DIDYNAMIC CURRENT
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Didynamic current is a mixed current that uses low-level galvanic and faradic currents for analgesic and spasmolytic effects. It has five types - DF, MF, CP, LP, and RS - that provide different sensations. Physiological effects include pain relief through the pain gate mechanism and increased local circulation. Indications are for soft tissue injuries and peripheral nerve disorders. Treatment involves gradually increasing intensity for 3 minutes per current type in daily or every other day sessions.
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Diadynamic current
Diadynamic currents are also called Bernard's currents based on a sine wave with a frequency of 50Hz. Due to the ease of generation of this current shape, they have been known almost from the beginning of electrotherapy, and their influence on the human body has been thoroughly studied.
Russian currents
Russian current is a form of electrical stimulation using alternating current delivered in 2.5kHz bursts with a 50Hz burst frequency and 50% duty cycle. It was developed by Russian scientist Kots who found it improved strength in athletes. As a result, this stimulation pattern became known as Russian current. It is used clinically to contract and strengthen muscles, typically with 10 seconds on, 50 seconds off bursts to avoid fatigue. The main effects are increased muscle force through central nervous system adaptation and physical muscle growth.
Sinusoidalcurrent
Sinusoidal current is evenly alternating sine wave currents having a frequency of 50hZ. It gives 100 pulses or phases in one second of 10 ms each, 50 in on direction and 50 in the other. It can be generated by reducing the voltage in 60 or 80 volts with the step down transformer.
It is alternative current of low frequency current.
High voltage pulsed galvanic
The high voltage pulsed galvanic stimulator (HVPGS) delivers a high voltage, low amperage, short duration electrical current as a twin-peak monophasic waveform up to 300 volts to produce both mechanical muscle contractions and chemical changes in the body. It has been used clinically for over 45 years to treat various musculoskeletal conditions through analgesia, muscle stimulation, and wound healing. The high voltage allows for deep tissue penetration without risk of tissue damage due to its low total current. Typical treatments last 30-40 minutes, 3 times per day.
Hvpgs
High voltage pulsed galvanic stimulation (HVPGS) is a form of electrical stimulation using very brief high voltage pulses to stimulate nerve and muscle fibers. HVPGS uses pairs of pulses lasting 0.1 milliseconds with peak currents of 2-2.5 amps applied at a frequency of 2-100 Hz. The brief pulses allow the current to pass easily through tissue. HVPGS is used to strengthen muscles, reduce pain, and aid wound healing by increasing blood flow and reducing edema. The document provides details on the parameters and generator of HVPGS and discusses its various applications.
High voltage pulsed galvanic stimulation
This document discusses high volt pulsed galvanic stimulation (HVPGS), a type of neuromuscular stimulator that uses high voltage, low amperage, short pulses to penetrate deep tissues. HVPGS can produce muscle contractions and chemical changes, and is used for analgesia, wound healing, and other clinical applications. It allows for deep penetration without risk of tissue damage. Physiological effects include increased range of motion, edema reduction, and accelerated wound healing. Common indications are adhesive capsulitis, bursitis, cervical sprain, and post-operative conditions. Treatment involves 30-40 minute sessions 3 times per day.
Medium Frequency Currents in Physiotherapy SRS
Interferential therapy (IFT) is a transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation technique developed in the 1950s. It involves applying two medium frequency alternating currents (usually around 4000 Hz) intersecting within tissues at a low frequency (150 Hz in the example) to induce an amplitude-modulated interference waveform. This allows IFT to achieve pain relief, muscle stimulation, increased blood flow and edema reduction similar to low frequency currents, but with improved skin tolerance due to the lower skin impedance at medium frequencies. IFT devices generate interference patterns within tissues using various modes like static, dynamic or bipolar applications of the modulated waveforms.
Galvanic-Current.pptx
Galvanic current is a low frequency, interrupted direct current with pulse durations over 1ms up to 300ms and frequencies under 50Hz. It was discovered in the 1780s by Luigi Galvani and can cause contraction of denervated muscles through sluggish contractions, stimulation of sensory nerves resulting in pain sensations, and stimulation of motor nerves at high intensities. Therapeutically, galvanic current is used to retard muscle atrophy and substitute for normal muscle contraction in denervated muscles by slowing structural and functional changes like loss of activity and fibrosis through electrical stimulation. It can also be used facially to reduce dullness, fine lines, wrinkles, and improve elasticity and oxygen supply.
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Diadynamic current
Diadynamic currents are also called Bernard's currents based on a sine wave with a frequency of 50Hz. Due to the ease of generation of this current shape, they have been known almost from the beginning of electrotherapy, and their influence on the human body has been thoroughly studied.
Russian currents
Russian current is a form of electrical stimulation using alternating current delivered in 2.5kHz bursts with a 50Hz burst frequency and 50% duty cycle. It was developed by Russian scientist Kots who found it improved strength in athletes. As a result, this stimulation pattern became known as Russian current. It is used clinically to contract and strengthen muscles, typically with 10 seconds on, 50 seconds off bursts to avoid fatigue. The main effects are increased muscle force through central nervous system adaptation and physical muscle growth.
Sinusoidalcurrent
Sinusoidal current is evenly alternating sine wave currents having a frequency of 50hZ. It gives 100 pulses or phases in one second of 10 ms each, 50 in on direction and 50 in the other. It can be generated by reducing the voltage in 60 or 80 volts with the step down transformer.
It is alternative current of low frequency current.
High voltage pulsed galvanic
The high voltage pulsed galvanic stimulator (HVPGS) delivers a high voltage, low amperage, short duration electrical current as a twin-peak monophasic waveform up to 300 volts to produce both mechanical muscle contractions and chemical changes in the body. It has been used clinically for over 45 years to treat various musculoskeletal conditions through analgesia, muscle stimulation, and wound healing. The high voltage allows for deep tissue penetration without risk of tissue damage due to its low total current. Typical treatments last 30-40 minutes, 3 times per day.
