2. 2
Introducción
El término biblioteca digital tiene gran
variedad de significados. Destacan 2:
Colección de material digitalizado en una
biblioteca tradicional.
Colección de toda la información digital y
servicios asociados que hacen que la
colección sea útil para todos los usuarios.
3. 3
Introducción
A principios de 1990 se realiza un esfuerzo
importante en definir lo que es una biblioteca
digital...
... todavía no se ha hecho de forma exacta.
Objetivo de una Biblioteca Digital:
Desarrollar sistemas de información que
proporcionen acceso a una colección coherente de
material, el cual estará cada vez más en formato
digital a medida que avance el tiempo, y permitir
explotar completamente el uso del material por
parte de los usuarios.
4. 4
Introducción
En comparación con una biblioteca
tradicional:
Las funciones de las bibliotecas tradicionales de
desarrollo y organización de colecciones, acceso y
conservación de la información, deben extenderse
al ámbito de las bibliotecas digitales.
Hay que distinguir una biblioteca digital de un
repositorio de información (+servicios de
valor añadido a las colecciones digitales).
5. 5
Introducción
Principios de las bibliotecas digitales:
Principal audiencia: investigadores noveles y
estudiantes experimentados, no investigadores
expertos ni estudiantes noveles.
Información a digitalizar: la de más difícil acceso y
la que más se desea promocionar.
No promocionar metadatos, sino información real
y completa.
Calidad de materiales, para permitir un buen
trabajo de investigadores.
...
6. 6
Introducción
...
Proporcionar acceso a los contenidos de la
biblioteca de forma clara y sencilla. Los objetos
interesan más que sus descripciones.
Las bibliotecas tradicionales manejan las
colecciones con material de referencia. Las
colecciones digitales deben implementar los
mecanismos adecuados para replicar esta
funcionalidad.
Promoción de la información multimedia y de las
colecciones digitales.
7. 7
Introducción
Biblioteca digital vs Biblioteca Automatizada.
La biblioteca digital contiene información digital.
La biblioteca automatizada permite el control de
los procesos propios de las bibliotecas de forma
automática.
Una biblioteca digital no tiene porque estar
automatizada, aunque lo ideal es que se integren
tanto contenidos digitales como automatización de
procesos.
8. 8
Introducción
El concepto de biblioteca digital ha ido
evolucionando...
Recuperación de información
Automatización de bibliotecas
Hipertexto e hiperespacio
Biblioteca electrónica
Biblioteca virtual
World Wide Web
Una primera visión de lo que se esperaba de
una biblioteca digital...
9. 9
Introducción
BIBLIOTECA TRADICIONAL APROXIMACION INTERMEDIA INTERNET COMO BIBLIOTECA
Los objetos son recursos de información Los objetos pueden ser cualquier cosa
Los objetos se seleccionan en función
de la calidad
No hay control de calidad ni barreras de
entrada
Los objetos se localizan físicamente en
algún lugar
Los objetos se localizan lógicamente en
algún lugar
No hay localización física o lógica
estricta para los objetos
Los objetos están organizados Los objetos no están organizados
Existe control de autoridad No existe control de autoridad
Los objetos son fijos (no cambian) Los objetos cambian según algunos
mecanismos estándares
Los objetos cambian sin ningún tipo de
control o previsión
Los objetos son permanentes (no
desaparecen)
La desaparición de los objetos está
controlada
Los objetos pueden desaparecer en
cualquier momento
El concepto de autor es importante El concepto de autor desaparece
Acceso limitado a clases de usuarios Acceso ilimitado a todos los recursos
Se ofrecen servicios Solo se ofrecen servicios de IA
Hay bibliotecarios No hay bibliotecarios
Hay grupos de usuarios bien definidos Algunos objetos están asociados con
grupos de usuarios
No hay grupos de usuarios
? ?
