Ch5 Data communication and networking by neha g. kuraleNeha Kurale
This document discusses various methods for analog transmission of digital data, including digital-to-analog conversion. It describes amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), phase shift keying (PSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). ASK encodes data by changing the amplitude of a carrier signal. FSK uses frequency changes to encode data. PSK varies the phase of the carrier signal to represent data. QAM combines ASK and PSK, encoding multiple bits onto orthogonal carriers. The document provides examples of calculating bit rates, baud rates and bandwidth requirements for different modulation techniques.
This document discusses various methods of digital-to-analog conversion for analog transmission of digital data. It describes techniques such as amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), phase shift keying (PSK), and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). For each method, it discusses how the digital data modulates an analog carrier signal, provides examples of implementation, and examines bandwidth requirements. It also introduces constellation diagrams to depict signal amplitudes and phases for modulation schemes involving multiple carriers.
This document discusses various methods of digital-to-analog conversion for analog transmission of digital data. It describes techniques such as amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), phase shift keying (PSK), and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). For each method, it discusses how the digital data modulates an analog carrier signal, provides equations for calculating bandwidth, and includes examples demonstrating how to apply the techniques. Diagrams and constellation plots are also used to illustrate the different modulation schemes.
This document discusses various methods of digital-to-analog conversion for analog transmission of digital data. It describes techniques such as amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), phase shift keying (PSK), and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). For each method, it discusses how the digital data modulates an analog carrier signal, provides equations for calculating bandwidth, and includes examples demonstrating how to apply the techniques. Diagrams and constellation plots are also used to illustrate the different modulation schemes.
This document discusses various digital-to-analog conversion techniques used in analog transmission of digital data. It describes amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), phase shift keying (PSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). ASK encodes data by changing the amplitude of a carrier signal. FSK uses frequency changes to encode data while PSK varies the phase. QAM combines ASK and PSK, encoding multiple bits onto distinct signal points defined by amplitude and phase. The bandwidth requirements of these techniques are also examined along with examples of calculating bit rates from given parameters.
This document discusses various methods of analog transmission of digital data, including digital-to-analog conversion techniques like amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying, and phase shift keying. It also covers analog-to-analog modulation techniques such as amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and phase modulation. Key concepts covered include the relationship between bit rate and baud rate, how modulation affects the required transmission bandwidth, and the differences between amplitude, frequency and phase modulation techniques. Worked examples demonstrate how to calculate bit rates and bandwidth requirements for various modulation methods.
This document discusses different methods for digital-to-analog conversion including amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), phase shift keying (PSK), and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). ASK encodes digital data by changing the amplitude of an analog carrier signal. FSK encodes by changing the frequency of the carrier signal. PSK encodes by changing the phase of the carrier signal. QAM encodes multiple bits onto a signal by using two carrier signals that are 90 degrees out of phase. The document provides examples and diagrams to illustrate how each encoding method works.
This document discusses various analog transmission techniques for transmitting digital data, including:
- Digital-to-analog conversion techniques like amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying, and phase shift keying.
- Analog modulation techniques like amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and phase modulation.
- Key concepts covered include modulation, bandwidth, bit rate, baud rate, carrier frequency, and constellation diagrams.
Worked examples demonstrate how to calculate bandwidth needs for different modulation schemes.
Ch5 Data communication and networking by neha g. kuraleNeha Kurale
This document discusses various methods for analog transmission of digital data, including digital-to-analog conversion. It describes amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), phase shift keying (PSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). ASK encodes data by changing the amplitude of a carrier signal. FSK uses frequency changes to encode data. PSK varies the phase of the carrier signal to represent data. QAM combines ASK and PSK, encoding multiple bits onto orthogonal carriers. The document provides examples of calculating bit rates, baud rates and bandwidth requirements for different modulation techniques.
This document discusses various methods of digital-to-analog conversion for analog transmission of digital data. It describes techniques such as amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), phase shift keying (PSK), and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). For each method, it discusses how the digital data modulates an analog carrier signal, provides examples of implementation, and examines bandwidth requirements. It also introduces constellation diagrams to depict signal amplitudes and phases for modulation schemes involving multiple carriers.
