotating magnetic field manipulates the arc's attachment point on the electrodes, exposing them to the arc for only short periods, allowing cooling and reducing erosion. The document examines heat transfer mechanisms affecting the cathode and anode, how arc mode and pressure influence erosion, and ionization processes within the torch. A rotating magnetic field enables effective arc control and positioning to minimize electrode damage through reduced current density and thermal gradients.
This document provides an overview of the current state of knowledge regarding electrosmog, which refers to the effects of electromagnetic fields on health. It defines different types of electromagnetic fields such as extremely low frequency (ELF) fields from electricity networks and high frequency fields from wireless devices. While some epidemiological studies have found potential health risks from long-term exposure, the scientific evidence remains inconclusive. Standards have been established by organizations like ICNIRP but some advocate applying more precautionary limits. The document discusses debates around electrosensitivity and measures individuals can take to reduce exposure. Experts interviewed provide differing perspectives on the issues.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses electrogravimetry, which is the quantitative analysis of substances by electrolysis. It defines key terms used in electrogravimetry like cathode, anode, current density, and overpotential. It explains Faraday's laws of electrolysis and how they relate to the amount of material deposited. It also describes how controlling variables like cathode potential can be used to selectively deposit metals and separate them from each other.
Modeling the Dependence of Power Diode on Temperature and RadiationIJPEDS-IAES
A theoretical study had been carried out on the effect of radiation on the
electrical properties of silicon power diodes. Computer program
"PDRAD2015" was developed to solve the diode equations and to
introduce the operating conditions and radiation effects upon its
parameters. Temperature increase interrupts the electrical properties of the
diode in the direction of drop voltage decrease across the p-n junction. The
model was analyzed under the influence of different radiation type (gammarays,
neutrons, protons and electrons) with various dose levels and
energies. The carrier’s diffusion lengths were seriously affected leading
to a large increase in the forward voltage. These effects were found to be
function of radiation type, fluence and energy.
This document discusses dielectric, piezoelectric, and ferroelectric materials. It defines these materials and explains some of their key properties. Dielectrics have electric dipole moments that result in polarization when an electric field is applied. Piezoelectric materials generate an electric potential or change dimension when mechanically stressed or exposed to an electric field, respectively. Ferroelectrics exhibit spontaneous polarization that can be reversed by an electric field and have applications in memory, capacitors, sensors, and more. Common piezoelectric materials include crystals, ceramics, and polymers like PVDF.
The document discusses electric and magnetic fields produced by conductors and their effects on human health. It summarizes research showing fields can induce tiny currents in the body, but the health effects of long-term exposure are still unclear. Guidelines from ICNIRP limit field exposure and were used to survey fields in DEWA substations, finding all levels were under restricted limits and pose no health risks.
SRIM Calculations Applied to Ionization Chambers Tyler BaileyTyler Bailey
1) SRIM simulations were used to model the interaction of alpha particles in different gases to determine the ideal gas for an ionization chamber. Argon gas was found to be optimal as it produced the largest voltage signal for a given alpha energy due to its high atomic number and low ionization potential.
2) The simulations calculated ion pairs produced and voltage pulses for various alpha energies in different gases. Argon had the highest ion pair production and voltage pulses, making it suitable for compact ionization chamber designs.
3) The voltage pulses could be used to determine the alpha energy interacting in the chamber, allowing identification of radioactive sources. However, more sophisticated processing is needed to account for other radiation types.
Accelerators and Applications- Summer Training in Physics 16Kamalakkannan K
Particle accelerators are used to study nuclear structure by providing high energies needed to see subatomic details. They work by using electric fields to accelerate charged particles, gaining kinetic energy. Accelerators are essential for understanding materials through techniques like Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) which uses ion beams and detection of backscattered ions to determine thickness, composition, and depth profiling of materials. Key applications of accelerators include ion implantation to dope materials, cancer treatment, materials characterization using techniques like RBS, and transmuting nuclear waste.
Coulometry: Definition, principle, coulometers, current efficiency, background current, various types of coulometric analysis, detection of end-points , advantages, applications and chronopotentiometry.
Electrogravimetry is a quantitative analytical technique where the analyte is deposited electrolytically on an electrode which is then weighed. There are two types: constant current electrolysis where the current is kept constant and the potential varies, and constant potential electrolysis where the potential is kept constant to selectively deposit different metal ions. Electrogravimetry relies on deposition of solids on an electrode from solution by application of a potential. It has applications in quantitative analysis, separation, preconcentration, and electrosynthesis.
The document discusses various types of microwave tubes used to generate or amplify microwave signals. It describes the limitations of conventional tubes at microwave frequencies due to factors like inter-electrode capacitance, lead inductance, and transit time effect. It then discusses different microwave tube designs including klystrons, traveling wave tubes (TWTs), and magnetrons. Klystrons and TWTs are used for amplification and oscillation applications. Magnetrons are commonly used to generate microwaves in applications like radar and microwave ovens.
Spectroscopy is the science that deals with interactions between electromagnetic radiation and matter. It involves transitions between energy levels of atoms and molecules when they absorb or emit photons. Different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, such as visible light, ultraviolet light, infrared light, and radio waves, can be used in spectroscopy. Absorption spectroscopy measures the absorption of radiation to identify substances based on their unique absorption patterns. Beer's law describes the relationship between absorbance of a sample and its concentration.
Voltammetry is a technique where a time-dependent potential is applied to an electrochemical cell and the current is measured as a function of the applied potential. This results in a voltammogram which provides qualitative and quantitative information about redox reactions. The earliest technique was polarography developed in the 1920s. Modern voltammetry uses a three-electrode system with various excitation signals applied. Common techniques include normal pulse polarography, differential pulse polarography, staircase polarography and square wave polarography which have better sensitivity than normal polarography. The shape of the voltammetric wave depends on factors like the reversibility of the redox reaction. The diffusion current occurs at very negative potentials where the reaction rate is controlled by diffusion
Development of Class D Inverter for Acoustics Energy Transfer Implantable Dev...IJPEDS-IAES
The working principle of half-bridge Class D Parallel-Resonant Inverter
(PRI) as power amplifier is presented in this paper. Simulation of the model
is carried out using Proteus. In order to verify the simulation results, an
experimental verification is done. This inverter used to excite PZT
transducers at suggested resonant frequency of 416 kHz with power level
transferred through Acoustics Energy Transfer (AET) concept at about 80
mW. As experimental outcome result, the system managed to transfer energyof 66 mW to the receiver side.
Ultraconductive copper wire - Overview of worldwide research and development ...mcburwell
The document provides an overview of research into developing UltraConductive copper wire through incorporating carbon nanotubes into copper. Several fabrication methods are being studied worldwide, including electrolytic co-deposition, die casting, acoustic coating, and CNT fiber infiltration. While initial results show conductivity improvements over pure copper, widespread commercial production of UltraConductive copper wire remains many years away due to challenges in stabilizing fabrication techniques and scaling up production.
Coulometry and electrogravimetric analysis are analytical techniques that involve completely oxidizing or reducing an analyte through electrolysis. In coulometry, the quantity of electrical charge passed is measured and related to the amount of analyte present. In electrogravimetry, the analyte is converted electrolytically into a product that is weighed to determine the analyte amount. Both techniques are accurate and precise, but require ensuring all current passed results in analyte oxidation/reduction. Controlled-potential coulometry uses a constant potential, while controlled-current coulometry applies a constant current, each with their own experimental considerations to achieve complete analyte conversion.