Hvpgs
High voltage pulsed galvanic stimulation (HVPGS) is a form of electrical stimulation using very brief high voltage pulses to stimulate nerve and muscle fibers. HVPGS uses pairs of pulses lasting 0.1 milliseconds with peak currents of 2-2.5 amps applied at a frequency of 2-100 Hz. The brief pulses allow the current to pass easily through tissue. HVPGS is used to strengthen muscles, reduce pain, and aid wound healing by increasing blood flow and reducing edema. The document provides details on the parameters and generator of HVPGS and discusses its various applications.
High voltage pulsed galvanic stimulation
This document discusses high volt pulsed galvanic stimulation (HVPGS), a type of neuromuscular stimulator that uses high voltage, low amperage, short pulses to penetrate deep tissues. HVPGS can produce muscle contractions and chemical changes, and is used for analgesia, wound healing, and other clinical applications. It allows for deep penetration without risk of tissue damage. Physiological effects include increased range of motion, edema reduction, and accelerated wound healing. Common indications are adhesive capsulitis, bursitis, cervical sprain, and post-operative conditions. Treatment involves 30-40 minute sessions 3 times per day.
Medium Frequency Currents in Physiotherapy SRS
Interferential therapy (IFT) is a transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation technique developed in the 1950s. It involves applying two medium frequency alternating currents (usually around 4000 Hz) intersecting within tissues at a low frequency (150 Hz in the example) to induce an amplitude-modulated interference waveform. This allows IFT to achieve pain relief, muscle stimulation, increased blood flow and edema reduction similar to low frequency currents, but with improved skin tolerance due to the lower skin impedance at medium frequencies. IFT devices generate interference patterns within tissues using various modes like static, dynamic or bipolar applications of the modulated waveforms.
Galvanic-Current.pptx
Galvanic current is a low frequency, interrupted direct current with pulse durations over 1ms up to 300ms and frequencies under 50Hz. It was discovered in the 1780s by Luigi Galvani and can cause contraction of denervated muscles through sluggish contractions, stimulation of sensory nerves resulting in pain sensations, and stimulation of motor nerves at high intensities. Therapeutically, galvanic current is used to retard muscle atrophy and substitute for normal muscle contraction in denervated muscles by slowing structural and functional changes like loss of activity and fibrosis through electrical stimulation. It can also be used facially to reduce dullness, fine lines, wrinkles, and improve elasticity and oxygen supply.
Electrodiagnosis 1
This document discusses electrodiagnostic tests used to evaluate neuromuscular disorders, including nerve conduction studies and electromyography (EMG). It provides details on reaction of regeneration testing, strength-duration curves, chronaxie and rheobase measurements, galvanic twitch-tetanus ratios, nerve excitability testing, EMG motor unit action potentials, common mode rejection ratios, waveform types, EMG circuitry, electrode types, normal and abnormal EMG findings, indications for EMG testing, and findings that can be observed on EMG that provide information about muscle and nerve diseases.
Sinusoidal current
Sinusoidal current produces a sine wave alternating current of 50 Hz, giving 100 pulses per second with durations of 10ms each, alternating direction 50 times in each direction. It is produced from mains power by reducing the voltage to 60-80v using a step down transformer. When passed through the body, sinusoidal current causes changes in ion concentrations at cell membranes, producing muscle contraction in nerves and ionic movement in other tissues. It is commonly used to cause rhythmic muscle contractions and relieve pain and reduce swelling by alternately changing cell membrane permeability. Indications include pain and pain/swelling, while contraindications include skin lesions, infections, and impaired sensation.
Different currents in low frequency
This document discusses different modalities used in low frequency electrical stimulation. It outlines various agents used including TENS, IFT, NMES, FES, faradic stimulation, iontophoresis, HVPGS, LIDC, twin peak monophasic stimulation, diadynamic therapy, H wave therapy, APS, Russian stimulation, Rebox therapy, and microcurrent therapy. It provides details on wave forms, currents, and specifications of different devices. Microcurrent therapy is described as using currents that are 1/1000th of an ampere smaller than TENS to alleviate pain, inflammation, spasm and promote healing for various injuries and conditions.
Electrotherapy intro.. 5 th semester
The document discusses electrotherapy and faradic current. Faradic current is a type of pulsed current used in electrotherapy, with pulse durations between 0.1-1 msec and frequencies of 50-100 Hz. It stimulates motor nerves, causing contraction of muscles supplied by the nerve. Faradic current is used to facilitate muscle contraction inhibited by pain, for muscle re-education after injury or disuse, and to prevent or loosen adhesions after injury. The document outlines the physiological effects and proper application of faradic current, including identifying motor points and using small electrodes over muscles.
Ultrasonic therapy
Ultrasonic therapy uses high frequency sound waves above the range of human hearing to provide therapeutic effects. It works by using an electrical current to power transducers that convert the current into ultrasonic waves. These waves can then be used for diagnostic imaging, surgery, and physiotherapy. Therapeutically, ultrasonic waves create effects through thermal, mechanical, and chemical/biological interactions with tissues. Common uses are for musculoskeletal conditions like sprains, tendinitis, and arthritis. Proper application involves selecting an appropriate intensity, duration, and frequency setting based on the condition being treated. Risks like burns and tissue damage require precautions like starting with low intensities and using pulsed rather than continuous waves in some cases.
Shock wave therapy (swt)
Shockwave therapy involves using pressurized acoustic shockwaves to treat musculoskeletal conditions. There are two main types - focused shockwaves concentrate energy at a target depth while radial shockwaves disperse energy over a wider area. The shockwaves cause mechanical deformation and possible damage of cells through cavitation. This stimulates tissue healing through inflammation. Evidence supports shockwave for chronic tendinopathies like lateral elbow and Achilles tendon. Contraindications include active infection or bone growth areas.
FARADIC CURRENT.pptx
A faradic current is a short duration interrupted direct current with a pulse duration of 0.1-1 ms and frequency of 50-100 Hz. It produces a biphasic, asymmetrical and spiked waveform. Faradic currents are used to produce near normal tetanic-like muscle contractions and relaxations. When applied to nerves and muscles, it causes sensory stimulation, muscle contraction, reduced swelling and pain, and increased metabolism. Faradic current is indicated for muscle reeducation, maintaining range of motion, loosening adhesions, and replacing orthosis. It involves placing electrodes on muscles or nerve trunks and gradually increasing and decreasing intensity to cause contraction and relaxation.