This document discusses various methods of digital-to-analog conversion for analog transmission of digital data. It describes techniques such as amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), phase shift keying (PSK), and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). For each method, it discusses how the digital data modulates an analog carrier signal, provides equations for calculating bandwidth, and includes examples demonstrating how to apply the techniques. Diagrams and constellation plots are also used to illustrate the different modulation schemes.
This document discusses various methods of digital-to-analog conversion for analog transmission of digital data. It describes techniques such as amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), phase shift keying (PSK), and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). For each method, it discusses how the digital data modulates an analog carrier signal, provides equations for calculating bandwidth, and includes examples demonstrating how to apply the techniques. Diagrams and constellation plots are also used to illustrate the different modulation schemes.
This document discusses various digital-to-analog conversion techniques used in analog transmission of digital data. It describes amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), phase shift keying (PSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). ASK encodes data by changing the amplitude of a carrier signal. FSK uses frequency changes to encode data while PSK varies the phase. QAM combines ASK and PSK, encoding multiple bits onto distinct signal points defined by amplitude and phase. The bandwidth requirements of these techniques are also examined along with examples of calculating bit rates from given parameters.
This document discusses various methods of analog transmission of digital data, including digital-to-analog conversion techniques like amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying, and phase shift keying. It also covers analog-to-analog modulation techniques such as amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and phase modulation. Key concepts covered include the relationship between bit rate and baud rate, how modulation affects the required transmission bandwidth, and the differences between amplitude, frequency and phase modulation techniques. Worked examples demonstrate how to calculate bit rates and bandwidth requirements for various modulation methods.
This document discusses different methods for digital-to-analog conversion including amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), phase shift keying (PSK), and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). ASK encodes digital data by changing the amplitude of an analog carrier signal. FSK encodes by changing the frequency of the carrier signal. PSK encodes by changing the phase of the carrier signal. QAM encodes multiple bits onto a signal by using two carrier signals that are 90 degrees out of phase. The document provides examples and diagrams to illustrate how each encoding method works.
This document discusses various analog transmission techniques for transmitting digital data, including:
- Digital-to-analog conversion techniques like amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying, and phase shift keying.
- Analog modulation techniques like amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and phase modulation.
- Key concepts covered include modulation, bandwidth, bit rate, baud rate, carrier frequency, and constellation diagrams.
Worked examples demonstrate how to calculate bandwidth needs for different modulation schemes.
This document discusses various analog modulation techniques used to transmit analog and digital signals. It begins by explaining digital-to-analog conversion which involves modulating an analog carrier signal by changing aspects like amplitude, frequency or phase based on digital data. Then it describes different digital modulation techniques like amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK) and phase shift keying (PSK). It also discusses more advanced modulations like quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). The document then covers analog-to-analog conversion, explaining modulation techniques used when the medium is bandpass, like amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM). Key aspects like bandwidth requirements are also summarized.
This document discusses various analog transmission techniques for transmitting digital data. It covers digital-to-analog conversion methods like amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying, and phase shift keying. It also discusses analog modulation techniques like amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and phase modulation used to transmit analog signals over bandpass channels. Various examples are provided to illustrate key concepts like calculating bit rates, baud rates, and bandwidth requirements for different modulation schemes.
Chapter 5 analog transmission computer_networkDhairya Joshi
This document discusses various analog transmission techniques for transmitting digital data. It covers digital-to-analog conversion methods like amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying, and phase shift keying. It also discusses analog modulation techniques like amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and phase modulation. It provides examples of how to calculate bit rates, baud rates, and bandwidth requirements for different modulation schemes. Key concepts like constellation diagrams are also introduced.
This document discusses various analog transmission techniques for transmitting digital data. It covers digital-to-analog conversion methods like amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying, and phase shift keying. It also discusses analog modulation techniques like amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and phase modulation used to transmit analog signals over bandpass channels. Various examples are provided to illustrate key concepts like calculating bit rates, baud rates, and bandwidth requirements for different modulation schemes.