10. 10
Introducción
Una primera definición:
Una biblioteca digital es una colección de
servicios y objetos de información que
permiten a los usuarios trabajar con dichos
objetos, así como la organización y
conservación de dichos objetos, disponibles
directa o indirectamente, a través de
medios electrónicos y digitales.
11. 11
Definiciones
The new digital libraries will have features not possible in
traditional libraries, thereby extending the concept of library
far beyond physical boundaries. They will provide innovative
resources and services. One example is the ability to interact
with information: rather than presenting a reader with a table of
numbers, digital libraries allow users to choose from a variety of
ways to view and work with the numbers, including graphical
representations that they can explore. With the extensive use
of hypertext links to interconnect information, digital libraries
enable users to find related digital materials on a particular
topic.
12. 12
Definiciones
Digital libraries are organizations that provide the resources,
including the specialized staff, to select, structure, offer
intellectual access to, interpret, distribute, preserve the
integrity of, and ensure the persistence over time of
collections of digital works so that they are readily and
economically available for use a by a defined community or set
of communities.
[Definición conocida como 5S] Digital libraries are complex
data/information/knowlege (hereafter information) systems
that help: satisfy the information needs of users (societies),
provide information services (scenarios), organize information
in usable ways (structures), manage the location of
information (spaces), and communicate information with users
and their agents (streams).
13. 13
Definiciones
Digital library work occurs in the context of a complex design space
shaped by four dimensions: community, technology, services and
content.
The field of digital libraries deals with augmenting human
civilization through the application of digital technology to the
information problems addressed by institutions such as libraries,
archives, museums, schools, publishers and other information agencies.
Work on digital libraries focuses on integrating services and better
serving human needs, through holistic treatment irrespective of
interface, location, time, language and system. Although substantial
collections may be created solely for the use of individuals, we consider
sharable resources one of the defining characteristics of libraries.
Libraries connect people and information; digital libraries
amplify and augment these connections.
14. 14
Definiciones
The Digital Library is:
The collection of services
And the collection of information objects
That support users in dealing with information
objects
And the organization and presentation of those
objects
Available directly or indirectly
Via electronic/digital means.
15. 15
Definiciones
Digital library is a concept that has different
meanings in different communities. To the
engineering and computer science community, digital
library is a metaphor for the new kinds of
distributed data base services that manage
unstructured multimedia data. To the political
and business communities, the term represents a
new marketplace for the world's information
resources and services. To futurist communities,
digital libraries represent the manifestation of
Wells' World Brain.
16. 16
Definiciones
An organized data base of digital information objects in
varying formats maintained to provide unmediated ease of
access to a user community, with these further characteristics:
an overall access tool (e.g. a catalog) provides search and
retrieval capability over the entire data base;
organized technical procedures exist through which the library
management adds objects to the data base and removes
them according to a coherent and accessible collections policy
Systems providing a community of users with coherent access
to a large, organized repository of information and
knowledge.
17. 17
Definiciones
Digital libraries are a set of electronic resources and
associated technical capabilities for creating, searching,
and using information. In this sense they are an extension
and enhancement of information storage and retrieval
systems that manipulate digital data in any medium (text,
images, sounds; static or dynamic images) and exist in
distributed networks. The content of digital libraries includes
data, metadata that describe various aspects of the data (e.g.,
representation, creator, owner, reproduction rights), and
metadata that consist of links or relationships to other data or
metadata, whether internal or external to the digital library.
18. 18
Definiciones
Digital libraries are constructed -- collected and organized -- by
a community of users, and their functional capabilities support
the information needs and uses of that community. They are a
component of communities in which individuals and groups
interact with each other, using data, information, and knowledge
resources and systems. In this sense they are an extension,
enhancement, and integration of a variety of
information institutions as physical places where resources
are selected, collected, organized, preserved, and accessed in
support of a user community. These information institutions
include, among others, libraries, museums, archives, and
schools, but digital libraries also extend and serve other
community settings, including classrooms, offices, laboratories,
homes, and public spaces.