Presentation on thermionic converter for direct energy conversionRAJBALA PURNIMA PRIYA
This document presents information on thermionic converters. It discusses their principle of operation, which involves heating an emitter surface to around 1800K so that electrons are emitted across a small gap to a cooler collector surface of around 1000K, creating a potential difference. The key components and typical operating conditions are described. Thermionic generators can be classified based on their method of neutralizing space charge. Advantages include having no rotating equipment, while disadvantages include low voltage output requiring many converters connected in series. Applications discussed include space power systems, solar thermionic hybrids, and solid-state refrigeration.
The study of electrical description for non thermal plasma needle systemIbrahim Karim
The document summarizes a study on the electrical characterization of a non-thermal plasma needle system. Key points:
- Researchers designed and manufactured a non-thermal plasma needle to operate with argon gas at atmospheric pressure.
- The electrical description of the system was studied using voltages of 4.9 kV and 8 kV. Results showed the system consumed small amounts (few microamps) of electrical current. Current increased with higher gas flow.
- At 8 kV and 4 L/min gas flow, a slight breakdown voltage occurred causing a small decrease in current. Overall, the study characterized the electrical properties and current-voltage relationship of the non-thermal plasma needle system.
Performance analysis of a monopole antenna with fluorescent tubes at 4.9 g hz...Alexander Decker
This document describes the analysis of a monopole antenna design with fluorescent tubes at an operating frequency of 4.9 GHz. The antenna structure consists of 12 commercial fluorescent tubes surrounding a monopole antenna located in the center of a circular ground plane. The performance of the antenna design is analyzed using CST Microwave Studio software. Parameters like return loss, radiation pattern, and gain are evaluated to analyze the antenna's performance. The fluorescent tubes act as plasma reflectors when electrified, trapping radiation inside and improving the antenna's performance for potential military applications.
The document discusses a Pelletron tandem accelerator. A Pelletron uses a chain of metal pellets and insulating connectors to generate a high voltage on its terminal, allowing for tandem acceleration of ions. It operates similarly to a Van de Graaff generator but can achieve higher voltages and currents. Ions are produced, accelerated twice in opposite directions, steered, and directed into scattering chambers. Applications include materials analysis, medical uses, and industrial processes like radiation production and sterilization.
This document discusses the design of plasma torches, specifically addressing how a rotating magnetic field can extend the operational life of electrodes. A plasma torch uses an electric arc to generate very high temperatures by ionizing process gases. However, electrode erosion is a problem. A rotating magnetic field manipulates the arc's attachment point on the electrodes, exposing them to the arc for only short periods, allowing cooling and reducing erosion. The document examines heat transfer mechanisms affecting the cathode and anode, how arc mode and pressure influence erosion, and ionization processes within the torch. A rotating magnetic field enables effective arc control and positioning to minimize electrode damage through reduced current density and thermal gradients.
This document provides an overview of the current state of knowledge regarding electrosmog, which refers to the effects of electromagnetic fields on health. It defines different types of electromagnetic fields such as extremely low frequency (ELF) fields from electricity networks and high frequency fields from wireless devices. While some epidemiological studies have found potential health risks from long-term exposure, the scientific evidence remains inconclusive. Standards have been established by organizations like ICNIRP but some advocate applying more precautionary limits. The document discusses debates around electrosensitivity and measures individuals can take to reduce exposure. Experts interviewed provide differing perspectives on the issues.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses electrogravimetry, which is the quantitative analysis of substances by electrolysis. It defines key terms used in electrogravimetry like cathode, anode, current density, and overpotential. It explains Faraday's laws of electrolysis and how they relate to the amount of material deposited. It also describes how controlling variables like cathode potential can be used to selectively deposit metals and separate them from each other.
Modeling the Dependence of Power Diode on Temperature and RadiationIJPEDS-IAES
A theoretical study had been carried out on the effect of radiation on the
electrical properties of silicon power diodes. Computer program
"PDRAD2015" was developed to solve the diode equations and to
introduce the operating conditions and radiation effects upon its
parameters. Temperature increase interrupts the electrical properties of the
diode in the direction of drop voltage decrease across the p-n junction. The
model was analyzed under the influence of different radiation type (gammarays,
neutrons, protons and electrons) with various dose levels and
energies. The carrier’s diffusion lengths were seriously affected leading
to a large increase in the forward voltage. These effects were found to be
function of radiation type, fluence and energy.
This document discusses dielectric, piezoelectric, and ferroelectric materials. It defines these materials and explains some of their key properties. Dielectrics have electric dipole moments that result in polarization when an electric field is applied. Piezoelectric materials generate an electric potential or change dimension when mechanically stressed or exposed to an electric field, respectively. Ferroelectrics exhibit spontaneous polarization that can be reversed by an electric field and have applications in memory, capacitors, sensors, and more. Common piezoelectric materials include crystals, ceramics, and polymers like PVDF.
The document discusses electric and magnetic fields produced by conductors and their effects on human health. It summarizes research showing fields can induce tiny currents in the body, but the health effects of long-term exposure are still unclear. Guidelines from ICNIRP limit field exposure and were used to survey fields in DEWA substations, finding all levels were under restricted limits and pose no health risks.
SRIM Calculations Applied to Ionization Chambers Tyler BaileyTyler Bailey
1) SRIM simulations were used to model the interaction of alpha particles in different gases to determine the ideal gas for an ionization chamber. Argon gas was found to be optimal as it produced the largest voltage signal for a given alpha energy due to its high atomic number and low ionization potential.
2) The simulations calculated ion pairs produced and voltage pulses for various alpha energies in different gases. Argon had the highest ion pair production and voltage pulses, making it suitable for compact ionization chamber designs.
3) The voltage pulses could be used to determine the alpha energy interacting in the chamber, allowing identification of radioactive sources. However, more sophisticated processing is needed to account for other radiation types.
Accelerators and Applications- Summer Training in Physics 16Kamalakkannan K
Particle accelerators are used to study nuclear structure by providing high energies needed to see subatomic details. They work by using electric fields to accelerate charged particles, gaining kinetic energy. Accelerators are essential for understanding materials through techniques like Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) which uses ion beams and detection of backscattered ions to determine thickness, composition, and depth profiling of materials. Key applications of accelerators include ion implantation to dope materials, cancer treatment, materials characterization using techniques like RBS, and transmuting nuclear waste.
Coulometry: Definition, principle, coulometers, current efficiency, background current, various types of coulometric analysis, detection of end-points , advantages, applications and chronopotentiometry.
Electrogravimetry is a quantitative analytical technique where the analyte is deposited electrolytically on an electrode which is then weighed. There are two types: constant current electrolysis where the current is kept constant and the potential varies, and constant potential electrolysis where the potential is kept constant to selectively deposit different metal ions. Electrogravimetry relies on deposition of solids on an electrode from solution by application of a potential. It has applications in quantitative analysis, separation, preconcentration, and electrosynthesis.
The document discusses various types of microwave tubes used to generate or amplify microwave signals. It describes the limitations of conventional tubes at microwave frequencies due to factors like inter-electrode capacitance, lead inductance, and transit time effect. It then discusses different microwave tube designs including klystrons, traveling wave tubes (TWTs), and magnetrons. Klystrons and TWTs are used for amplification and oscillation applications. Magnetrons are commonly used to generate microwaves in applications like radar and microwave ovens.