Physiological and therapeutic uses of low frequency(F/G) currents
This document provides a history of electrical stimulation and its applications from 420 BC to modern times. It discusses types of electrical stimulators, how stimulation works at the cellular and tissue levels, and applications such as muscle contraction, tissue regeneration, pain management, and more. The basic model of electrotherapy is described involving generator, electrodes, and tissue. Parameters for different treatment applications are outlined including muscle re-education, strengthening, range of motion, and denervated muscle stimulation. Safety considerations and contraindications are also covered.
Basics of Electrotherapy
Electrotherapy uses electrical stimulation for therapeutic purposes and involves applying electromagnetic energy to produce physiological effects in the body. It has a long history dating back to Roman physicians in 47 AD using electric fish to treat gout. Electrotherapy includes modalities like TENS, interferential therapy, microcurrent therapy, laser therapy, and others and can be classified in various ways such as by frequency, application area, or heat transfer method. It works through mechanisms like stimulating nerves or forcing membranes to change behavior.
high voltage pulsating current
This document discusses high volt pulsed galvanic stimulation (HVPGS), a type of neuromuscular electrical stimulation. It delivers a monophasic twin peak waveform with a high voltage up to 500 volts and short pulse duration to stimulate nerves and tissues. HVPGS can be used to promote wound healing, reduce edema, manage pain, and stimulate muscle. It provides physiological effects like increasing range of motion and blood flow. Treatment duration is typically 15-30 minutes per session and can be repeated daily.
Interferential current
1) Interferential therapy involves applying two alternating medium-frequency currents that intersect in the body tissue to produce an interference beat frequency current for therapeutic purposes.
2) The beat frequency current can stimulate different tissues at different frequencies - nerves at 1-150Hz, muscles at 1-100Hz, increasing blood flow at 10-25Hz, and reducing edema at 1-10Hz.
3) Indications for interferential therapy include relief of chronic pain, absorption of exudates, and stress incontinence. General contraindications include pacemakers, malignancy, and infections. Local contraindications include open wounds and metal in the skin.
Introduction to Diadynamic currents
Diadynamic currents are a variation of sinusoidal currents that were developed in the 1960s. They involve half or full wave rectified alternating currents with pulse durations of 10 milliseconds. There are different types of diadynamic currents based on whether they use half wave or full wave rectification and the patterns of current application. They can help relieve pain through various mechanisms and are used to treat conditions like soft tissue injuries, neuralgias, and circulatory disorders. Proper dosing and electrode placement are important to obtain benefits while avoiding risks like skin damage.
Electrical Modalities
Electrical modalities use different forms of energy to penetrate tissues and provide relief from pain, swelling, and promote healing. Common modalities include TENS, which uses electrical stimulation to modulate pain, NMES which causes muscle contraction, and iontophoresis which delivers medication transdermally using low-level electrical currents. Occupational therapists are trained to appropriately apply modalities like these to address goals like pain management, increased range of motion, and wound or fracture healing as part of a client's occupational therapy program. Precautions and contraindications must be considered for safe application of each modality.
Cryotherapy
Cryotherapy refers to the use of cold for therapeutic effects in acute trauma and subacute injury. There are several types of cryotherapy including local immersion, cold packs, ice towels, ice massage, cold compression, and evaporating sprays. The physiological effects of cryotherapy include vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation in the circulatory system, decreased cell metabolism, reduced nerve conduction velocity, and decreased muscle performance. The therapeutic effects are pain relief, reduction of inflammation and edema, decreased muscle spasm and spasticity, and benefits for recent injuries. Contraindications include cardiac or peripheral vascular disease and impaired sensation.
Modified galvanic current
Modified galvanic current, or interrupted direct current, is a type of electrical stimulation where a direct current is pulsed on and off at regular intervals. The document discusses how this current is produced using a source, transistors, and a timer circuit. It describes the physiological effects of interrupted direct current such as sensory stimulation, hyperemia, electrotonus, pain relief, and accelerated healing. The document also provides guidelines for administering interrupted direct current and lists contraindications.
Introduction to micro current
Micro-current is a treatment that uses a very small electrical current to stimulate cellular activity and speed up metabolism in tissues. It can tighten skin, reduce wrinkles and lines, and lift sagging muscles. A full course of micro-current treatments involves 10-12 sessions over 5-6 weeks, with different wave forms and programs targeting circulation, lymph drainage, lifting, and firming. Regular micro-current can help delay the signs of aging by promoting collagen and elastin production.
Interferential therapy
IFT which stands for Interferential Therapy is one of the types of electrotherapy used for the management of pain. The principle of interferential therapy is to cause two medium frequency currents of slightly different frequencies to interfere with one another. For example, if circuit A carries a current with the frequency of 4000Hz and Circuit B carry a current with a frequency of 3980 Hz, then the low frequency produced will be 20 Hz and this frequency is very useful in pain modulation. A new low-frequency current known as the beat frequency is equal to the difference in frequencies between the two medium frequency currents produced in the tissues at the point where the two currents cross.
It is basically used for the treatment of Chronic, Post Traumatic, and Post-surgical pains. The basic principle involves the utilization of effects of low frequencies (<250pps) without painful or unpleasant side effects. The major advantage of IFT is that it produces effects in the tissue, exactly where required without unnecessary and uncomfortable skin stimulation. This technique is widely used to elicit muscle contraction, promote healing and reduce edema.
Vector effect: The interference field is rotated to an angle of 450 in each direction, the field thus covers a wider area. This is useful in diffuse pathology or if the site of the lesion cannot be accurately localized.
Frequency swing: Some equipment allows a variation in the speed of the frequency swing. A rhythmic mode may be a continuous swing from 0 to 100 Hz in 5-10s and back in similar time or it may hold for 1-6s at one frequency followed by 1-6s at another frequency with a variable time to swing between the two.
Constant frequency: Some treatments may be carried out with the interference fixed at a certain frequency. Rhythmic frequency is useful if several types of tissues are to be treated at once. A variation in the frequency also overcomes the problem of tissue accommodation where the response of a particular tissue decreases with time.