This document discusses digital-to-analog conversion techniques. It describes how digital data needs to be carried by an analog signal using techniques like amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), and phase shift keying (PSK). In ASK, the amplitude of the carrier signal is changed to represent the digital data. In FSK, frequencies are changed to represent digital bits. In PSK, the phase of the carrier is shifted. More advanced techniques like quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) combine ASK and PSK by using two carriers in quadrature to represent even more data. Diagrams are provided to illustrate these techniques.
The document discusses digital-to-analog and analog-to-analog conversion. It covers topics such as amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying, phase shift keying, and quadrature amplitude modulation. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate bit rates, baud rates, carrier frequencies, and bandwidths for different modulation techniques including ASK, FSK, PSK, and QAM. Diagrams illustrate the constellations for various modulation schemes. Formulas are given for determining the bandwidth requirements of AM, FM, and PM.
The document discusses digital-to-analog and analog-to-analog conversion. It covers topics such as amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying, phase shift keying, and quadrature amplitude modulation. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate bit rate, baud rate, bandwidth, and carrier frequency for different modulation techniques including ASK, FSK, PSK, and QAM. Diagrams show the constellation patterns for different digital modulation schemes.
This document discusses various analog transmission techniques for transmitting digital data or analog signals. It covers topics like digital-to-analog conversion including amplitude-shift keying, frequency-shift keying, and phase-shift keying. It also discusses analog modulation techniques like amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and phase modulation. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts like calculating bit rates, carrier frequencies, and bandwidth requirements for different modulation schemes. Figures and diagrams help explain key concepts such as modulation implementations, constellation diagrams, and analog signal bandwidth allocations.
This document discusses various analog transmission techniques for transmitting digital data or analog signals. It covers topics like digital-to-analog conversion including amplitude-shift keying, frequency-shift keying, and phase-shift keying. It also discusses analog modulation techniques like amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and phase modulation. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts like calculating bit rates, carrier frequencies, and bandwidth requirements for different modulation schemes. Figures and diagrams help explain key concepts such as modulation implementations, constellation diagrams, and analog signal bandwidth allocations.
This document discusses various analog transmission techniques for transmitting digital data or analog signals. It covers topics like digital-to-analog conversion including amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying, and phase shift keying. It also discusses analog modulation techniques like amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and phase modulation. Several examples are provided to illustrate concepts like calculating bandwidth requirements, carrier frequencies, and bit rates for different modulation schemes. Diagrams and constellation diagrams are also presented to visualize various analog transmission and modulation techniques.
This document discusses various analog transmission techniques for modulating digital data onto analog carrier signals. It covers digital-to-analog conversion and aspects like amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying, and phase shift keying. Examples are provided to illustrate how to calculate bit rates, baud rates, bandwidth, and carrier frequencies for different modulation schemes. The document also discusses analog modulation techniques like amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and phase modulation. It concludes by covering telephone modems and standards like V.32 for analog data transmission over telephone lines.
This document discusses various methods for digital-to-analog conversion and analog modulation techniques used to transmit digital data via analog carriers. It describes digital-to-analog conversion as the process of changing characteristics of an analog signal based on digital data. Common modulation techniques covered include amplitude-shift keying (ASK), frequency-shift keying (FSK), and phase-shift keying (PSK). It also discusses binary, quadrature, and multi-level variants of these techniques as well as concepts like coherent/non-coherent transmission and constellation diagrams. Worked examples are provided to illustrate techniques like bit rate calculations and constellation diagram representations.
Digital-to-analog conversion involves modulating an analog signal by varying one of its characteristics (amplitude, frequency, or phase) based on digital data. The main methods are amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), and phase shift keying (PSK).
Bit rate refers to the number of bits transmitted per second, while baud rate refers to the number of signal elements per second needed to represent those bits. Baud rate determines the required bandwidth.
For analog transmission, a high frequency carrier signal is used. Digital information modulates the carrier signal, changing its amplitude, frequency, or phase. This process is called modulation.