Spectroscopy is the science that deals with interactions between electromagnetic radiation and matter. It involves transitions between energy levels of atoms and molecules when they absorb or emit photons. Different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, such as visible light, ultraviolet light, infrared light, and radio waves, can be used in spectroscopy. Absorption spectroscopy measures the absorption of radiation to identify substances based on their unique absorption patterns. Beer's law describes the relationship between absorbance of a sample and its concentration.
Voltammetry is a technique where a time-dependent potential is applied to an electrochemical cell and the current is measured as a function of the applied potential. This results in a voltammogram which provides qualitative and quantitative information about redox reactions. The earliest technique was polarography developed in the 1920s. Modern voltammetry uses a three-electrode system with various excitation signals applied. Common techniques include normal pulse polarography, differential pulse polarography, staircase polarography and square wave polarography which have better sensitivity than normal polarography. The shape of the voltammetric wave depends on factors like the reversibility of the redox reaction. The diffusion current occurs at very negative potentials where the reaction rate is controlled by diffusion
Development of Class D Inverter for Acoustics Energy Transfer Implantable Dev...IJPEDS-IAES
The working principle of half-bridge Class D Parallel-Resonant Inverter
(PRI) as power amplifier is presented in this paper. Simulation of the model
is carried out using Proteus. In order to verify the simulation results, an
experimental verification is done. This inverter used to excite PZT
transducers at suggested resonant frequency of 416 kHz with power level
transferred through Acoustics Energy Transfer (AET) concept at about 80
mW. As experimental outcome result, the system managed to transfer energyof 66 mW to the receiver side.
Ultraconductive copper wire - Overview of worldwide research and development ...mcburwell
The document provides an overview of research into developing UltraConductive copper wire through incorporating carbon nanotubes into copper. Several fabrication methods are being studied worldwide, including electrolytic co-deposition, die casting, acoustic coating, and CNT fiber infiltration. While initial results show conductivity improvements over pure copper, widespread commercial production of UltraConductive copper wire remains many years away due to challenges in stabilizing fabrication techniques and scaling up production.
Coulometry and electrogravimetric analysis are analytical techniques that involve completely oxidizing or reducing an analyte through electrolysis. In coulometry, the quantity of electrical charge passed is measured and related to the amount of analyte present. In electrogravimetry, the analyte is converted electrolytically into a product that is weighed to determine the analyte amount. Both techniques are accurate and precise, but require ensuring all current passed results in analyte oxidation/reduction. Controlled-potential coulometry uses a constant potential, while controlled-current coulometry applies a constant current, each with their own experimental considerations to achieve complete analyte conversion.
Presentation on thermionic converter for direct energy conversionRAJBALA PURNIMA PRIYA
This document presents information on thermionic converters. It discusses their principle of operation, which involves heating an emitter surface to around 1800K so that electrons are emitted across a small gap to a cooler collector surface of around 1000K, creating a potential difference. The key components and typical operating conditions are described. Thermionic generators can be classified based on their method of neutralizing space charge. Advantages include having no rotating equipment, while disadvantages include low voltage output requiring many converters connected in series. Applications discussed include space power systems, solar thermionic hybrids, and solid-state refrigeration.
The study of electrical description for non thermal plasma needle systemIbrahim Karim
The document summarizes a study on the electrical characterization of a non-thermal plasma needle system. Key points:
- Researchers designed and manufactured a non-thermal plasma needle to operate with argon gas at atmospheric pressure.
- The electrical description of the system was studied using voltages of 4.9 kV and 8 kV. Results showed the system consumed small amounts (few microamps) of electrical current. Current increased with higher gas flow.
- At 8 kV and 4 L/min gas flow, a slight breakdown voltage occurred causing a small decrease in current. Overall, the study characterized the electrical properties and current-voltage relationship of the non-thermal plasma needle system.
Performance analysis of a monopole antenna with fluorescent tubes at 4.9 g hz...Alexander Decker
This document describes the analysis of a monopole antenna design with fluorescent tubes at an operating frequency of 4.9 GHz. The antenna structure consists of 12 commercial fluorescent tubes surrounding a monopole antenna located in the center of a circular ground plane. The performance of the antenna design is analyzed using CST Microwave Studio software. Parameters like return loss, radiation pattern, and gain are evaluated to analyze the antenna's performance. The fluorescent tubes act as plasma reflectors when electrified, trapping radiation inside and improving the antenna's performance for potential military applications.
Горбунов Н.А., Государственная морская академия им. С.О. Макарова, г. Санкт-Петербург
Разработка плазменных технологий для прямого фотоэлектрического преобразования с сфокусированного солнечного излучения
Efficient production of negative hydrogen ions in RF plasma by using a self-b...IJERA Editor
Volume production of negative hydrogen ions is established efficiently in a pure hydrogen RF discharge plasma by using a self-biased grid electrode for production of low electron-temperature and high density plasma. Using this electrode both high and low electron temperature plasmas are produced in the regions separated by the grid electrode in the chamber, in which the electron temperature in the downstream region is controlled by the mesh size and plasma production parameters. The production rate of negative ions depends strongly on the electron temperature varied by the RF input power and hydrogen pressure. In the case of the grid electrode with the 5 mesh/in., the negative hydrogen ions are produced effectively in the downstream region in the hydrogen pressure range of 0.9 −2.7 Pa. In addition, the production rate of the negative ion 퐻 − raises from 62 % to 87 % at 0.9 Pa by changing the RF power from 20 W to 80W.
Abstract: A traditional boost converter cannot provide high voltage gain because of the equivalent series resistance present in the circuit. Studies are going on to develop high gain boost converters without extremely high duty ratio. Coupled inductor or transformer link can be used in to get a high step up converter. Transformer links make the circuit bulkier. A dual switch step up converter is a compact solution to get high conversion ratio. High voltage gain can be obtained in a dual switch boost converter, with a low voltage and current stress on the switches. Here a method to further improve the voltage gain of a dual switch converter is presented. A dual switch step up DC/DC converter circuit with high voltage gain is explained. The converter achieves high voltage gain with a low duty cycle. For the same conversion ratio, voltage stress across the switches is also low compared to the traditional dual switch converter. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink are also presented.
A photomultiplier high voltage power supply irtcorporating a ceramic transfor...Love Kiss
This document describes a photomultiplier high-voltage power supply that uses a ceramic transformer driven by frequency modulation to generate high voltage. It provides high voltage from 1500 to 2500 V at a 20 MΩ load for a photomultiplier. The power supply incorporates a ceramic transformer that utilizes the piezoelectric effect to generate high voltage without magnetic materials, allowing it to operate in strong magnetic fields. Feedback is used to stabilize the output voltage by sensing deviations from a reference voltage and adjusting the oscillator frequency accordingly. The power supply efficiently produces a stable high voltage for photomultipliers even in strong magnetic fields.
This paper describes the design of power electronic converter circuit and simulating the power electronic converter circuit using Matlab/Simulink for induction heating equipment. The circuit designed has the load as induction coil and high frequency electricity is required to heat the workpiece placed within the induction coil. The output power of the load coil is varied by changing the frequency of the inverter.