WORKING PRINCIPLE: Interferential current therapy works by sending small amounts of electrical stimulation to damaged tissues in the body. The therapy is meant to boost the body's natural process of responding to pain, by increasing circulation thus produces hormones that promote healing. IFT delivers intermittent pulses to stimulate surface nerves and block the pain signal, by delivering continuous deep stimulation into the affected tissue. IFT relieves pain, increases circulation, decreases edema, and stimulates the muscles. A frequency of 100Hz may stimulate the large diameter A-beta fibers, which have an effect on the pain gate, and inhibit the transmission of small-diameter nociceptive traffic ( C and A-delta fiber), which effectively closes the gait to painful impulses. Interferential current Increases the circulation of blood thus reduces swelling.
Therapeutic Ultrasound
This document discusses ultrasound and electrotherapy. It describes how ultrasound uses mechanical vibration to generate heat in tissues. Different coupling methods like gels or immersion can be used depending on the treatment area. Electrotherapy can stimulate muscles or nerves to help with conditions like pain, edema, or muscle atrophy. Electrical currents are used to induce muscle contraction or stimulate sensory nerves according to the gate control or descending pain theories of treatment. Placement of electrodes can target specific tissues or structures.
Shockwave therapy
Presentation on SHOCKWAVE THERAPY.
What is ESWT Or Shockwave Therapy.
MECHANISM OF ACTION Shockwave Therapy.
MEDICAL EFFECTS of Shockwave Therapy.
INDICATIONS and CONTRAINDICATIONS of Shockwave Therapy.
Some of the benefits of shockwave therapy treatment.
HOW SUCCESSFUL IS SHOCKWAVE?
electrotherapeutic modalities
This document discusses various forms of electrotherapy used to treat musculoskeletal disorders. It describes galvanic current, diadynamic current, interferential therapy, and TENS. Galvanic current directly stimulates muscle without activating nerves. Diadynamic current comes in various forms that can stimulate muscles or affect the autonomic nervous system. Interferential therapy uses two medium frequency currents to produce a low frequency effect for pain relief and muscle stimulation. TENS is a form of electrical stimulation that decreases pain by activating sensory nerves via surface electrodes.
DIADYNAMIC CURRENT.pptx
Diadynamic current is a type of electrotherapy that uses a low current for analgesic and spasmolytic effects. It is a mixed current that combines galvanic and faradic/impulse currents to induce hyperaemia and analgesia. There are different types of diadynamic currents characterized by waveform that have inhibitory or facilitatory effects depending on frequency and intensity. Common applications include pain relief, increasing local circulation, and decreasing inflammation.
560581095-2-Diadynamic-Current (1).pptx
Diadynamic currents are a type of electrotherapy that uses a mixed current combining galvanic and faradic currents. This results in analgesic and spasmolytic effects by inducing hyperaemia. Diadynamic currents include half-wave and full-wave rectified currents that produce monophasic pulsed currents. They are used to treat pain, muscle spasms, and other conditions by stimulating nerves and improving circulation. Proper application and dosage is important to provide benefits while avoiding risks like skin damage.
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Electrodiagnosis 1
This document discusses electrodiagnostic tests used to evaluate neuromuscular disorders, including nerve conduction studies and electromyography (EMG). It provides details on reaction of regeneration testing, strength-duration curves, chronaxie and rheobase measurements, galvanic twitch-tetanus ratios, nerve excitability testing, EMG motor unit action potentials, common mode rejection ratios, waveform types, EMG circuitry, electrode types, normal and abnormal EMG findings, indications for EMG testing, and findings that can be observed on EMG that provide information about muscle and nerve diseases.
Sinusoidal current
Sinusoidal current produces a sine wave alternating current of 50 Hz, giving 100 pulses per second with durations of 10ms each, alternating direction 50 times in each direction. It is produced from mains power by reducing the voltage to 60-80v using a step down transformer. When passed through the body, sinusoidal current causes changes in ion concentrations at cell membranes, producing muscle contraction in nerves and ionic movement in other tissues. It is commonly used to cause rhythmic muscle contractions and relieve pain and reduce swelling by alternately changing cell membrane permeability. Indications include pain and pain/swelling, while contraindications include skin lesions, infections, and impaired sensation.
Different currents in low frequency
This document discusses different modalities used in low frequency electrical stimulation. It outlines various agents used including TENS, IFT, NMES, FES, faradic stimulation, iontophoresis, HVPGS, LIDC, twin peak monophasic stimulation, diadynamic therapy, H wave therapy, APS, Russian stimulation, Rebox therapy, and microcurrent therapy. It provides details on wave forms, currents, and specifications of different devices. Microcurrent therapy is described as using currents that are 1/1000th of an ampere smaller than TENS to alleviate pain, inflammation, spasm and promote healing for various injuries and conditions.
Electrotherapy intro.. 5 th semester
The document discusses electrotherapy and faradic current. Faradic current is a type of pulsed current used in electrotherapy, with pulse durations between 0.1-1 msec and frequencies of 50-100 Hz. It stimulates motor nerves, causing contraction of muscles supplied by the nerve. Faradic current is used to facilitate muscle contraction inhibited by pain, for muscle re-education after injury or disuse, and to prevent or loosen adhesions after injury. The document outlines the physiological effects and proper application of faradic current, including identifying motor points and using small electrodes over muscles.
Ultrasonic therapy
Ultrasonic therapy uses high frequency sound waves above the range of human hearing to provide therapeutic effects. It works by using an electrical current to power transducers that convert the current into ultrasonic waves. These waves can then be used for diagnostic imaging, surgery, and physiotherapy. Therapeutically, ultrasonic waves create effects through thermal, mechanical, and chemical/biological interactions with tissues. Common uses are for musculoskeletal conditions like sprains, tendinitis, and arthritis. Proper application involves selecting an appropriate intensity, duration, and frequency setting based on the condition being treated. Risks like burns and tissue damage require precautions like starting with low intensities and using pulsed rather than continuous waves in some cases.
Shock wave therapy (swt)
Shockwave therapy involves using pressurized acoustic shockwaves to treat musculoskeletal conditions. There are two main types - focused shockwaves concentrate energy at a target depth while radial shockwaves disperse energy over a wider area. The shockwaves cause mechanical deformation and possible damage of cells through cavitation. This stimulates tissue healing through inflammation. Evidence supports shockwave for chronic tendinopathies like lateral elbow and Achilles tendon. Contraindications include active infection or bone growth areas.
