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This document discusses two types of dictionaries - prescriptive dictionaries that prescribe proper word usage and spelling, and descriptive dictionaries that describe common usage including nonstandard terms. It also notes Noah Webster published the first American dictionary in 1806.
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The dictionary
Dictionaries are references that list words in alphabetical order along with their meanings, pronunciations, and origins. There are two main types - descriptive dictionaries that describe language usage and prescriptive dictionaries that prescribe proper usage. Dictionaries are used to learn new words, check definitions and spellings, and understand word origins. They contain entries with parts like definitions, pronunciations, and examples. The earliest known dictionaries date back to 2300 BCE in ancient Mesopotamia. The first English dictionary was published in 1604 by Robert Cawdrey. Noah Webster's 1828 dictionary was influential in standardizing American English.
Dictionaries
This document discusses words, dictionaries, and the English language. It begins by distinguishing between orthographic words, phonological words, and lexemes. It then discusses morphemes, word formation processes like compounding and derivation, and word meanings. The rest of the document discusses the history and sources of the English vocabulary from Anglo-Saxon to Latin and other languages. It also describes the components and types of dictionaries, how they are structured, and who uses them.
19th century linguistics
This document discusses the history of diachronic linguistics in the 19th century. It explores how early linguists viewed languages through a historical lens and were influenced by mechanistic physics and biological evolution theories. Two influential paradigms emerged: the family tree theory proposing languages evolve in a branching pattern, and the wave theory arguing innovations spread between languages. The document also describes how languages were classified based on their treatment of meaning units in words.
Nineteenth century and after
The document discusses the major influences on the English language from the 19th century onwards. It notes that during this period:
- The industrial revolution transformed Britain and led to rapid urbanization, changing social structures.
- Scientific and technological advances introduced many new terms related to medicine, electricity, automobiles, movies, radios, and wars. New words were also borrowed from other languages.
- Events like cheap newspapers and postage in the 1800s increased opportunities for sharing information and influenced language.
- The Oxford English Dictionary was a monumental work in the late 1800s that systematically documented the English language.
- English became an international language used widely around the world in the 20th century.
Historical linguistics
Historical linguistics started in the late 18th century as a comparative field that studied how languages such as Sanskrit, English, and German were related through analyzing common roots and cognates in their vocabulary. The document also notes that English can be divided into four periods - Old, Middle Age, Early Modern, and Modern - and that historical periodization is an important part of understanding the development of a language like English, which is now a global language.
English Grammar
This document discusses key differences between English and Spanish grammar. It explains that English has four main word classes - nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs - while noting some key properties of each. It also outlines differences in tense usage between American and British English. Additionally, the document outlines 10 differences between English and Spanish grammar, such as Spanish nouns being explicitly masculine or feminine and adjectives coming after nouns rather than before them.
Lexis
This document summarizes key concepts about describing the English language from Harmer (2007). It discusses lexis, including the vocabulary of a language, word meaning and how context is important to determine meaning. It also discusses metaphors and idioms, collocations, lexical phrases, and how words relate to each other through antonyms, synonyms, hyponymy, and connotation. Examples of metaphorical language, idioms, and metaphors are provided. Finally, it discusses lexical units, phrasal verbs, and how language can be analyzed as memorized chunks and rule-governed assemblies, citing Pinker (1999).
Introduction to Linguistics_The History of Linguistics
The document discusses the history and development of linguistics from before the 19th century through the mid-late 20th century. It notes that before the 19th century, language was mainly studied by philosophers and debates centered around nature vs nurture. In the 19th century, historical linguistics emerged as Sir William Jones discovered similarities between Sanskrit and European languages. In the early-mid 20th century, the focus shifted to descriptive linguistics with theorists like Saussure, Bloomfield, Firth and Sapir analyzing language structure and relationship to culture. In the mid-late 20th century, generative linguistics was developed under Noam Chomsky with concepts like universal grammar and transformational grammar.
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The dictionary
Dictionaries are references that list words in alphabetical order along with their meanings, pronunciations, and origins. There are two main types - descriptive dictionaries that describe language usage and prescriptive dictionaries that prescribe proper usage. Dictionaries are used to learn new words, check definitions and spellings, and understand word origins. They contain entries with parts like definitions, pronunciations, and examples. The earliest known dictionaries date back to 2300 BCE in ancient Mesopotamia. The first English dictionary was published in 1604 by Robert Cawdrey. Noah Webster's 1828 dictionary was influential in standardizing American English.