Model of Pulsed Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) using RL CircuitIJPEDS-IAES
This article presents a model of pulsed Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) using RL circuit. There are several mathematical models have been successfully developed based on the initial, ignition and discharge phase of current and voltage gap. According to these models, the circuit schematic of transistor pulse power generator has been designed using electrical model in Matlab Simulink software to identify the profile of voltage and current during machining process. Then, the simulation results are compared with the experimental results.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Analysis of Electric Circuit Model on Atmospheric Pressure Dielectric Barrier...AM Publications
Analysis of Electric Circuit Model on Atmospheric Pressure Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) Plasma has been simulated using the Simulink-Matlab R2010a software. Plasma reactor being used as the basis to determine the parameters in the circuit is in the coaxial form made of pyrex glass with an iron rod as the active electrode and spiral copper wire as passive electrode. The reactor was filled with argon gas with the flow rate of 2 L/s. Simulation circuit model which was prepared based on a DBD equivalent circuit, operated in a voltage range of 1.0 kV to 6.0 kV for frequency of 10 kHz to 66 kHz. Electrical characterization was performed to describe the plasma discharge that occurs in the reactor. The datas of supply voltage and current, as well as voltage and current discharge, was used to determine the average power during one period. From the simulation was obtained an increase in supply and discharge currents with increasing of frequency at the same operating voltage. Discharge power has increased in a specific voltage and increased frequency. It is obtained the average discharge power for 5.5 kV of 11.28 W and 10.90 W at a frequency of 21 kHz and 24 kHz, respectively. The highest efficiency obtained from the simulation that achieved at voltage of 1 kV and frequency of 45.7 kHz is equal to 56.59%.
Analysis of Voltage and Current Variations in Hybrid Power SystemIJRST Journal
In this paper, a detailed dynamic model and simulation of a solar cell/wind turbine/fuel cell hybrid power system is Developed using a novel topology to complement each other and to alleviate the effects of environmental variations. Comparing with the nuclear energy and thermal power, the renewable energy is inexhaustible and has non-pollution Characteristics. Here Ultra-capacitors are used in power applications requiring short duration peak power. The voltage variation at the output is found to be within the acceptable range. The output fluctuations of the wind turbine varying with wind speed and the solar cell varying with both environmental temperature and sun radiation are reduced using a fuel cell. Therefore, this system can tolerate the rapid changes in load and environmental conditions, and suppress the effects of these fluctuations on the equipment side voltage. The proposed system can be used for off-grid power generation in non interconnected areas or remote isolated communities. Modeling and simulations are conducted using MATLAB/Simulink software packages to verify the effectiveness of the proposed system. The results show that the proposed hybrid power system can tolerate the rapid changes in natural conditions and suppress the effects of these fluctuations on the voltage within the acceptable range.
Novel technique in charactarizing a pv module using pulse width modulatoreSAT Journals
This document summarizes a novel technique for characterizing photovoltaic (PV) modules using a pulse width modulator. The technique uses an electronic load circuit with power MOSFETs controlled by a pulse width modulation signal generated using LABVIEW. Experimental results from a 150W polycrystalline PV module showed high accuracy when compared to simulations performed using COMSOL Multiphysics and MATLAB. The technique provides accurate characterization with lower cost and simplicity compared to previous methods.
The document describes a project report on wireless power transfer submitted by a student for their Bachelor of Technology degree. It includes a cover page, certificate from the project guide, acknowledgements, declaration, table of contents, and sections describing the abstract, block diagram, hardware requirements including various electronic components, schematic diagram, hardware testing, results, future prospects, medical applications, and conclusion.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
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The main objective of this project is to develop a device for wireless power transfer. The concept of wireless power transfer was realized by Nikolas tesla. Wireless power transfer can make a remarkable change in the field of the electrical engineering which eliminates the use conventional copper cables and current carrying wires.
Based on this concept, the project is developed to transfer power within a small range. This project can be used for charging batteries those are physically not possible to be connected electrically such as pace makers (An electronic device that works in place of a defective heart valve) implanted in the body that runs on a battery.
The patient is required to be operated every year to replace the battery. This project is designed to charge a rechargeable battery wirelessly for the purpose. Since charging of the battery is not possible to be demonstrated, we are providing a DC fan that runs through wireless power.
This project is built upon using an electronic circuit which converts AC 230V 50Hz to AC 12V, High frequency. The output is fed to a tuned coil forming as primary of an air core transformer. The secondary coil develops a voltage of HF 12volt.
Thus the transfer of power is done by the primary(transmitter) to the secondary that is separated with a considerable distance(say 3cm). Therefore the transfer could be seen as the primary transmits and the secondary receives the power to run load.
Moreover this technique can be used in number of applications, like to charge a mobile phone, iPod, laptop battery, propeller clock wirelessly. And also this kind of charging provides a far lower risk of electrical shock as it would be galvanically isolated.
This document summarizes research into using laser excitation of cesium ions to enhance the performance of thermionic energy converters (TECs). The researchers have developed a particle-in-cell model of a planar diode discharge to simulate TEC operation and are using it to model the effects of laser excitation on current-voltage characteristics. They have also designed a laboratory test cell to experimentally validate the effects of laser excitation on TEC performance. Initial results suggest laser excitation could substantially improve TEC current density and efficiency over conventional ignited or triode configurations.
This document summarizes research into using laser excitation to enhance the production of cesium ions in thermionic energy converters (TECs). The researchers have developed a particle-in-cell model of a planar diode discharge to simulate TEC performance with and without laser ionization. They have also designed a laboratory test cell to experimentally validate the effect of laser excitation on TEC current-voltage characteristics. Future work will include refining the models, procuring parts for the test cell, and conducting experimental studies to analyze how laser excitation can increase TEC efficiency and be used in energy systems to reduce carbon emissions.
This document summarizes research into using laser excitation to enhance the production of cesium ions in thermionic energy converters (TECs). The researchers have developed a particle-in-cell model of a planar diode discharge to simulate TEC performance with and without laser ionization. They have also designed a laboratory test cell to experimentally validate the effect of laser excitation on TEC current-voltage characteristics. Future work will include refining the models, procuring parts for the test cell, and conducting experimental studies to characterize optimized TEC performance with optical modulation. The goal is to increase TEC efficiency for applications in solar and combustion energy systems to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
This document summarizes research into using laser excitation of cesium ions to enhance the performance of thermionic energy converters (TECs). The researchers have developed a particle-in-cell model of a planar diode discharge to simulate TEC operation and are using it to model the effects of laser excitation on current-voltage characteristics. They have also designed a laboratory test cell to experimentally validate the effects of laser excitation on TEC performance. Initial results suggest laser excitation could substantially improve TEC current density and efficiency over conventional ignited or triode configurations.
Study of Radiation Interaction Mechanisms of Different Nuclear DetectorsIJAEMSJORNAL
In this paper, an attempt has been made to describe the radiation interaction mechanisms of nuclear detectors. There are lots of radioactive detectors available in the field of radiation detection and measurements instruments/systems such as Geguier Muller (GM) Tube, Scintillation Counter, High Purity Germanium (HPGe) and so on. Each of these detectors have different and distinct radiation interaction mechanisms and detecting principle for processing each type of radiation measurement (qualititative and quantitative).The interaction mechanisms of these detectors are governed by generation of ions (positive and negative) in case of GM tube; the photo-electric effect, Compton scattering and pair production for Scintillation detector and HPGe along with diode principle. The special feature of this diode is a constant current generator depending on the energy of the photon deposition in the detector. The characteristics of these interaction mechanisms have been presented along with intensity of measurements, efficiency and detector resolution (FWHM).