FARADIC CURRENT.pptx
A faradic current is a short duration interrupted direct current with a pulse duration of 0.1-1 ms and frequency of 50-100 Hz. It produces a biphasic, asymmetrical and spiked waveform. Faradic currents are used to produce near normal tetanic-like muscle contractions and relaxations. When applied to nerves and muscles, it causes sensory stimulation, muscle contraction, reduced swelling and pain, and increased metabolism. Faradic current is indicated for muscle reeducation, maintaining range of motion, loosening adhesions, and replacing orthosis. It involves placing electrodes on muscles or nerve trunks and gradually increasing and decreasing intensity to cause contraction and relaxation.
Physiological and therapeutic uses of low frequency(F/G) currents
This document provides a history of electrical stimulation and its applications from 420 BC to modern times. It discusses types of electrical stimulators, how stimulation works at the cellular and tissue levels, and applications such as muscle contraction, tissue regeneration, pain management, and more. The basic model of electrotherapy is described involving generator, electrodes, and tissue. Parameters for different treatment applications are outlined including muscle re-education, strengthening, range of motion, and denervated muscle stimulation. Safety considerations and contraindications are also covered.
Basics of Electrotherapy
Electrotherapy uses electrical stimulation for therapeutic purposes and involves applying electromagnetic energy to produce physiological effects in the body. It has a long history dating back to Roman physicians in 47 AD using electric fish to treat gout. Electrotherapy includes modalities like TENS, interferential therapy, microcurrent therapy, laser therapy, and others and can be classified in various ways such as by frequency, application area, or heat transfer method. It works through mechanisms like stimulating nerves or forcing membranes to change behavior.
high voltage pulsating current
This document discusses high volt pulsed galvanic stimulation (HVPGS), a type of neuromuscular electrical stimulation. It delivers a monophasic twin peak waveform with a high voltage up to 500 volts and short pulse duration to stimulate nerves and tissues. HVPGS can be used to promote wound healing, reduce edema, manage pain, and stimulate muscle. It provides physiological effects like increasing range of motion and blood flow. Treatment duration is typically 15-30 minutes per session and can be repeated daily.
Interferential current
1) Interferential therapy involves applying two alternating medium-frequency currents that intersect in the body tissue to produce an interference beat frequency current for therapeutic purposes.
2) The beat frequency current can stimulate different tissues at different frequencies - nerves at 1-150Hz, muscles at 1-100Hz, increasing blood flow at 10-25Hz, and reducing edema at 1-10Hz.
3) Indications for interferential therapy include relief of chronic pain, absorption of exudates, and stress incontinence. General contraindications include pacemakers, malignancy, and infections. Local contraindications include open wounds and metal in the skin.
Introduction to Diadynamic currents
Diadynamic currents are a variation of sinusoidal currents that were developed in the 1960s. They involve half or full wave rectified alternating currents with pulse durations of 10 milliseconds. There are different types of diadynamic currents based on whether they use half wave or full wave rectification and the patterns of current application. They can help relieve pain through various mechanisms and are used to treat conditions like soft tissue injuries, neuralgias, and circulatory disorders. Proper dosing and electrode placement are important to obtain benefits while avoiding risks like skin damage.
Electrical Modalities
Electrical modalities use different forms of energy to penetrate tissues and provide relief from pain, swelling, and promote healing. Common modalities include TENS, which uses electrical stimulation to modulate pain, NMES which causes muscle contraction, and iontophoresis which delivers medication transdermally using low-level electrical currents. Occupational therapists are trained to appropriately apply modalities like these to address goals like pain management, increased range of motion, and wound or fracture healing as part of a client's occupational therapy program. Precautions and contraindications must be considered for safe application of each modality.
Cryotherapy
Cryotherapy refers to the use of cold for therapeutic effects in acute trauma and subacute injury. There are several types of cryotherapy including local immersion, cold packs, ice towels, ice massage, cold compression, and evaporating sprays. The physiological effects of cryotherapy include vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation in the circulatory system, decreased cell metabolism, reduced nerve conduction velocity, and decreased muscle performance. The therapeutic effects are pain relief, reduction of inflammation and edema, decreased muscle spasm and spasticity, and benefits for recent injuries. Contraindications include cardiac or peripheral vascular disease and impaired sensation.
Modified galvanic current
Modified galvanic current, or interrupted direct current, is a type of electrical stimulation where a direct current is pulsed on and off at regular intervals. The document discusses how this current is produced using a source, transistors, and a timer circuit. It describes the physiological effects of interrupted direct current such as sensory stimulation, hyperemia, electrotonus, pain relief, and accelerated healing. The document also provides guidelines for administering interrupted direct current and lists contraindications.
Introduction to micro current
Micro-current is a treatment that uses a very small electrical current to stimulate cellular activity and speed up metabolism in tissues. It can tighten skin, reduce wrinkles and lines, and lift sagging muscles. A full course of micro-current treatments involves 10-12 sessions over 5-6 weeks, with different wave forms and programs targeting circulation, lymph drainage, lifting, and firming. Regular micro-current can help delay the signs of aging by promoting collagen and elastin production.
Interferential therapy
IFT which stands for Interferential Therapy is one of the types of electrotherapy used for the management of pain. The principle of interferential therapy is to cause two medium frequency currents of slightly different frequencies to interfere with one another. For example, if circuit A carries a current with the frequency of 4000Hz and Circuit B carry a current with a frequency of 3980 Hz, then the low frequency produced will be 20 Hz and this frequency is very useful in pain modulation. A new low-frequency current known as the beat frequency is equal to the difference in frequencies between the two medium frequency currents produced in the tissues at the point where the two currents cross.
It is basically used for the treatment of Chronic, Post Traumatic, and Post-surgical pains. The basic principle involves the utilization of effects of low frequencies (<250pps) without painful or unpleasant side effects. The major advantage of IFT is that it produces effects in the tissue, exactly where required without unnecessary and uncomfortable skin stimulation. This technique is widely used to elicit muscle contraction, promote healing and reduce edema.
Vector effect: The interference field is rotated to an angle of 450 in each direction, the field thus covers a wider area. This is useful in diffuse pathology or if the site of the lesion cannot be accurately localized.