Dictionaries
This document discusses words, dictionaries, and the English language. It begins by distinguishing between orthographic words, phonological words, and lexemes. It then discusses morphemes, word formation processes like compounding and derivation, and word meanings. The rest of the document discusses the history and sources of the English vocabulary from Anglo-Saxon to Latin and other languages. It also describes the components and types of dictionaries, how they are structured, and who uses them.
19th century linguistics
This document discusses the history of diachronic linguistics in the 19th century. It explores how early linguists viewed languages through a historical lens and were influenced by mechanistic physics and biological evolution theories. Two influential paradigms emerged: the family tree theory proposing languages evolve in a branching pattern, and the wave theory arguing innovations spread between languages. The document also describes how languages were classified based on their treatment of meaning units in words.
Nineteenth century and after
The document discusses the major influences on the English language from the 19th century onwards. It notes that during this period:
- The industrial revolution transformed Britain and led to rapid urbanization, changing social structures.
- Scientific and technological advances introduced many new terms related to medicine, electricity, automobiles, movies, radios, and wars. New words were also borrowed from other languages.
- Events like cheap newspapers and postage in the 1800s increased opportunities for sharing information and influenced language.
- The Oxford English Dictionary was a monumental work in the late 1800s that systematically documented the English language.
- English became an international language used widely around the world in the 20th century.
Historical linguistics
Historical linguistics started in the late 18th century as a comparative field that studied how languages such as Sanskrit, English, and German were related through analyzing common roots and cognates in their vocabulary. The document also notes that English can be divided into four periods - Old, Middle Age, Early Modern, and Modern - and that historical periodization is an important part of understanding the development of a language like English, which is now a global language.
English Grammar
This document discusses key differences between English and Spanish grammar. It explains that English has four main word classes - nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs - while noting some key properties of each. It also outlines differences in tense usage between American and British English. Additionally, the document outlines 10 differences between English and Spanish grammar, such as Spanish nouns being explicitly masculine or feminine and adjectives coming after nouns rather than before them.
Lexis
This document summarizes key concepts about describing the English language from Harmer (2007). It discusses lexis, including the vocabulary of a language, word meaning and how context is important to determine meaning. It also discusses metaphors and idioms, collocations, lexical phrases, and how words relate to each other through antonyms, synonyms, hyponymy, and connotation. Examples of metaphorical language, idioms, and metaphors are provided. Finally, it discusses lexical units, phrasal verbs, and how language can be analyzed as memorized chunks and rule-governed assemblies, citing Pinker (1999).
Introduction to Linguistics_The History of Linguistics
The document discusses the history and development of linguistics from before the 19th century through the mid-late 20th century. It notes that before the 19th century, language was mainly studied by philosophers and debates centered around nature vs nurture. In the 19th century, historical linguistics emerged as Sir William Jones discovered similarities between Sanskrit and European languages. In the early-mid 20th century, the focus shifted to descriptive linguistics with theorists like Saussure, Bloomfield, Firth and Sapir analyzing language structure and relationship to culture. In the mid-late 20th century, generative linguistics was developed under Noam Chomsky with concepts like universal grammar and transformational grammar.
Middle English
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Hstorical linguistics
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The document summarizes the history and evolution of the English language from Old English to Modern English. It notes that Old English dates from 449-1100 AD when Germanic tribes invaded England. The earliest written records date to 700 AD. Middle English emerged from 1100-1500 AD after the Norman conquest of England in 1066 introduced French influences. Modern English began in 1500 AD with the introduction of the printing press, increased literacy and education, and expansion of travel and exploration. The document also defines various linguistic concepts used in studying the history of English.
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This document discusses different categories of literary words that can be divided into general literary words and special literary words. General literary words are also called high-flown words and are used to create an elevated or official tone. Special literary words are further divided into five groups: neologisms, archaisms, terms, barbarisms, and poetic words. Neologisms are new words for new concepts. Archaisms are obsolete words or words related to historical concepts. Terms are used for scientific or technical fields. Barbarisms are words borrowed from other languages. Poetic words are archaic words preserved for special uses in poetry.
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The document discusses various theories and developments in phonetics and phonology over time. It covers pre-20th century study of sounds, the concept of the phoneme, early North American phonology including the work of Sapir and Bloomfield. It also discusses generative phonology proposed by Chomsky and Halle, as well as more recent theories like autosegmental phonology proposed by Goldsmith focusing on tone and the multi-linear representation of phonological features.