In this paper a novel control technique for switching-frequency-modulated switch-mode power converters (SMPC) operating in discontinuous conduction mode is proposed. The use of the technique leads to significant reduction in peak-to-peak output voltage and peak currents increased due to straightforward application of switching frequency modulation (SFM). The technique is based on hybrid modulation scheme in which both switching frequency and duty ratio are modulated simultaneously by the same modulation signal. Theoretical analysis and experimental verification of the proposed technique are presented in details. Both computer simulations and experiments show that switching-frequency-modulated SMPC with the proposed control technique in comparison to SMPC without SFM has appreaciably lower conducted electromagnetic emissions, at the cost of slightly increased peak-to-peak output voltage and peak currents.
Similar to Dimmer and neon transformer as a power controllable generator for atmospheric pressure plasma jet (20)
The aim of this research is the speed tracking of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) using an intelligent Neural-Network based adapative backstepping control. First, the model of PMSM in the Park synchronous frame is derived. Then, the PMSM speed regulation is investigated using the classical method utilizing the field oriented control theory. Thereafter, a robust nonlinear controller employing an adaptive backstepping strategy is investigated in order to achieve a good performance tracking objective under motor parameters changing and external load torque application. In the final step, a neural network estimator is integrated with the adaptive controller to estimate the motor parameters values and the load disturbance value for enhancing the effectiveness of the adaptive backstepping controller. The robsutness of the presented control algorithm is demonstrated using simulation tests. The obtained results clearly demonstrate that the presented NN-adaptive control algorithm can provide good trackingperformances for the speed trackingin the presence of motor parameter variation and load application.
The document presents a new method for fault classification and direction discrimination in transmission lines using 1D convolutional neural networks (1D-CNNs). A 132kV transmission line model is simulated to generate training and testing data for the 1D-CNN algorithm. The proposed 1D-CNN approach directly uses the voltage and current signals from one end as input, merging feature extraction and classification into a single learning process. Testing shows the 1D-CNN method accurately classifies and discriminates fault direction with higher accuracy than conventional neural network and fuzzy neural network methods under different fault conditions.
Among the most widespread renewable energy sources is solar energy; Solar panels offer a green, clean, and environmentally friendly source of energy. In the presence of several advantages of the use of photovoltaic systems, the random operation of the photovoltaic generator presents a great challenge, in the presence of a critical load. Among the most used solutions to overcome this problem is the combination of solar panels with generators or with the public grid or both. In this paper, an energy management strategy is proposed with a safety aspect by using artificial neural networks (ANNs), in order to ensure a continuous supply of electricity to consumers with a maximum solicitation of renewable energy.
In this paper, the artificial neural network (ANN) has been utilized for rotating machinery faults detection and classification. First, experiments were performed to measure the lateral vibration signals of laboratory test rigs for rotor-disk-blade when the blades are defective. A rotor-disk-blade system with 6 regular blades and 5 blades with various defects was constructed. Second, the ANN was applied to classify the different x- and y-axis lateral vibrations due to different blade faults. The results based on training and testing with different data samples of the fault types indicate that the ANN is robust and can effectively identify and distinguish different blade faults caused by lateral vibrations in a rotor. As compared to the literature, the present paper presents a novel work of identifying and classifying various rotating blade faults commonly encountered in rotating machines using ANN. Experimental data of lateral vibrations of the rotor-disk-blade system in both x- and y-directions are used for the training and testing of the network.
This paper focuses on the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm, which is a nonlinear optimization problem. is proposed to find the optimal power flow (OPF). To solve this problem, we will apply the ABC algorithm to a power system incorporating wind power. The proposed approach is applied on a standard IEEE-30 system with wind farms located on different buses and with different penetration levels to show the impact of wind farms on the system in order to obtain the optimal settings of control variables of the OPF problem. Based on technical results obtained, the ABC algorithm is shown to achieve a lower cost and losses than the other methods applied, while incorporating wind power into the system, high performance would be gained.
The significance of the solar energy is to intensify the effectiveness of the Solar Panel with the use of a primordial solar tracking system. Here we propounded a solar positioning system with the use of the global positioning system (GPS) , artificial neural network (ANN) and image processing (IP) . The azimuth angle of the sun is evaluated using GPS which provide latitude, date, longitude and time. The image processing used to find sun image through which centroid of sun is calculated and finally by comparing the centroid of sun with GPS quadrate to achieve optimum tracking point. Weather conditions and situation observed through AI decision making with the help of IP algorithms. The presented advance adaptation is analyzed and established via experimental effects which might be made available on the memory of the cloud carrier for systematization. The proposed system improve power gain by 59.21% and 10.32% compare to stable system (SS) and two-axis solar following system (TASF) respectively. The reduced tracking error of IoT based Two-axis solar following system (IoT-TASF) reduces their azimuth angle error by 0.20 degree.
Kosovo has limited renewable energy resources and its power generation sector is based on fossil fuels. Such a situation emphasizes the importance of active research and efficient use of renewable energy potential. According to the analysis of meteorological data for Kosovo, it can be concluded that among the most attractive potential wind power sites are the locations known as Kitka (42° 29' 41" N and 21° 36' 45" E) and Koznica (42° 39′ 32″ N, 21° 22′30″E). The two terrains in which the analysis was carried out are mountain areas, with altitudes of 1142 m (Kitka) and 1230 m (Koznica). the same measuring height, about 84 m above the ground, is obtained for these average wind speeds: Kitka 6,667 m/s and Koznica 6,16 m/s. Since the difference in wind speed is quite large versus a difference in altitude that is not being very large, analyses are made regarding the terrain characteristics including the terrain relief features. In this paper it will be studied how much the roughness of the terrain influences the output energy. Also, that the assumption to be taken the same as to how much they will affect the annual energy produced.
The document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a battery energy storage system (BESS) with droop control to reduce frequency fluctuations in a multi-machine power system connected to a large-scale photovoltaic (PV) plant. The paper develops a droop control strategy for the BESS that incorporates a frequency error signal and dead-band. Simulation results using PSCAD/EMTDC software show that the proposed droop control-based BESS can efficiently curtail frequency oscillations caused by fluctuations in PV power injection due to changing solar irradiance.
This study investigates experimentally the performance of two-dimensional solar tracking systems with reflector using commercial silicon based photovoltaic module, with open and closed loop control systems. Different reflector materials were also investigated. The experiments were performed at the Hashemite University campus in Zarqa at a latitude of 32⁰, in February and March. Photovoltaic output power and performance were analyzed. It was found that the modified photovoltaic module with mirror reflector generated the highest value of power, while the temperature reached a maximum value of 53 ̊ C. The modified module suggested in this study produced 5% more PV power than the two-dimensional solar tracking systems without reflector and produced 12.5% more PV power than the fixed PV module with 26⁰ tilt angle.