Frequency swing: Some equipment allows a variation in the speed of the frequency swing. A rhythmic mode may be a continuous swing from 0 to 100 Hz in 5-10s and back in similar time or it may hold for 1-6s at one frequency followed by 1-6s at another frequency with a variable time to swing between the two.
Constant frequency: Some treatments may be carried out with the interference fixed at a certain frequency. Rhythmic frequency is useful if several types of tissues are to be treated at once. A variation in the frequency also overcomes the problem of tissue accommodation where the response of a particular tissue decreases with time.
WORKING PRINCIPLE: Interferential current therapy works by sending small amounts of electrical stimulation to damaged tissues in the body. The therapy is meant to boost the body's natural process of responding to pain, by increasing circulation thus produces hormones that promote healing. IFT delivers intermittent pulses to stimulate surface nerves and block the pain signal, by delivering continuous deep stimulation into the affected tissue. IFT relieves pain, increases circulation, decreases edema, and stimulates the muscles. A frequency of 100Hz may stimulate the large diameter A-beta fibers, which have an effect on the pain gate, and inhibit the transmission of small-diameter nociceptive traffic ( C and A-delta fiber), which effectively closes the gait to painful impulses. Interferential current Increases the circulation of blood thus reduces swelling.
Therapeutic Ultrasound
This document discusses ultrasound and electrotherapy. It describes how ultrasound uses mechanical vibration to generate heat in tissues. Different coupling methods like gels or immersion can be used depending on the treatment area. Electrotherapy can stimulate muscles or nerves to help with conditions like pain, edema, or muscle atrophy. Electrical currents are used to induce muscle contraction or stimulate sensory nerves according to the gate control or descending pain theories of treatment. Placement of electrodes can target specific tissues or structures.
Shockwave therapy
Presentation on SHOCKWAVE THERAPY.
What is ESWT Or Shockwave Therapy.
MECHANISM OF ACTION Shockwave Therapy.
MEDICAL EFFECTS of Shockwave Therapy.
INDICATIONS and CONTRAINDICATIONS of Shockwave Therapy.
Some of the benefits of shockwave therapy treatment.
HOW SUCCESSFUL IS SHOCKWAVE?
electrotherapeutic modalities
This document discusses various forms of electrotherapy used to treat musculoskeletal disorders. It describes galvanic current, diadynamic current, interferential therapy, and TENS. Galvanic current directly stimulates muscle without activating nerves. Diadynamic current comes in various forms that can stimulate muscles or affect the autonomic nervous system. Interferential therapy uses two medium frequency currents to produce a low frequency effect for pain relief and muscle stimulation. TENS is a form of electrical stimulation that decreases pain by activating sensory nerves via surface electrodes.
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Physiological and therapeutic uses of low frequency(F/G) currents
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Similar to DIDYNAMIC CURRENT
DIADYNAMIC CURRENT.pptx
Diadynamic current is a type of electrotherapy that uses a low current for analgesic and spasmolytic effects. It is a mixed current that combines galvanic and faradic/impulse currents to induce hyperaemia and analgesia. There are different types of diadynamic currents characterized by waveform that have inhibitory or facilitatory effects depending on frequency and intensity. Common applications include pain relief, increasing local circulation, and decreasing inflammation.
560581095-2-Diadynamic-Current (1).pptx
Diadynamic currents are a type of electrotherapy that uses a mixed current combining galvanic and faradic currents. This results in analgesic and spasmolytic effects by inducing hyperaemia. Diadynamic currents include half-wave and full-wave rectified currents that produce monophasic pulsed currents. They are used to treat pain, muscle spasms, and other conditions by stimulating nerves and improving circulation. Proper application and dosage is important to provide benefits while avoiding risks like skin damage.
Diadynamic currents
Diadynamic currents are a variation of sinusoidal currents that are produced by rectifying alternating current into monophasic pulses. There are two main types - half wave rectification produces pulses with a duration equal to the interpulse interval at the original frequency, while full wave rectification produces continuous pulses at twice the original frequency. The pulses from diadynamic currents have a duration of 10ms, causing sensations from vibration to pain depending on intensity. Different current types like MF, DF, CP and LP are used for pain relief, muscle stimulation, and preventing accommodation effects. Precautions must be taken due to the electrochemical changes and potential skin damage from the currents.
diadynamic current.pptx
Diadynamic currents are a variation of sinusoidal currents that are half or full wave rectified alternating currents. They produce monophasic pulses and have two main types - half wave rectification which produces pulses at 50Hz and full wave rectification which produces pulses at 100Hz. There are five classic types of diadynamic currents defined by their waveform. The currents have analgesic, anti-inflammatory and muscle strengthening effects and are used to treat soft tissue injuries, peripheral nerve disorders, and various pain conditions. Proper technique and monitoring of intensity and duration is needed when applying the currents to avoid skin damage.
Faradic current.pdf
This document provides information about faradic currents, including:
1. Faradic current is a short-duration, interrupted current with pulse durations between 0.1-1 ms and a frequency of 30-100 Hz. It produces a near-normal tetanic contraction and relaxation of muscle.
2. Faradic current stimulates motor nerves, causing muscle contraction. It can reduce swelling and pain by altering cell membrane permeability.
3. Faradic current has applications in muscle re-education, training new muscle actions, and improving venous drainage. It should be applied with precautions to avoid burns or shocks.
Physical modalities 2
1. Thermotherapy such as heat and cold can cause rebound phenomena where continued application beyond 30-45 minutes causes tissue congestion due to reflex vascular constriction.
2. Cryokinetics combines cryotherapy with exercise to numb an area with ice and perform exercises when analgesia is experienced in a 4-5 minute window before pain returns.
3. Electrotherapy modalities like TENS, PENS, and interferential current therapy are used to reduce pain by blocking pain signal transmission or promoting endorphin release while electrical stimulation can strengthen muscles.
INTERFERENTIAL THERAPY
Interferential therapy is a form of electrical stimulation that uses two medium frequency currents to produce a low frequency beating effect deeper in the tissues. It can provide analgesic, anti-inflammatory and muscle stimulation effects. IFT is applied using electrode pads or probes placed on the skin over the treatment area. Parameters like frequency, intensity, and application time can be modified based on the condition being treated. Common indications include pain, muscle spasm, edema, and post-surgical issues. Proper application and monitoring of settings is needed to provide benefit safely.