This document discusses various digital modulation techniques including amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), phase shift keying (PSK), and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). It explains the basic concepts of how each technique works including how digital data is converted to analog signals and how the amplitude, frequency, or phase of a carrier signal is varied to represent binary digits. It also discusses related topics like bandwidth requirements, bit rates vs baud rates, and applications like digital radio broadcasting that use these modulation techniques.
The document discusses digital-to-analog conversion techniques for transmitting digital data via analog signals, including amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying, phase shift keying, and quadrature amplitude modulation. It then covers analog-to-analog conversion using amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and phase modulation. Examples are provided for calculating bit rates, baud rates, and bandwidths for different modulation schemes. Key concepts like constellation diagrams are also introduced.
This document discusses various digital modulation techniques including amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), phase shift keying (PSK), and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). It provides details on how each technique works by modifying properties of an analog carrier signal like amplitude, frequency, or phase to represent digital data. It also discusses the relationship between baud rate, bit rate, and minimum bandwidth required for different modulation schemes.
This document discusses digital-to-analog conversion techniques for transmitting digital data over analog channels. It describes amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), and phase shift keying (PSK) as methods of modulating a carrier signal by varying the amplitude, frequency, or phase based on the digital data. For each method, it covers aspects like data rate vs signal rate, bandwidth requirements, and implementations using binary and multilevel modulation. Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is also introduced as a dominant digital-to-analog conversion technique.
This document provides an overview of digital-to-analog modulation techniques used in data communications including: Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), Phase Shift Keying (PSK), and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM). It defines these techniques, discusses their advantages and limitations, and provides examples of calculating bit rates and bandwidth requirements. Key points covered include how digital data is modulated onto an analog carrier signal, the relationship between bit rate and baud rate, and how more advanced modulations like QAM combine aspects of ASK and PSK.
Digital Communication System
Communication Channels
AWGN: Universal channel model
Band Limited Channel: Channel BW <Signal BW, ISI
Fading Channel: multipath waves
Basic Modulation Methods
Criteria for choosing Modulation Schemes
Power Efficiency: Required Eb/N for certain error probability over AWGN channel
Bandwidth Efficiency: no. of bits per second that can be transmitted on system bandwidth.
System Complexity: Amount of circuit involved and complexity
System Performance Parameters
Average SNR
Outage Probability: instantaneous prob. Exceed certain limit
Average BEP
Amount of Fading/severity of fading
Average Outage duration: O/P SNR fall below certain SNR
The document describes experiments performed on three digital modulation techniques: amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), and phase shift keying (PSK). MATLAB and Simulink were used to generate ASK, FSK, and M-PSK modulated signals. For ASK, the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied to represent binary 1 and 0. For FSK, the frequency of the carrier signal is varied. For PSK, the phase of the carrier signal is varied to represent the data bits. Troubleshooting was required to produce the correct modulated signals. Higher carrier frequencies can cause distortion for ASK and FSK. M-PSK modulation using 8-ary PSK was also implemented in Sim
Success is often not achievable without facing and overcoming obstacles along the way. To reach our goals and achieve success, it is important to understand and resolve the obstacles that come in our way.
In this article, we will discuss the various obstacles that hinder success, strategies to overcome them, and examples of individuals who have successfully surmounted their obstacles.
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Similar to Chapter 5 of Data communications and.ppt
This document discusses various analog modulation techniques used to transmit analog and digital signals. It begins by explaining digital-to-analog conversion which involves modulating an analog carrier signal by changing aspects like amplitude, frequency or phase based on digital data. Then it describes different digital modulation techniques like amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK) and phase shift keying (PSK). It also discusses more advanced modulations like quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). The document then covers analog-to-analog conversion, explaining modulation techniques used when the medium is bandpass, like amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM). Key aspects like bandwidth requirements are also summarized.