Great vowel shift
A major change in the pronunciation of vowels took place in England between 1400- 1700. It was limited to only the English language. This presentation explains eight steps that led to the complete vowel shift.
Dictionaries 2007 version
Dictionaries have evolved over time from early printed word books to comprehensive online references. They aim to record language as it is used rather than prescribe fixed definitions. Early dictionaries included Samuel Johnson's from 1755 and Noah Webster's American dictionaries from 1806 and 1828. The Oxford English Dictionary began in the late 19th century as a historical dictionary to trace word origins and meanings over time. Modern dictionaries vary in their focus, from descriptive dictionaries capturing common usage to more prescriptive dictionaries focusing on standard forms. Online dictionaries now provide easy access and additional features beyond print references.
Americanisms
Americanisms emerged due to Noah Webster's advocacy for establishing an "American standard" of English in the late 18th century. His dictionaries introduced spellings and pronunciations that differed from British English. Throughout the 19th century, thousands of new American vocabulary words were coined from sources like Spanish and Native American languages. Today, Americanisms in vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation like "math" instead of "maths" and "regular" instead of "medium" are increasingly used globally, raising questions about what constitutes "good" or "correct" English between countries.
History of linguistics overview
This document provides a brief history and overview of 20th century linguistics. It summarizes the contributions of key figures like Saussure, Jakobson, and members of the Prague School. Saussure introduced important concepts like langue and parole and viewed language as a system of signs. Jakobson helped spread Saussure's ideas and merged them with structural anthropology. The Prague School founded a non-historical approach and looked at how structural components contributed to the entire language.
Great vowel shift
The Great Vowel Shift was a major change in pronunciation of the English language between the 14th and 17th centuries, causing spelling and pronunciation to become less flexible and more standardized. It was likely caused by a combination of factors including the Black Death plague, increased social mobility, contact between speakers of different languages, and the invention of the printing press. As a result of this shift, the pronunciation of English changed drastically over time and helps explain some of the irregular spellings we see today.
Schools of thought
This document provides a brief history of linguistics. It discusses how linguistics emerged as a field of study separate from philosophy in the 18th century. Important early linguists included Sir William Jones, who pointed out similarities between Sanskrit and European languages, suggesting a common origin. In the 19th century, linguistics focused on the historical development and evolution of languages. Ferdinand de Saussure was influential in the 20th century with his ideas of langue and parole and viewing language as a system. Structural linguistics developed in America under Franz Boas, Edward Sapir, and Leonard Bloomfield, focusing on rigorous empirical description of languages. Later theorists like Firth and Halliday emphasized studying language in its social
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The Norman Conquest in the 11th century removed educated upper-class speakers from writing and speaking in English, leading to a loss of Old English vocabulary and the importation of French and Latin words. The inflectional system of English broke down over time as noun, adjective, and pronoun endings indicating number, case, and gender simplified or disappeared, and word order and context became more important. Both strong and weak verb conjugations were affected, with some strong verbs becoming weak and borrowed verbs taking weak conjugations.
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1. Modern linguistics emerged in the 19th-20th centuries with a focus on phonetics, phonology, and establishing language as a structured system. Key figures included Henry Sweet and Ferdinand de Saussure who viewed language as a system of arbitrary signs.
2. Noam Chomsky laid the foundations of generative linguistics and transformational grammar with his work "Syntactic Structures" in 1957. He proposed the idea of universal grammar and a language acquisition device.
3. Other influential linguists included Roman Jakobson who proposed distinctive features to classify sounds, Edward Sapir who developed the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis about linguistic relativity, and Paul Grice who
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2) Halliday's hierarchy of meaning potential which builds from behavioral to meaning to lexical-grammatical potential.
3) Models of pragmatic competence including Bachman's model with functional and sociolinguistic knowledge, and Celce-Murcia's model with 5 components.
4) Components of pragmatic competence including different categories of language functions proposed by different scholars.