This paper focuses on the modeling and control of a wind energy conversion chain using a permanent magnet synchronous machine. This system behaves a turbine, a generator, DC/DC and DC/AC power converters. These are connected on both sides to the DC bus, where the inverter is followed by a filter which is connected to the grid. In this paper, we have been used two types of controllers. For the stator side converter, we consider the Takagi-Sugeno approach where the parameters of controller have been computed by the theory of linear matrix inequalities. The stability synthesis has been checked using the Lyapunov theory. According to the grid side converter, the proportional integral controller is exploited to keep a constant voltage on the DC bus and control both types of powers. The simulation results demonstrate the robustness of the approach used.
The development of modeling wind speed plays a very important in helping to obtain the actual wind speed data for the benefit of the power plant planning in the future. The wind speed in this paper is obtained from a PCE-FWS 20 type measuring instrument with a duration of 30 minutes which is accumulated into monthly data for one year (2019). Despite the many wind speed modeling that has been done by researchers. Modeling wind speeds proposed in this study were obtained from the modified Rayleigh distribution. In this study, the Rayleigh scale factor (Cr) and modified Rayleigh scale factor (Cm) were calculated. The observed wind speed is compared with the predicted wind characteristics. The data fit test used correlation coefficient (R2), root means square error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The results of the proposed modified Rayleigh model provide very good results for users.
This paper deals with an advanced design for a pump powered by solar energyto supply agricultural lands with water and also the maximum power point is used to extract the maximum value of the energy available inside the solar panels and comparing between techniques MPPT such as Incremental conductance, perturb & observe, fractional short current circuit, and fractional open voltage circuit to find the best technique among these. The solar system is designed with main parts: photovoltaic (PV) panel, direct current/direct current (DC/DC) converter, inverter, filter, and in addition, the battery is used to save energy in the event that there is an increased demand for energy and not to provide solar radiation, as well as saving energy in the case of generation more than demand. This work was done using the matrix laboratory (MATLAB) simulink program.
The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the current state of renewable energy resources in Bangladesh, as well as to examine various forms of renewable energies in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of how to address Bangladesh's power crisis issues in a sustainable manner. Electricity is currently the most useful kind of energy in Bangladesh. It has a substantial influence on a country's socioeconomic standing and living standards. Maintaining a stable source of energy at a cost that is affordable to everyone has been a constant battle for decades. Bangladesh is blessed with a wealth of natural resources. Bangladesh has a huge opportunity to accelerate its economic development while increasing energy access, livelihoods, and health for millions of people in a sustainable way due to the renewable energy system.
When the irradiance distribution over the photovoltaic panels is uniform, the pursuit of the maximum power point is not reached, which has allowed several researchers to use traditional MPPT techniques to solve this problem Among these techniques a PSO algorithm is used to have the maximum global power point (GMPPT) under partial shading. On the other hand, this one is not reliable vis-à-vis the pursuit of the MPPT. Therefore, in this paper we have treated another technique based on a new modified PSO algorithm so that the power can reach its maximum point. The PSO algorithm is based on the heuristic method which guarantees not only the obtaining of MPPT but also the simplicity of control and less expensive of the system. The results are obtained using MATLAB show that the proposed modified PSO algorithm performs better than conventional PSO and is robust to different partial shading models.
A stable operation of wind turbines connected to the grid is an essential requirement to ensure the reliability and stability of the power system. To achieve such operational objective, installing static synchronous compensator static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) as a main compensation device guarantees the voltage stability enhancement of the wind farm connected to distribution network at different operating scenarios. STATCOM either supplies or absorbs reactive power in order to ensure the voltage profile within the standard-margins and to avoid turbine tripping, accordingly. This paper present new study that investigates the most suitable-location to install STATCOM in a distribution system connected wind farm to maintain the voltage-levels within the stability margins. For a large-scale squirrel cage induction generator squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG-based) wind turbine system, the impact of STATCOM installation was tested in different places and voltage-levels in the distribution system. The proposed method effectiveness in enhancing the voltage profile and balancing the reactive power is validated, the results were repeated for different scenarios of expected contingencies. The voltage profile, power flow, and reactive power balance of the distribution system are observed using MATLAB/Simulink software.
The electrical and environmental parameters of polymer solar cells (PSC) provide important information on their performance. In the present article we study the influence of temperature on the voltage-current (I-V) characteristic at different temperatures from 10 °C to 90 °C, and important parameters like bandgap energy Eg, and the energy conversion efficiency η. The one-diode electrical model, normally used for semiconductor cells, has been tested and validated for the polemeral junction. The PSC used in our study are formed by the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Our technique is based on the combination of two steps; the first use the Least Mean Squares (LMS) method while the second use the Newton-Raphson algorithm. The found results are compared to other recently published works, they show that the developed approach is very accurate. This precision is proved by the minimal values of statistical errors (RMSE) and the good agreement between both the experimental data and the I-V simulated curves. The obtained results show a clear and a monotonic dependence of the cell efficiency on the studied parameters.
The inverter is the principal part of the photovoltaic (PV) systems that assures the direct current/alternating current (DC/AC) conversion (PV array is connected directly to an inverter that converts the DC energy produced by the PV array into AC energy that is directly connected to the electric utility). In this paper, we present a simple method for detecting faults that occurred during the operation of the inverter. These types of faults or faults affect the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic system, especially the inverter, which is the main component responsible for the conversion. Hence, we have shown first the faults obtained in the case of the short circuit. Second, the open circuit failure is studied. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. Good monitoring and detection of faults in the inverter can increase the system's reliability and decrease the undesirable faults that appeared in the PV system. The system behavior is tested under variable parameters and conditions using MATLAB/Simulink.
The document describes a proposed modified bridge-type nonsuperconducting fault current limiter (NSFCL) for distribution networks. The NSFCL consists of a bridge rectifier, two DC reactors (one small in series and one large in parallel), and an IGBT semiconductor switch controlled by a command circuit. During normal operation, the IGBT is on and the parallel reactor is bypassed, making the NSFCL invisible. During a fault, the IGBT turns off, inserting the parallel reactor to limit fault current. Simulation results showed the design effectively limits fault current while minimally affecting normal operation.
This paper provides a new approach to reducing high-order harmonics in 400 Hz inverter using a three-level neutral-point clamped (NPC) converter. A voltage control loop using the harmonic compensation combined with NPC clamping diode control technology. The capacitor voltage imbalance also causes harmonics in the output voltage. For 400 Hz inverter, maintain a balanced voltage between the two input (direct current) (DC) capacitors is difficult because the pulse width modulation (PWM) modulation frequency ratio is low compared to the frequency of the output voltage. A method of determining the current flowing into the capacitor to control the voltage on the two balanced capacitors to ensure fast response reversal is also given in this paper. The combination of a high-harmonic resonator controller and a neutral-point voltage controller working together on the 400 Hz NPC inverter structure is given in this paper.
Direct current (DC) electronic load is a useful equipment for testing the electrical system. It can emulate various load at a high rating. The electronic load requires a power converter to operate and a linear regulator is a common option. Nonetheless, it is hard to control due to the temperature variation. This paper proposed a DC electronic load using the boost converter. The proposed electronic load operates in the continuous current mode and control using the integral controller. The electronic load using the boost converter is compared with the electronic load using the linear regulator. The results show that the boost converter able to operate as an electronic load with an error lower than 0.5% and response time lower than 13 ms.
More from International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (20)
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Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
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Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
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system. Usually, quartz is used as a dielectric material which limits the current that flows out of the tube. The
pair of electrodes are used to energize and discharge the carrier gases and releasing plasma jet consisting of
free electrons, ions, ultra-violet rays, ozone and reactive oxidative species [2]. The electric field controls the
electromagnetic radiation of the plasma [3]. Sometimes, small percentage of oxygen is added to increase the
generation of chemically reactive atoms and molecules.