Faradic current.pptx
Faradic currents are short duration, interrupted biphasic currents used therapeutically. They stimulate motor nerves causing muscle contraction. Faradic currents have several effects including sensory nerve stimulation, motor nerve stimulation, and chemical changes in the cell membrane. They are used clinically to facilitate muscle contraction, strengthen muscles, and improve range of motion. Contraindications include skin lesions and certain dermatological conditions. Faradic currents are applied using group muscle stimulation or motor point stimulation techniques. Precautions must be taken to avoid burns and ensure appropriate stimulation parameters.
Tens
This document provides information on transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), interferential therapy (IFT), and paraffin wax bath therapy. It describes how each therapy works, including parameters and modes. It outlines indications and contraindications. For TENS, it discusses waveform, frequency, pulse width, amplitude and types (conventional, acupuncture-like, brief intense, burst mode). For IFT, it explains the interference of two medium frequencies. For paraffin wax bath, it describes the unit, application methods, and physiological effects of increased heat and circulation.
Medical Physics - Assignment.pptx
There are several methods of electrical stimulation of nerves and muscles to reduce pain, including different types of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). TENS involves applying low frequency pulsed currents through surface electrodes and can be used for short or prolonged periods. High TENS uses high frequencies and low intensities to inhibit pain transmission while low TENS uses low frequencies and high intensities to release endorphins blocking pain. Burst TENS provides benefits of conventional and acupuncture-like TENS. Microcurrent electrical neuromuscular stimulation involves extremely small currents to relieve pain and heal soft tissues with few sensations felt. Electrical stimulation has various applications but precautions are needed for certain medical conditions.
IFT.pdf
Interferential therapy is a form of electrical stimulation that uses two medium frequency currents between 4000-5100 Hz to generate low frequency interference currents between 1-100 Hz at targeted tissue depths. This allows for pain relief, muscle stimulation, increased blood flow and lymphatic drainage without the limitation of skin resistance. Electrodes are placed diagonally over the area of interest and current intensity is gradually increased until felt by the patient. Contraindications include coagulation issues, arterial disease, infections and pacemakers. Typical applications are for pain, swelling, muscle stimulation and tissue healing.
Myofascial Pain Dysfunction Syndrome.ppt
This document discusses myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome (MPDS), including its etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. MPDS is characterized by localized tender bands of muscle called trigger points that can cause referred pain patterns. It commonly affects young women and is diagnosed based on clinical findings like the presence of trigger points. Treatment involves palliative therapies like occlusal splints as well as definitive therapies like trigger point injections and dry needling.
Comparison ift & tens
1) IFT and TENS are electrotherapy modalities used to reduce pain. IFT uses two medium frequencies modulated at a low frequency to penetrate deeper tissue more comfortably than low-frequency TENS.
2) Studies have found IFT effective at increasing pain thresholds and cutaneous blood flow. However, results are mixed on whether any frequency is most effective. Studies also found TENS and IFT similarly effective at reducing heat pain.
3) Overall, the studies found IFT and TENS can increase pain thresholds, but effects depend on stimulation parameters and no modality consistently outperformed others for all outcomes. Both techniques remain useful options for pain management.
Physical Therapies in Management of Sports Injuries
The document discusses various physical modalities used in sports medicine and rehabilitation, including cryotherapy, superficial heat therapy, ultrasound, TENS, interferential therapy, galvanic current, laser therapy, and iontophoresis. It provides details on the mechanisms of action, clinical indications, contraindications, and proper application of each modality.
brain stimulation techniques (rTMS, tDCS, DBS)
This document provides an overview of brain stimulation techniques, focusing on transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). It discusses the history of TMS, how it works, different types of TMS coils and protocols. Key applications of TMS discussed are in diagnosing and treating various psychiatric and neurological conditions such as depression, schizophrenia, OCD and others. Contraindications, side effects and comparisons to ECT are also summarized. TMS is presented as a non-invasive brain stimulation technique with therapeutic potential for several treatment-resistant disorders.
TRANSCUTANEOUS ELECTRICAL NERVE STIMULATION
This power point presentation will be useful for physiotherapy student to understand TENS Briefly which is important for electrotherapy subject
Interventional spine & pain management bhanu.pptx
1. The document discusses pain management in spine disorders, defining pain and describing the anatomy of the spine.
2. It classifies axial back pain and discusses causes such as degeneration and injury. Radiculopathy is defined as nerve root compression causing neurologic symptoms.
3. Non-surgical management is outlined, including medications, physical therapy modalities like heat and exercise, and spinal injections for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Surgery is indicated for fractures, herniations, and other conditions not relieved by conservative care.
Interferential current (IFT)
This study investigated the effects of abdominal interferential current therapy on waist circumference and visceral fat distance in obese women. 30 obese women were randomly assigned to receive either interferential current therapy or transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, three times per week for four weeks. The study found statistically significant reductions in waist circumference and visceral fat length in the interferential current therapy group compared to the control group. The researchers concluded that interferential current therapy may be an effective non-invasive method for managing obesity by reducing waist circumference and visceral fat.
Faradic current
This document provides information about faradic current, including its nature, therapeutic and physiological effects, techniques of application, indications, contraindications, and clinical applications. It describes faradic current as an asymmetrical alternating current with a pulse duration of 0.1-1 ms and frequency of 30-100 Hz. The document discusses the effects of faradic current such as stimulation of sensory and motor nerves and reduction of swelling and pain. It outlines various methods and techniques of faradic current application for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, as well as precautions and potential dangers of its use.
Electrotherapy
This document discusses the use and mechanisms of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES). TENS involves using electrical stimulation to relieve pain via the gate control theory of pain. NMES uses electrical stimulation of muscles to maintain muscle mass and strength. Both modalities can be delivered using different waveforms and parameters to achieve various therapeutic effects. Proper electrode placement and treatment parameters are important to achieve benefit while avoiding discomfort.
