This document discusses the use of digital technology for language teaching and learning. It covers several topics: - The main difficulties in language learning such as language interference and foreign language anxiety. - The evolution of computer-assisted language learning (CALL) from drill-and-practice programs to multimedia and web-based resources. - How web 2.0 technologies like blogs, wikis, and social networks can enhance language learning through communication, collaboration and authentic practice. - Examples of pedagogy 2.0 applications including creating multimedia, using virtual worlds and games, and accessing open educational resources. - Some limitations of online language learning related to technology skills, isolation, and lack of physical presence are

1. Digital technology for Language
Teaching and Learning
Cecilia
Goria
23/02/2012

2. What makes language learning special?
Time required on the
Type of effort:
learning effort: far beyond
memorization, repetition,
the time of contact hours Different skills involved
consolidation, continuous
possible in a standard
practice etc.
language course;
Continuous learning in
small doses rather than all Context Authentic materials
in one go
Social interaction Continuous evaluation More?

3. What are the main difficulties?
L1 Language
interference barrier
Memorizing Consciousness
Foreign
Can you think
Language
of others?
Anxiety

4. Main Applications of CALL
Word Processing: spelling checkers Practice
Gaming
Literature: linking literature to Simulations
multimedia
Corpus Linguistics: concordancer Communication
Computer Mediated Communication
Web resources Flexibility
Adaptation of other materials for
CALL Other?
Mobile Technology
(Beatty 2010)

5. CALL
First CALL (1970s to 1980s) based on text because no sound and
image on computers. Mainly drill-and-practice, delivery of
instructions.
Second CALL (1990s to present day) based on multimedia, more
interesting, richer environment. Still drill-and-practice but more
emphasis on communication.
Third CALL: (1993 to present day) = Web CALL, opens up the field
to a whole new world of resources. However, it remained drill-and-
practice (on the Web) for a long time. A proliferation of authoring
tools, (eg Hotpotatoes, integrated to VLEs) to create an abundance
of Quizzes such as Multiple Choices, Fill in the Gaps, etc., many
freely accessible online.
Adapted from: http://www.ict4lt.org/en/index.htm

6. Third CALL
Web 2.00: “a move away from static
websites” (Beatty 2010).
Fosters communication, sharing,
knowledge building, creation of
communities/affinity groups, ownership
of learning, initiative, motivation,
engagement.

7. Web 2.00
Blogs, discussion boards, wikis, social
networks, virtual worlds, etc. – all
supported by the increasing number of
more and more sophisticated desktop and
mobile applications.

8. Web 2.0 contd
Web 2.00 is significant for language learning
in providing the context for continuous
practice especially outside the classroom, in
developing learner autonomy, and especially
in offering the contextual authenticity that
traditional classrooms do not provide.
These features are further enhanced by the
fact that the online environment lowers
inhibition.

9. Online Disinhibition
Online disinhibition (Joinson 1998, 2001)
is mainly due to the illusion of anonymity
and invisibility given by the possibility to
hide behind the monitor and newly
created online identities.
This may lead people to behave in ways
that differ from their normal behaviour in
face-to-face (F2F) situations (Suler 2004).

10. Pedagogy 2.0
"a learner-based, communal, media-rich
and flexible approach [which] uses social
software tools to enable the development
of dynamic communities through
connectivity, communication, and
participation"
(McLoughlin and Lee 2008:3)

11. Creating/Editing/Sharing
Text
Pedagogy 2.0 applications
Word clouds
Images
Digital story telling
Podcasts
Videos

12. Speaking
• Voice based email: Mailvu, Eyejot,
Pedagogy 2.0 applications
Vocaroo;
• Audio/Video journals: Keek
• Voiced discussion boards: Gong,
Audioboo, Voxopop;
• Q&A: VewYou, Intervue.me;
• Recording: Audacity

13. Blogs
• Support reflections, self-regulation,
Pedagogy 2.0 spaces
self/peer/tutor feedback;
• Correction of language mistakes;
• Support practice of writing, speaking (if
voiced)

14. Discussion boards
• Foster participation, reduction of foreign
Pedagogy 2.0 spaces
language anxiety self/peer/tutor feedback
• Correction of language mistakes
• Support practice of writing and speaking
(if voiced) skills.

15. Wikis
• Foster collaboration, sharing;
Pedagogy 2.0 spaces
• New knowledge is created through the
incongruity between people's
knowledge and the information in the
wiki (Moskaliuk et al. 2009).

16. Social Networks
• Support extension of the “community of inquiry”
Pedagogy 2.0 spaces
(Garrison and Anderson 2003; Burgess et al. 2010)
beyond the classroom. Thus foster knowledge
sharing;
• Social presence (Yamada 2009)
Livemocha, Buusu, Facebook (special interest groups),
etc.
Umbrella term for several types of applications: text
based, video based, sound based, images, etc.

17. Virtual Worlds
• Provide contextualized learning, exposure to
authentic speech, rich and stimulating
Pedagogy 2.0 spaces
environment, communities;
• Playfulness (e.g. quests);
• Social presence (Yamada 2009) enhanced by
the graphic self representation (Kostantinidis et
al. 2010, Peterson 2006);
• Foster identity exploration: individualization
(Turkle 1995) and socialization (Taylor 2002)

18. Avatars
Avatars lower inhibitions (Meadow 2008)
Pedagogy 2.0 spaces
and
“facilitate and motivate the interaction
among users as well as the user’s
engagement with the virtual world”
(Talamo and Ligorio 2001:111).

19. Pedagogy 2.0 spaces Avatars
Attractive avatars tend to be more willing
to self disclosure, taller avatars are more
confident and assertive (Yee et al. 2009).

20. Avatars
People with avatars more attractive than
their real selves tend to be more
Web 2.0 spaces
extroverted and more confident in virtual
worlds than they are in real life
(Messinger et al. 2008).

21. Pedagogy 2.0 spaces Second Life

22. Games
Games: playfulness, motivation, engagement,
Pedagogy 2.0 spaces
affinity group (Boellstorf 2008, Whitton (2010),
language socialization (Thorne S. et al. 2009 and
references therein)
Use of the language becomes an added activity to
gaming (Bryant 2006)
Commercial games, commercial game-like
packages for language learning, adaptions (WoW)

23. Pedagogy 2.0 spaces WoW in Education
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZ3Zn_VEV20&feature=play
er_embedded#!

24. OERs
• Recent development of online
education is the spread of OERs
(Open Education Resources):
• Repositories of study materials,
teaching materials, more autoring
tools
• Toolkits – UoN – an example
• Fully fledged courses

25. MOOCs
Cormier and Siemens (2010)

26. MOOCs
Are MOOCs good for Language Learning ?
Here some thoughts about a LMOOC

27. Limitations
• Technical glitches
• IT skills (digital natives vs. digital
immigrants (Prensky 2001)) - ????
• Distance and isolation (lack of F2F
Stodel et al. 2006)
• Lack of bodily-presence (Dreyfus
2009) - ???? (Blake 2002)

28. Teacher’s perspective
Russell Stannard
Nick Peachey
Josè Picardo
Edudemic
among many others

29. References
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