19. 19
Definiciones
Systems providing a community of users with coherent
access to a large, organized repository of information
and knowledge. This organization of information is
characterized by the absence of prior detailed knowledge of the
uses of the information. The ability of the user to access,
reorganize, and utilize this repository is enriched by the
capabilities of digital technology.
The generic name for federated structures that provide humans
both intellectual and physical access to the huge and growing
worldwide networks of information encoded in
multimedia digital formats.
20. 20
Definiciones
A library that has been extended and
enhanced by the application of digital
technology. Important aspects of the digital
library that may be extended and enhanced
include :
Collections of the library
Organization and management of the collections
Access of the library items and the processing
of the information contained in the items
Communication of information about the items
21. 21
Definiciones
A digital library is a distributed technology environment
which dramatically reduces barriers to the creation,
dissemination, manipulation, storage, integration, and reuse of
information by individuals and groups.
A digital library is a machine readable representation of
materials which might be found in a university library together
with organizing information intended to help users find specific
information. A digital library service is an assemblage of
digital computing, storage, and communicate machinery
together with the software needed to reprise, emulate, and
extend the services provided by conventional libraries based on
paper and other material means of collecting, storing,
cataloging, finding, and disseminating information.
22. 22
Arquitectura
Modelo de arquitectura para metadatos:
Dublin Core. 1995. Metadatos para las
características fundamentales de docs. en red.
Warwick Framework. 1996. Contenedor de
metadatos. Ampliación del Dublin Core.
Modelos de referencia para la conservación
de objetos digitales:
Kahn/Wilensky. Mayo 1995.
OAIS (Open Archival Information System). Modelo
de referencia ISO CCSDS 650.0-B-1. Enero 2002.
23. 23
Arquitectura
Dublin Core Contenido Propiedad
Intelectual
Instanciación
Title Creator Date
Subject Publisher Type
Description Contributor Format
Source Rights Identifier
Language
Relation
Coverage
1. Título (DC.Title)
2. Autor o Creador (DC.Creator)
3. Claves (DC.Subject)
4. Descripción (DC.Description)
5. Editor (DC.Publisher)
6. Otros Colaboradores (DC.Contributor)
7. Fecha (DC.Date)
8. Tipo del Recurso (DC.Type)
9. Formato (DC.Format)
10. Identificador del Recurso (DC.Indentifier)
11. Fuente (DC.Source)
12. Lengua (DC.Language)
13. Relación (DC.Relation)
14. Cobertura (DC.Coverage)
15. Derechos (DC.Rights)
24. 24
Arquitectura
Ejemplo de Dublin Core en HTML
<html>
<head>
<title> A Dirge </title>
<link rel = "schema.DC“
href = "http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/">
<meta name = "DC.Title“
content = "A Dirge">
<meta name = "DC.Creator“
content = "Shelley, Percy Bysshe">
<meta name = "DC.Type“
content = "poem">
<meta name = "DC.Date“
content = "1820">
<meta name = "DC.Format“
content = "text/html">
<meta name = "DC.Language“
content = "en">
</head>
…
…
<body>
<pre>
Rough wind, that moanest loud
Grief too sad for song;
Wild wind, when sullen cloud
Knells all the night long;
Sad storm, whose tears are vain,
Bare woods, whose branches strain,
Deep caves and dreary main, -
Wail, for the world's wrong!
</pre>
</body>
</html>
29. 29
Arquitectura
Basada en Kahn/Wilensky
Biblioteca compuesta por objetos digitales.
Parte del objeto digital son metadatos y manejador.
Los objetos se pueden agrupar en conjuntos.
Los distintos tipos de materias de la biblioteca digital se
pueden agrupar en categorías.
El interfase de usuario lo utilizan clientes y administradores.
El repositorio almacena y gestiona los objetos digitales.
El sistema de manejadores asocia identificadores únicos con
objetos digitales.
El sistema de búsqueda permite las consultas.