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Physical Therapies in Management of Sports Injuries
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Interventional spine & pain management bhanu.pptx
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States of equilibrium
There are three types of equilibrium: stable, unstable, and neutral. Stable equilibrium occurs when a body is displaced but forces act to restore it to its original position. Unstable equilibrium happens when initial displacement increases with applied forces, causing the body to fall. Neutral equilibrium maintains the center of gravity in relation to the base despite displacement. The human body is most stable lying down and least stable standing up as the center of gravity rises and base reduces.
Iontophoresis
Iontophoresis is a therapeutic modality used in physical therapy to administer specific medications into the patient's body. Common medications used include dexamethasone to reduce inflammation, acetic acid to break down calcium deposits, and chlorine to treat scar tissue. The specific medication depends on the treatment goals, such as reducing pain, improving mobility, or decreasing muscle spasms. Physical therapists select iontophoresis medications tailored to individual patient needs and conditions.
Whole body stretch
The document discusses active stretching and its benefits. Active stretching involves holding a pose for 10-30 seconds using only the muscles targeted by that pose. Each muscle group should be stretched 3-5 times. Benefits of active stretching include less tightness, better circulation, increased flexibility, pain relief, improved performance, and decreased chances of soft tissue injury. Active stretches can be static, dynamic, or ballistic.
Therapuetic dc
1) Direct current refers to a continuous flow of electricity in one direction. Therapeutic direct current is applied for over 1 second and can cause sensory stimulation, hyperemia, and electrotonus in tissues.
2) Direct current is transmitted through wet pads or sponges in contact with the skin. Over time, chemical changes and electrolysis may occur near the electrodes.
3) Direct current can be used to accelerate wound healing, reduce pain through sensory stimulation, and destroy unwanted tissues at high densities through coagulation and liquefaction near the electrodes. Precautions must be taken with neoplastic or infected tissues.
Hydrotherapy
Hydrotherapy uses water, both internally and externally, for health purposes. It includes treatments like saunas, steam baths, and contrast therapy that use the physical properties of water like specific heat, thermal conductivity, buoyancy, resistance, and hydrostatic pressure. Physiologically, hydrotherapy can cleanse wounds, strengthen muscles, improve cardiovascular function, and induce relaxation. It is used for conditions like wound care, pain control, and edema management. Proper application of hydrotherapy involves evaluation, treatment selection, explanation to the patient, application of treatment, outcome assessment, and documentation. Different hydrotherapy treatments include water jets, underwater massage, mineral baths, whirlpools, and hot or cold baths
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DIDYNAMIC CURRENT
- 1. DIDYNAMIC CURRENT Prof. Dr. M. Rajesh, PT, M.P.T(cardio), B.C.R.C TRINITY MISSION AND MEDICAL FOUNDATION MADURAI
- 2. INTRODUCTION Didynamic is one of the current in electrotherapy, which uses a low current for its analgesic and spasmolytic effect. Didynamic currents are mixed currents, which use effects of the concurrent application of galvanic and faradic, or other impulse- like currents. This results in combined effects of both types of currents, especially in hyperaemia and analgesia. The galvanic current component is combined with impulse component.
- 3. TYPES It has five classic current types: DF (diphase Fixe) MF (monophase Fixe) CP (Courtes Periodes), LP (Longues Periodes) RS( Syncopal Ryhthm)
- 4. DF(diaphase fixe) Full wave rectified alternating current Frequency 100 Hz The patient feels tickling sensation and muscle contraction occurs only at high intensity It’s Used for initial treatment and has analgesic effect
- 5. MF (Monophase fixe) Half wave rectified alternating current Frequency 50 Hz The patient feels strong vibratory sensation It is used in treatment of pain without muscle spasm MF current can cause muscle stimulation at lower intensity then with DF.
- 6. CP (Courtes periods) Rapid alternation between one second of MF current and one second of DF without interval pauses.
- 7. LP (Long periods) Slow alternation between six seconds of MF current and six seconds DF phase in which a peak intensity is varied.
- 8. RS (Syncopal rhythm) It comprises 1-sec phase of MF, followed by a 1-sec rest phase.
- 9. PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS Relief of pain Direct mechanism of pain gate theory Stimulation of sensory nerves leading to pain relief through stimulation of pain gate mechanism Indirect mechanism improving blood supply Improving circulation through pumping action of muscle contraction with subsequent removal of irritant wastes
- 10. Increase local circulation Release of H -like substance due to polar effect Altering autonomic activity
- 11. Decrease inflammation and swelling Due to increased local circulation and change of cell membrane permeability
- 12. Muscle re-education It can stimulation of motor nerves.
- 13. ELECTROCHEMICAL EFFECTS Didynamic current has relatively high DC amplitude, so that there is a significant chance of skin damage occurrence. Skin damage is due to electrochemical changes and changes in the PH value of the skin. To keep the risk of skin damage to minimum, treatment time should be limited to ten minutes.
- 14. INDICATIONS Soft tissue injury as sprains, contusions and epicondylitis etc. Treating pain especially in small joints. Sudeck’s atrophy. Peripheral nerve disorders as neuralgia, radiculopathy and herpes zoster.
- 15. CONTRAINDICATIONS Open skin as the current tend to concentrate Bony areas Loss of sensation Infection Unreliable patients Superficial metals Thrombosis. Cardiac pace makers.
- 16. DOSAGE Intensity: It should be increased gradually until definite vibration or prickling sensation occurs. Duration: Not more than 12 minutes; each type for 3 minutes. Frequency: Daily or every other day for 12 sessions.
- 17. DF: It is used for the initial treatment and before application of other currents. The patient feels a prickling sensation, which subsides pain after a short time. MF: The patient feels a strong vibration for longer time than the sensation of DF. It is used for treatment of pain without muscle spasm. CP: In DF phase, there are fine tremors in MF phase (strong and constant vibration). There are rhythmic contractions, being used for treatment of traumatic pain.
- 18. LP: It has a long-lasting analgesic effect. It is used with combination of CP in treatment of neuralgia. RS: It can be used for faradic stimulation of the muscle and as a test for motor nerve excitability.
- 19. THANK YOU Prof. Dr. M. RAJESH, PT,M.P.T(cardio),B.C.R.C TRINITY MISSIOIN AND MEDICAL FOUNDATION MADURAI. Visit: www.skpfc.wordpress.com