This document discusses material characterization testing techniques. It describes techniques such as macroscopic and microscopic observations, optical microscopy, electron microscopy including SEM and TEM, diffraction techniques, spectroscopic techniques, electrical techniques, and magnetic techniques. It focuses on X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) providing details on how it works, its primary uses in identifying materials based on diffraction patterns and determining structural properties like strain, phase composition, and preferred orientation. XRD is also described as a non-destructive technique used to determine atomic arrangement, measure thickness of thin films, and determine orientation of single crystals.

1. M.KARTHIKEYAN
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
AAA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, SIVAKASI
karthikeyan@aaacet.ac.in
OML751 TESTING OF MATERIALS

2. UNIT IV MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION TESTING
1. Macroscopic observations
2. Microscopic observations
3. Optical microscopy
4. Electron microscopy (SEM)
5. Electron microscopy (TEM)
6. Diffraction techniques,
7. Spectroscopic Techniques,
8. Electrical Techniques
9. Magnetic Techniques
Principles, Types, Advantages and Limitations, Applications.

3.  X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) is a technique used in materials
science to determine the crystallographic structure of a
material.
 XRD works by irradiating a material with incident X-rays and
then measuring the intensities and scattering angles of the X-
rays that leave the material
 A primary use of XRD analysis is the identification of materials
based on their diffraction pattern.
 As well as phase identification, XRD also yields information on
how the actual structure deviates from the ideal one, owing to
internal stresses and defects

4. XRD IS A NON-DESTRUCTIVE TECHNIQUE USED TO:
• Determine structural properties:
- Strain
- Phase composition
- Preferred orientation
• Measure thickness of thin films and multi-layers
• Determine atomic arrangement
 Measure the average spacings between layers or rows of atoms
 Determine the orientation of a single crystal or grain
 Find the crystal structure of an unknown material
 Measure the size, shape and internal stress of small crystalline
regions