31. 31
Ejemplo. Construcción de una
Biblioteca Digital (NDLP–USA)
•I. Select a collection for digital conversion
•A. Analyze Collection
•1. Determine scope or extent of digitization (entire or subset?)
•2. Assess status of custodial division processing and housing
•3. Assess the status of access aids (degrees of completion, readiness, &
format)
•4. Assess best format, e.g. full text conversion, scanned page images
•5. Assess the physical condition and readiness for scanning
•6. Assess restrictions and copyright
•B. Consensus on collection among custodial div, NDLP team, & Library
admin
This document outlines the production process for historical collections at the Library of Congress and reflects that institution's
administrative structure and procedures. Not every collection requires all of the steps listed; some collections require additional steps not
listed. In practice, many of the operations are carried out in parallel and not sequentially. January 1997.
32. 32
Ejemplo
•II. Plan the approach to digitization
•A. Develop method and resource plans for collection preparation & digitization
•1. Develop plan for required processing by custodial division
•2. Develop preservation treatment plan
•3. Complete evaluation of physical condition with recommendations
•4. Determine formats for capture, archiving and presentation
•5. Determine physical size ( number of characters, images) & special production requirements
•B. Determine repository requirements
•1. Determine scheme for file name assignment
•2. Register aggregate name for collection
•3. Estimate required storage space for digital collection
•4. Update NDL forecast for storage
•5. Evaluate existing finding aids or bib records and develop plan for access aid
•6. Develop plan for framework
•7. Develop restriction plan & implementation (copyright, terms of gift, publicity and privacy)
•a) Find and record restriction facts at collection level
•b) Find and record restriction facts at the item level
•c) Draft proposal for actions to be taken prior to and at the "release" time
•d) Draft restriction statement to accompany online collection
•e) Review copyright restrictions
•f) Implement action plans
•8. Workplan for digitization and access aid completed
33. 33
Ejemplo
•III. Produce digital collection and access aid
•A. Process and house collection
•B. Implement preservation treatment plan
•C. Item Capture
•1. Preparation
•2. Image Capture
•3. Archive images in repository
•4. Text Capture
•5. Archive text in repository
•6. Audio Capture
•7. Video capture
•D. Access Aid Development
•1. Modify existing finding aid
•2. Create new finding aid
•3. Item-level finding aid (Bib record-style)
•4. Incorporate basic-level links
•5. Add enhanced-access links or subject terms
•6. Prepare collection-level MARC record for future inclusion in MUMS
•E. Access Aid Complete
34. 34
Ejemplo
•IV. Store in digital archive
•A. Store files in directories as specified by naming scheme
•B. Register items in URN handle-server (when in use)
•C. Deposit items in digital repository (when in use)
•D. All items stored
•V. Create Framework
•A. Draft framework components
•B. Review completed framework components
•C. Create mockup of HTML document
•D. HTML mockup approved
•E. Develop and insert hypertext links
•F. Coordinate search engine link with ITS
•G. Insert final links
•H. Add graphic enhancements to HTML pages
•I. Mount HTML pages on LCWEB server
•J. Review framework for accuracy and completeness
•K. Framework completed
35. 35
Ejemplo
•VI. Assemble digital collection
•A. Store access aids in directories as specified by naming scheme
•B. Register document-style access aids in URN handle-server(when in use)
•C. Deposit document-style access aids in digital repository(when in use)
•D. Generate indexes for related MARC records
•E. Generate indexes for textual items in collection
•F. Prepare customized scripts associated with searching indexes and displaying results
•G. Add relevant viewers to supported configuration for WWW access in reading rooms
•H. Assembly completed
•VII. Test and refine
•A. Review assembled collection for accuracy and completeness
•B. Test links
•C. Make any necessary changes
•D. Testing completed
•VIII. Release Collection
•A. Move HTML pages to production area of LCWEB server
•B. Provide links to new collection from appropriate points in LCWEB structure
•C. Add collection-level MARC record with pointer in 856 field to MUMS
•D. Release digital collection to public
•IX. Update
