Diseases of the digestive system

2.  Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver cells.
 The disease progresses with the increase in
inflammation and necrosis interfering with
blood flow to the liver.

3.  Percutaneous/permucosal exposure to blood
or blood products
 Unprotected sex with infected individual
 Perinatal transmission (Infants born to
infected mothers)
 Contaminated needles users

4.  Asymptomatic
 Malaise
 Fatigue
 Myalgias (muscle pain)
 Hepatic tenderness
 Hepatomegaly and
spleenomegaly
 The HBV vaccine is
the best means of
prevention
 Acute infection:
supportive care such
as rest, proper diet
 Chronic infection:
Antiviral medications
such as Lamivudine
(Epivir-HBV)

5.  IBD can affect structures or segments along
the gastrointestinal tract.
 The exact cause is unknown and there is no
cure.

6.  Genetics
 Culture (Caucasians and Jewish)
 Gender and age (young adulthood prone in
females and older adulthood prone in males)
 Diet (low fiber diet)
 Smoking
 Stress
 Autoimmunity and infection

7.  Abdominal cramping pain
 Diarrhea
 Fever (intermittent)
 Rectal bleeding (Bloody stools)
 Weight loss (malabsorption and nutritional
deficiencies)
 Fatigue

8.  PUD is an erosion of the mucosal lining of
the stomach or duodenum
 The erosion can lead to exposition of the
epithelium to gastric acid which can
precipitate bleeding and perforation

9.  Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection
 Nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)
and corticosteroid use
 Severe Stress
 Type O blood
 Excess alcohol intakes
 Chronic pulmonary or kidney disease

10.  Dyspepsia- heartburn, bloating, nausea, and
vomiting
 Pain (gastric ulcer: cramps upon ingestion of
food; duodenal ulcer: pain after meal
relieved by eating or antacid)
 Bloody emesis or stools
 Weight loss
 Epigastric pain upon palpation

11.  GERD is characterized by acidic gastric
content and enzymes leaking into the
esophagus
 These fluids irritate the esophageal tissue

12.  Obesity
 Older age
 Sleep apnea
 Use of nasogastric tube
 Increased gastic acid caused by stress or
medications such as NSAIDs

13.  Diet an lifestyle changes
 Medications such as:
Antacids; aluminum hydroxide (Mylanta)
H2 receptor Antagonists; ranitidine (Zantac)
famotidine (Pepcid)
Proton Pump Inhebitors; omeprazole (Prilosec)
Prokinetics; metoclopramide (Reglan)

14. Fremgen, Bonnie F.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language/
Bonnie F. Fremgen, Suzanne S. Frucht-5th
ed.
Lewis, Dirksen
Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and
Management/ Dirksen Lewis, Heitkemper
Bucher-8th ed.