There are several common sources of power supplies that could energize the electrodes of plasma
torch at several kilovolts [2]-[5]. These plasma power supplies include RF pulsed high voltage amplifier [2],
zero voltage switching driver/flyback transformer [4], DC pulsed power supply [5], autotransformer [6] and
high voltage mixer amplifier [7]. They are usually heavy, bulky and costly. To energize a simple plasma
system with a variable power supply, a high voltage power supply consists of a lamp dimmer driving a neon
transformer is proposed. The objective of this paper was to investigate the feasibility of applying a lamp
dimmer to control the power delivered to a plasma torch. With the variable AC power supply to the neon
transformer, the emission of the electromagnetic radiations of the plasma jet can be controllable and studied
for different applications. In this work, the effects of varying the input AC power supply of the lamp dimmer
to the power supply to a neon transformer and temperature of the plasma exposure site will be investigated.
2. RESEARCH METHOD
A quartz tube with an inner diameter and outer diameter of 3 and 5 mm, respectively was used as the
body of the plasma torch (Figure 1(a)). A copper electrode was inserted to the gas inlet coupled to the top end
of the quartz tube while the cathode is a thin copper tape wound around the quartz tube. As shown in
Figure 1(b), a plasma torch was discharged with pure argon gas at a flow rate of 50L/min. The high voltage
generator consists of a AC dimmer connected to a 8.6kp-pV neon transformer with an output power of 60W
and 36kHz. The boosted voltage from the neon transformer was supplied to a plasma torch. According to its
specification, the neon transformer accepts input ranging between 110V and 240V at 50/60 Hz. The dimmer
supplies AC voltages varying from 60V to 230V by adjusting the potentiometer of the lamp dimmer. The
distance between the discharged plasma plumes to the sample stage (a glass slide) is approximately 15 mm
(Figure 1(b)). The whole system was setup with a variable power controlled by a dimmer to produce APPJ at
room temperature.
(a) (b)
Figure 1. (a) The block diagram of the atmospheric pressure plasma jet system driven by a controllable
power output from an AC dimmer and neon power transformer. (b) The plasma discharge produced.
For the electrical characterisation, a high voltage probe (P6015A, Tektronix, USA) of a digital
oscilloscope (Agilent DSOX2022, USA) and a power meter (PZEM-061, ebay.com) were used to measure
the current, voltage and power supplied to the neon sign transformer. The root means square (RMS) current
output from the dimmer was measured using a hall-effect magnetic coil wrapped around the output wire of
the dimmer to the neon transformer. The ground probe of the high voltage probe was connected to the ground
terminal of the oscilloscope. A four-channel hand-held digital thermometer with K-Type thermocouple
sensor was used to measure the temperature of the glass slide and quartz tube. The temperature was taken
every 10 seconds with plasma irradiation for approximately 60 seconds.
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3. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
The current of the lamp dimmer shows dimming curves in a sigmoid curve with respect to the
adjusted voltage of the dimmer (Figure 2(a)). The power outputs of the lamp dimmer increased quadratically
with respect to different control voltages. For the variable dimmer output voltage ranging from 60 to 220V,
the power and current outputs of the dimmer were changed from 8.4 to 83.6 W and 0.08 and 0.38 A,
respectively. The current delivered to the neon transformer was relatively low. In the experiment, it was
found that no plasma was dischargeable when the dimmer voltage was less than 60V or at 10W. This is
reasonable because the typical power requirement of the neon transformer is 60 W. Although, the dimmer
works on varying the effective Vp-p based on the phase angle of first and second half cycle of waveform, it
can deliver variable Vrm output to the neon transformer (Figure 2(a)). Figure 2(b) shows the effects of
varying the voltage output of the dimmer to the temperature of the plasma exposure site on the glass slide. As
the voltage varied from 60 to 220V, the temperature of the plasma exposure site increased linearly from
35o
–53o
C. This is approximation to the characteristic of non-thermal plasma [2] and induced non-damaging
effects to the sample under irradiation of the APPJ. The detrimental effect of the plasma output maybe related
to the power and current deliver to the plasma torch. According to a previous study [8], the current delivered
from the neon transformer to the plasma torch at approximately 9.8 mAp-p was shown to be non-destructive
to the sample. To produce plasma with destructive effect, higher current of a few amperes should be applied
to the plasma torch [4].
(a) (b)
Figure 2. (a) The relationship of power and current to the output voltage of the dimmer, (b) Temperature
measured adjacent to the plasma exposure site on the glass slide
The temperature of the quartz tube and glass surface were monitored over time upon the onset of the
plasma torch and argon gas infusion. A comparison was made between the temperature measured for quartz
tube and glass slide. Interestingly, the temperatures determined for both surfaces indicated with a cross-over
at 20 seconds (Figure 3). During the first 20 seconds when the plasma torch was energized at 6kV and
33kHz, the quartz temperature was found higher than the glass surface temperature which is related to the
accumulation of electrons and ionized gas at the anode of the plasma torch. This caused a higher temperature
of 50o
C measured at the quart tube of the plasma torch. The temperature of the glass slide was lower at 35 o
C.
The emission of the plasma plume was observed with instable discharges for an operation time less than 20
seconds. The full discharge of the electrons and ionized gas reached the surface of the glass slide caused a
raise of temperature from 35 to 55 o
C after 20 seconds of operation time. The temperature at the quartz tube
surface decreased slightly to 42 o
C. The result presented in Figure 3 indicates that the plasma torch needs to
be activated at least 20 seconds for stabilization before application to samples.
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Figure 3. Temperature measured at the surfaces of glass slide and quartz tube at input voltage 240Vac
Figure 4 shows the typical voltage waveform outputs of a lamp dimmer when the plasma torch was
switched off and without purging the argon gas. The waveforms were swinging in between 340Vp-p. The
dimmer could turn on the output at an adjustable time or changing the phase angle of each alternating half
cycle of the sinusoidal waveforms and thus, varying the effective root means square value and power output.
At low voltage of 60V, a major cycle of the full sinusoidal waveforms was “chopped” while maintaining the
peak voltage of the waveform as shown in Figure 4(a). Figure 4(a) shows that the output waveform was
turned on after 0.01sec when the sinusoidal crosses zero voltage. The later the dimmer is fired or starts to
conduct, thus, less power is supplied to the plasma torch. As the controlled voltage increased from 60 - 220V,
the sinusoidal waveforms were gradually recovered. The modulation of the waveforms is related to the
dimmer control circuit. The dimmer circuit consists of a diac, variable resistor and capacitor that control the
switch-on of the triac once reaching the peak of the input sinusoidal waveform. For a lamp dimmer circuit,
the waveforms produced are partial cycle of the sinusoidal waveforms with leading edges. The dimmer
switches on and off based on phase angle and therefore, less power is lost.