This document discusses various analog transmission techniques for transmitting digital data. It covers digital-to-analog conversion methods like amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying, and phase shift keying. It also discusses analog modulation techniques like amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and phase modulation used to transmit analog signals over bandpass channels. Various examples are provided to illustrate key concepts like calculating bit rates, baud rates, and bandwidth requirements for different modulation schemes.
Chapter 5 analog transmission computer_networkDhairya Joshi
This document discusses various analog transmission techniques for transmitting digital data. It covers digital-to-analog conversion methods like amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying, and phase shift keying. It also discusses analog modulation techniques like amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and phase modulation. It provides examples of how to calculate bit rates, baud rates, and bandwidth requirements for different modulation schemes. Key concepts like constellation diagrams are also introduced.
This document discusses various analog transmission techniques for transmitting digital data. It covers digital-to-analog conversion methods like amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying, and phase shift keying. It also discusses analog modulation techniques like amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and phase modulation used to transmit analog signals over bandpass channels. Various examples are provided to illustrate key concepts like calculating bit rates, baud rates, and bandwidth requirements for different modulation schemes.
This document discusses digital-to-analog conversion techniques. It describes how digital data needs to be carried by an analog signal using techniques like amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), and phase shift keying (PSK). In ASK, the amplitude of the carrier signal is changed to represent the digital data. In FSK, frequencies are changed to represent digital bits. In PSK, the phase of the carrier is shifted. More advanced techniques like quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) combine ASK and PSK by using two carriers in quadrature to represent even more data. Diagrams are provided to illustrate these techniques.
The document discusses digital-to-analog and analog-to-analog conversion. It covers topics such as amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying, phase shift keying, and quadrature amplitude modulation. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate bit rates, baud rates, carrier frequencies, and bandwidths for different modulation techniques including ASK, FSK, PSK, and QAM. Diagrams illustrate the constellations for various modulation schemes. Formulas are given for determining the bandwidth requirements of AM, FM, and PM.
The document discusses digital-to-analog and analog-to-analog conversion. It covers topics such as amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying, phase shift keying, and quadrature amplitude modulation. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate bit rate, baud rate, bandwidth, and carrier frequency for different modulation techniques including ASK, FSK, PSK, and QAM. Diagrams show the constellation patterns for different digital modulation schemes.
This document discusses various analog transmission techniques for transmitting digital data or analog signals. It covers topics like digital-to-analog conversion including amplitude-shift keying, frequency-shift keying, and phase-shift keying. It also discusses analog modulation techniques like amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and phase modulation. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts like calculating bit rates, carrier frequencies, and bandwidth requirements for different modulation schemes. Figures and diagrams help explain key concepts such as modulation implementations, constellation diagrams, and analog signal bandwidth allocations.
This document discusses various analog transmission techniques for transmitting digital data or analog signals. It covers topics like digital-to-analog conversion including amplitude-shift keying, frequency-shift keying, and phase-shift keying. It also discusses analog modulation techniques like amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and phase modulation. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts like calculating bit rates, carrier frequencies, and bandwidth requirements for different modulation schemes. Figures and diagrams help explain key concepts such as modulation implementations, constellation diagrams, and analog signal bandwidth allocations.
This document discusses various analog transmission techniques for transmitting digital data or analog signals. It covers topics like digital-to-analog conversion including amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying, and phase shift keying. It also discusses analog modulation techniques like amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and phase modulation. Several examples are provided to illustrate concepts like calculating bandwidth requirements, carrier frequencies, and bit rates for different modulation schemes. Diagrams and constellation diagrams are also presented to visualize various analog transmission and modulation techniques.
This document discusses various analog transmission techniques for modulating digital data onto analog carrier signals. It covers digital-to-analog conversion and aspects like amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying, and phase shift keying. Examples are provided to illustrate how to calculate bit rates, baud rates, bandwidth, and carrier frequencies for different modulation schemes. The document also discusses analog modulation techniques like amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and phase modulation. It concludes by covering telephone modems and standards like V.32 for analog data transmission over telephone lines.
This document discusses various methods for digital-to-analog conversion and analog modulation techniques used to transmit digital data via analog carriers. It describes digital-to-analog conversion as the process of changing characteristics of an analog signal based on digital data. Common modulation techniques covered include amplitude-shift keying (ASK), frequency-shift keying (FSK), and phase-shift keying (PSK). It also discusses binary, quadrature, and multi-level variants of these techniques as well as concepts like coherent/non-coherent transmission and constellation diagrams. Worked examples are provided to illustrate techniques like bit rate calculations and constellation diagram representations.
Digital-to-analog conversion involves modulating an analog signal by varying one of its characteristics (amplitude, frequency, or phase) based on digital data. The main methods are amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), and phase shift keying (PSK).
Bit rate refers to the number of bits transmitted per second, while baud rate refers to the number of signal elements per second needed to represent those bits. Baud rate determines the required bandwidth.
For analog transmission, a high frequency carrier signal is used. Digital information modulates the carrier signal, changing its amplitude, frequency, or phase. This process is called modulation.
This document discusses various digital modulation techniques including amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), phase shift keying (PSK), and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). It explains the basic concepts of how each technique works including how digital data is converted to analog signals and how the amplitude, frequency, or phase of a carrier signal is varied to represent binary digits. It also discusses related topics like bandwidth requirements, bit rates vs baud rates, and applications like digital radio broadcasting that use these modulation techniques.
The document discusses digital-to-analog conversion techniques for transmitting digital data via analog signals, including amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying, phase shift keying, and quadrature amplitude modulation. It then covers analog-to-analog conversion using amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and phase modulation. Examples are provided for calculating bit rates, baud rates, and bandwidths for different modulation schemes. Key concepts like constellation diagrams are also introduced.
This document discusses various digital modulation techniques including amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), phase shift keying (PSK), and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). It provides details on how each technique works by modifying properties of an analog carrier signal like amplitude, frequency, or phase to represent digital data. It also discusses the relationship between baud rate, bit rate, and minimum bandwidth required for different modulation schemes.
This document discusses digital-to-analog conversion techniques for transmitting digital data over analog channels. It describes amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), and phase shift keying (PSK) as methods of modulating a carrier signal by varying the amplitude, frequency, or phase based on the digital data. For each method, it covers aspects like data rate vs signal rate, bandwidth requirements, and implementations using binary and multilevel modulation. Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is also introduced as a dominant digital-to-analog conversion technique.
This document provides an overview of digital-to-analog modulation techniques used in data communications including: Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), Phase Shift Keying (PSK), and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM). It defines these techniques, discusses their advantages and limitations, and provides examples of calculating bit rates and bandwidth requirements. Key points covered include how digital data is modulated onto an analog carrier signal, the relationship between bit rate and baud rate, and how more advanced modulations like QAM combine aspects of ASK and PSK.
Digital Communication System
Communication Channels
AWGN: Universal channel model
Band Limited Channel: Channel BW <Signal BW, ISI
Fading Channel: multipath waves
Basic Modulation Methods
Criteria for choosing Modulation Schemes
Power Efficiency: Required Eb/N for certain error probability over AWGN channel
Bandwidth Efficiency: no. of bits per second that can be transmitted on system bandwidth.
System Complexity: Amount of circuit involved and complexity
System Performance Parameters
Average SNR
Outage Probability: instantaneous prob. Exceed certain limit
Average BEP
Amount of Fading/severity of fading
Average Outage duration: O/P SNR fall below certain SNR
The document describes experiments performed on three digital modulation techniques: amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), and phase shift keying (PSK). MATLAB and Simulink were used to generate ASK, FSK, and M-PSK modulated signals. For ASK, the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied to represent binary 1 and 0. For FSK, the frequency of the carrier signal is varied. For PSK, the phase of the carrier signal is varied to represent the data bits. Troubleshooting was required to produce the correct modulated signals. Higher carrier frequencies can cause distortion for ASK and FSK. M-PSK modulation using 8-ary PSK was also implemented in Sim
Similar to Chapter 5 of Data communications and.ppt (20)
Success is often not achievable without facing and overcoming obstacles along the way. To reach our goals and achieve success, it is important to understand and resolve the obstacles that come in our way.