The results presented in Figure 4 were recorded without switching on the plasma torch and neon
transformer. Once the inductive load or transformer was switched on at voltages less than 120V, overshoot
voltage spikes could be observed due to the capacitive nature of the neon transformer as shown in Figure 5a-
c. The interference affects the physical irradiation of the plasma plume that was observed to be unstable once
the dimmer voltage was reduced below 120V. The phase angle waveforms of the dimmer with the neon
transformer load (Figure 5(d-i)) were similar to the waveforms of the dimmer without the plasma torch load
(Figure 4(d-i)). This indicates that the dimmer works for inductive load when the dimmer voltage is more
than 120V. Figure 6 shows a typical voltage waveform of the neon transformer measured at the cathode of
the plasma torch. The envelops of waveform (Figure 6) seemed to be similar to amplitude modulated
waveforms in which, it was formed by multiple sinusoidal waveforms. The composite waveforms cycle
repetively when the dimmer supply voltage is >150V.
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Figure 4. The output waveforms of the dimmer transformer by varying dimmer voltages at (a) 60V, (b) 80V,
(c) 100V, (d) 120V, (e)140V, (f) 160V, (g) 180V, (h) 200V, (i) 220V.
Figure 5. The output waveforms of the neon transformer by varying dimmer voltages at (a) 60V, (b) 80V, (c)
100V, (d) 120V, (e)140V, (f) 160V, (g) 180V, (h) 200V, (i) 220V.
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To verify if plasma emitted is destructive, the output of the plasma was irradiated to a leaf for 30
seconds at full power (dimmer input at 220V). Plausibly, the leaf was not found with any burn except a little
dryness due to the gas flow (Figure 7). This is suggesting that the plasma plume produced by the proposed
system was not causing damaging effects to a living organism. A previous study shown that the APPJ can set
to modify the surface properties or wettability of fabric without damaging effects [8]. The result shows that
neon transformer-based plasma power generator has the advantage of delivering plasma jet at low current and
heat to the sample especially cells [9-10]. Such a non-thermal APPJ has great potential for biotechnology or
textile industry.
Figure 6. The output waveforms of the neon transformer with a Vp-p of 8.64kV
Figure 7. A leaf after exposure to plasma plume of an APPJ for 30 seconds. The white box marked the
plasma exposure area of the leaf.
4. CONCLUSION
The dimmer circuit applied for lamp brightness control is suitable to be used to control the plasma
emission of an APPJ ranging from input voltage of 60 - 220V. The power output of the dimmer was variable
between 8.4 to 83.6 W when the input voltage of dimmer was varied between 60 - 220V. This was achieved
by controlling the phase angle of the sinusoidal output of the dimmer. This range of power was sufficient to
regulate the output power of the neon transformer which requires a nominal power of 60 W. However, the
discharge of plasma caused interference to waveforms of the dimmer output for dimmer input voltage less
than 100V and lead to instable plasma discharge. The temperature of the irradiated site or glass slide is
linearly proportional to the control voltage of the dimmer. Based on the temperature at the exposure site
ranging from 35 – 53o
C and low current application to the plasma torch (~9.8 mApp), the plasma produced
with the proposed plasma system is non-damaging to the sample irradiated. The electrical properties
characterized for the improved APPJ driven by dimmer and neon transformer presented potential to be
applied in biotechnology.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This project was supported by Short Term Grant (STG) Vot No. U641 awarded by Universiti Tun
Hussein Onn Malaysia.
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REFERENCES
[1] Dayun Yan, et al., “Cold atmospheric plasma, a novel promising anti-cancer treatment modality,” Oncotarget, Vol.
8(9), pp.15977–15995, 2017.
[2] Vladimir Scholtz, et al., “Nonthermal plasma-a tool for decontamination and disinfection,” Biotechnology
Advances, Vol. 33(6), pp. 1108-1119, 2015.
[3] S. Zerouali, et al., “Non-linear control techniques applied to high frequency inverters for induction plasma
generator,” International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, Vol. 69, pp. 33-46, 2014.
[4] Rosnah Mohd Zin, et al., “Zero voltage switching driver and flyback transformer for generation of atmospheric
pressure plasma jet”, AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 1883(1), pp. 020023, 2017.
[5] Denis P. Dowling, et al., “Influence of DC pulsed atmospheric pressure plasma jet processing conditions on
polymer,” Activation Plasma Process Polymer, Vol. 8, pp. 718–727, 2011.
[6] L Giuliani, et al., “Electrical characterization of an air microplasma jet operated at a low frequency ac voltage,”
Journal of Physics. Conference Series, Vol. 370, pp. 012011, 2012,.
[7] Rizan Rizon Elfa, et al., “Comparative study between chemical and atmospheric pressure plasma jet cleaning on
glass substrate,” AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 1788, pp. 030113, 2017.
[8] Rizon Elfa, et al., “Atmospheric pressure plasma jet treatment of malaysian batik fabrics,” Rizan Journal of
Telecommunication, Electronic and Computer Engineering, Vol. 9(3), pp. 89-92, 2017.
[9] Rizan Rizon Elfa, et al., “Electrical and optical characteristic of atmospheric pressure plasma needle jet driven by
neon transformer,” AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 1883(1), pp. 020026-1-020026-6, 2017.
[10] Hongbin Liu, et al., “A novel DC-driven atmospherical-pressure cold microplasma source for biomedical
application,” IEEE Transaction on Radation and Plasma Medical Sciences, Vol. 1(5), 2017.
BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Rosnah Mat Zin is a senior lecturer at the Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. She is graduated with a master’s degree in electrical
engineering from Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. She has many years of teaching
experience in electronics courses.
Dr. Soon Chin Fhong is an associate professor at the Faculty of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. She holds a PhD in Biomedical Engineering
from University of Bradford, United Kingdom. Her research interest is in application of plasma
physics in bioengineering, 3D bioprinter, wireless applications, microencapsulation and
microfluidic development. She is currently a principle researcher at Microelectronic and
Nanotechnology Shamsuddin Research Center (MiNT-SRC).
Elfa Rizan Rizon was a research student at the Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysi and she holds a master’s degree in electrical engineering.
She is currently working at Intel Manufacturinig Sdn. Bhd., Bayan Lepas, Penang.
Nadhia Mohd Yusof is a research research assistant with Microelectronic and Nanotechnology-
Shamsuddin Research Center. She is graduated with a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering
from Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia.
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Dr. Marlia Morsin is currently a senior lecturer at Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. She
holds a PhD in Micro and Nanoelectronics from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Her research
interest is in the application of gold nanoparticles and the simulation of surface plasmon
resonance in sensor development.
Ir. Dr. Tee Kian Sek is a senior lecturer at Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. He holds a
PhD in Mechatronics Engineering from Leeds University, United Kingdom. He is professional
engineer registered with the Board of Engineers Malaysia (BEM) has 8 years of working
experience with the industry. His rearach interest is in power electronics, robotics, ergonomics
and human gait analysis.
Dr. Mohd Khairul Ahmad is an associate professor at the Faculty of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. He holds a PhD in Electronics from
Shizuoka University, Japan. His research interest is in Dye-sensitised solar cells and synthesis of
nanostructured materials. He is a principle researcher at Microelectronic and Nanotechnology
Shamsuddin Research Center (MiNT-SRC).
Dr Nafarizal Nayan is an associate professor at the Faculty of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. He holds a PhD in Electrical Engineering
from Nagoya University in Japan and he is currently the Head of Microelectronic and
Nanotechnology Shamsuddin Research Center (MiNT-SRC). His research interest is in new
plasma processing system, application of plasma in biomedical engineering, diagnostic of
plasma properties, nanoscale analysis and imaging.