In this article, we will discuss the various obstacles that hinder success, strategies to overcome them, and examples of individuals who have successfully surmounted their obstacles.
We recently hosted the much-anticipated Community Skill Builders Workshop during our June online meeting. This event was a culmination of six months of listening to your feedback and crafting solutions to better support your PMI journey. Here’s a look back at what happened and the exciting developments that emerged from our collaborative efforts.
A Gathering of Minds
We were thrilled to see a diverse group of attendees, including local certified PMI trainers and both new and experienced members eager to contribute their perspectives. The workshop was structured into three dynamic discussion sessions, each led by our dedicated membership advocates.
Key Takeaways and Future Directions
The insights and feedback gathered from these discussions were invaluable. Here are some of the key takeaways and the steps we are taking to address them:
• Enhanced Resource Accessibility: We are working on a new, user-friendly resource page that will make it easier for members to access training materials and real-world application guides.
• Structured Mentorship Program: Plans are underway to launch a mentorship program that will connect members with experienced professionals for guidance and support.
• Increased Networking Opportunities: Expect to see more frequent and varied networking events, both virtual and in-person, to help you build connections and foster a sense of community.
Moving Forward
We are committed to turning your feedback into actionable solutions that enhance your PMI journey. This workshop was just the beginning. By actively participating and sharing your experiences, you have helped shape the future of our Chapter’s offerings.
Thank you to everyone who attended and contributed to the success of the Community Skill Builders Workshop. Your engagement and enthusiasm are what make our Chapter strong and vibrant. Stay tuned for updates on the new initiatives and opportunities to get involved. Together, we are building a community that supports and empowers each other on our PMI journeys.
Stay connected, stay engaged, and let’s continue to grow together!
About PMI Silver Spring Chapter
We are a branch of the Project Management Institute. We offer a platform for project management professionals in Silver Spring, MD, and the DC/Baltimore metro area. Monthly meetings facilitate networking, knowledge sharing, and professional development. For more, visit pmissc.org.
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2. 5.2
5-1 DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION
Digital-to-analog conversion is the process of
changing one of the characteristics of an analog
signal based on the information in digital data.
Aspects of Digital-to-Analog Conversion
Amplitude Shift Keying
Frequency Shift Keying
Phase Shift Keying
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
Topics discussed in this section:
3. 5.3
Digital to Analog Conversion
Digital data needs to be carried on an
analog signal.
A carrier signal (frequency fc) performs
the function of transporting the digital
data in an analog waveform.
The analog carrier signal is manipulated
to uniquely identify the digital data
being carried.
6. 5.6
Bit rate, N, is the number of bits per
second (bps). Baud rate is the number of
signal
elements per second (bauds).
In the analog transmission of digital
data, the signal or baud rate is less than
or equal to the bit rate.
S=Nx1/r bauds
Where r is the number of data bits per
signal element.
Note
7. 5.7
An analog signal carries 4 bits per signal element. If
1000 signal elements are sent per second, find the bit
rate.
Solution
In this case, r = 4, S = 1000, and N is unknown. We can
find the value of N from
Example 5.1
8. 5.8
Example 5.2
An analog signal has a bit rate of 8000 bps and a baud
rate of 1000 baud. How many data elements are
carried by each signal element? How many signal
elements do we need?
Solution
In this example, S = 1000, N = 8000, and r and L are
unknown. We find first the value of r and then the value
of L.
9. 5.9
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
ASK is implemented by changing the
amplitude of a carrier signal to reflect
amplitude levels in the digital signal.
For example: a digital “1” could not affect the
signal, whereas a digital “0” would, by
making it zero.
The line encoding will determine the values of
the analog waveform to reflect the digital
data being carried.
10. 5.10
Bandwidth of ASK
The bandwidth B of ASK is proportional
to the signal rate S.
B = (1+d)S
“d” is due to modulation and filtering,
lies between 0 and 1.
13. 5.13
Example 5.3
We have an available bandwidth of 100 kHz which
spans from 200 to 300 kHz. What are the carrier
frequency and the bit rate if we modulated our data by
using ASK with d = 1?
Solution
The middle of the bandwidth is located at 250 kHz. This
means that our carrier frequency can be at fc = 250 kHz.
We can use the formula for bandwidth to find the bit rate
(with d = 1 and r = 1).
14. 5.14
Example 5.4
In data communications, we normally use full-duplex
links with communication in both directions. We need
to divide the bandwidth into two with two carrier
frequencies, as shown in Figure 5.5. The figure shows
the positions of two carrier frequencies and the
bandwidths. The available bandwidth for each
direction is now 50 kHz, which leaves us with a data
rate of 25 kbps in each direction.
16. 5.16
Frequency Shift Keying
The digital data stream changes the
frequency of the carrier signal, fc.
For example, a “1” could be
represented by f1=fc +f, and a “0”
could be represented by f2=fc-f.
18. 5.18
Bandwidth of FSK
If the difference between the two
frequencies (f1 and f2) is 2f, then the
required BW B will be:
B = (1+d)xS +2f
19. 5.19
Example 5.5
We have an available bandwidth of 100 kHz which
spans from 200 to 300 kHz. What should be the carrier
frequency and the bit rate if we modulated our data by
using FSK with d = 1?
Solution
This problem is similar to Example 5.3, but we are
modulating by using FSK. The midpoint of the band is at
250 kHz. We choose 2Δf to be 50 kHz; this means
20. 5.20
Coherent and Non Coherent
In a non-coherent FSK scheme, when
we change from one frequency to the
other, we do not adhere to the current
phase of the signal.
In coherent FSK, the switch from one
frequency signal to the other only
occurs at the same phase in the signal.
21. 5.21
Multi level FSK
Similarly to ASK, FSK can use multiple
bits per signal element.
That means we need to provision for
multiple frequencies, each one to
represent a group of data bits.
The bandwidth for FSK can be higher
B = (1+d)xS + (L-1)/2f = LxS
23. 5.23
Example 5.6
We need to send data 3 bits at a time at a bit rate of 3
Mbps. The carrier frequency is 10 MHz. Calculate the
number of levels (different frequencies), the baud rate,
and the bandwidth.
Solution
We can have L = 23 = 8. The baud rate is S = 3 Mbps/3 =
1 Mbaud. This means that the carrier frequencies must be
1 MHz apart (2Δf = 1 MHz). The bandwidth is B = 8 ×
1M = 8M. Figure 5.8 shows the allocation of frequencies
and bandwidth.
25. 5.25
Phase Shift Keyeing
We vary the phase shift of the carrier
signal to represent digital data.
The bandwidth requirement, B is:
B = (1+d)xS
PSK is much more robust than ASK as it
is not that vulnerable to noise, which
changes amplitude of the signal.
28. 5.28
Quadrature PSK
To increase the bit rate, we can code 2 or
more bits onto one signal element.
In QPSK, we parallelize the bit stream so that
every two incoming bits are split up and PSK
a carrier frequency. One carrier frequency is
phase shifted 90o from the other - in
quadrature.
The two PSKed signals are then added to
produce one of 4 signal elements. L = 4 here.
30. 5.30
Example 5.7
Find the bandwidth for a signal transmitting at 12
Mbps for QPSK. The value of d = 0.
Solution
For QPSK, 2 bits is carried by one signal element. This
means that r = 2. So the signal rate (baud rate) is S = N ×
(1/r) = 6 Mbaud. With a value of d = 0, we have B = S = 6
MHz.
31. 5.31
Constellation Diagrams
A constellation diagram helps us to
define the amplitude and phase of a
signal when we are using two carriers,
one in quadrature of the other.
The X-axis represents the in-phase
carrier and the Y-axis represents
quadrature carrier.
33. 5.33
Example 5.8
Show the constellation diagrams for an ASK (OOK),
BPSK, and QPSK signals.
Solution
Figure 5.13 shows the three constellation diagrams.