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This document provides a brief history of linguistics. It discusses how linguistics emerged as a field of study separate from philosophy in the 18th century. Important early linguists included Sir William Jones, who pointed out similarities between Sanskrit and European languages, suggesting a common origin. In the 19th century, linguistics focused on the historical development and evolution of languages. Ferdinand de Saussure was influential in the 20th century with his ideas of langue and parole and viewing language as a system. Structural linguistics developed in America under Franz Boas, Edward Sapir, and Leonard Bloomfield, focusing on rigorous empirical description of languages. Later theorists like Firth and Halliday emphasized studying language in its social
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The document discusses the history and purpose of dictionaries and thesauruses. It describes how early dictionaries evolved from simple word lists and glossaries to more comprehensive reference works over time. Major dictionaries discussed include Samuel Johnson's 1755 dictionary, Noah Webster's 1806 dictionary which introduced distinctively American words, and the Oxford English Dictionary which was a decades-long collaborative effort. The document also explores the differences between descriptive and prescriptive dictionaries as well as print and online reference resources available today.
Dictionaries
Dictionaries are reference books that define words and phrases, including multiple meanings. They are made for different types of users like scholars, students, and second language learners. Dictionaries aim to both prescribe proper language usage as well as describe how words are actually used. Some of the earliest English dictionaries date back to the 16th century. Samuel Johnson's 1755 dictionary was hugely influential, as was Noah Webster's 1806 dictionary which introduced distinctively American words and spellings. The Oxford English Dictionary began in 1857 and took over 70 years to complete. Descriptive dictionaries document real usage while prescriptive dictionaries prescribe proper usage. Thesauruses contain synonyms and antonyms to help find alternative word choices.
Dictionaries
This document provides an overview of dictionaries and their history. It discusses the evolution of dictionaries from early reference works in the 16th century to modern comprehensive dictionaries created by lexicographers like Samuel Johnson, Noah Webster, and others. It also summarizes the differences between descriptive and prescriptive dictionaries, unabridged vs. abridged dictionaries, and defines thesauruses and notable thesauruses like Roget's Thesaurus. Finally, it provides some examples of online dictionary resources.
presentation of language final.pptx
The document discusses the history and evolution of verb-adverb combinations in the English language from Old English to modern times. It traces how these combinations developed and were influenced by various historical periods and linguistic changes, including the Norman conquest of England in the 11th century, the Renaissance period, and 20th century mass media and technology. Throughout these eras, verb-adverb combinations reflected not just linguistic transformations but also societal, cultural, and technological influences, serving as linguistic artifacts of the dynamic evolution of the English language.
Globlization
This document summarizes the development of American English. It discusses how English spread through settlement and exploitation colonies, producing different varieties. Settlement colonies saw large numbers of English speakers migrating to places like North America, Australia, and New Zealand. Exploitation colonies included Asian, African, and Central American nations where English was imposed. American English began diverging from British English during colonial times and acquired regional differences through settlement. It discusses differences in pronunciation, vocabulary, spelling, and grammar between American and British English. The development of American English has also been influenced by languages of immigrant groups to the US. The document also defines Standard American English and describes characteristics of General American pronunciation.
1. history of english language
The history of the English language can be traced back to before 100 BC when Celtic tribes inhabited Britain. In the 5th century AD, Germanic tribes invaded and introduced Old English. Old English was influenced by Viking invaders in the north. Between 1100-1450, Middle English developed as Norman French became the dominant language. Early Modern English emerged around 1470 with the introduction of the printing press. Latin had a strong influence on vocabulary. Since 1700, Late Modern English has become more standardized and similar to modern English with its widespread use globally.
Y13 Introduction and Early Modern English
The document provides information to help understand language change for an A Level English Language exam. It discusses exam format and assessment objectives, focusing on Section B which examines language change over time and context. Key points include comparing texts from different periods/locations; analyzing grammar, vocabulary, sounds and language features; and considering external influences like time, place and cultural background. The document also provides sample exam questions and advice on answering them effectively.
Early modern english
Early Modern English developed between the 15th-17th centuries through two major influences: the Great Vowel Shift which changed pronunciation, and the invention of the printing press which increased literacy and standardized spelling. During this period, grammar became more fixed and many Latin and Greek words were introduced to the language. Shakespeare's writings in the late 16th/early 17th centuries helped further standardize English through his introduction of new words, phrases, and literary techniques.
English Language Mystery
English originated from Germanic tribes invading Britain in the 5th century AD. These tribes brought Old English, which evolved into Middle English after Norman French influences in the 11th century. Middle English later became Early Modern English with the Great Vowel Shift and influx of words from other languages and colonies. Today's Modern English continues to be influenced globally and differs between places like America, Britain, Australia and more.
THE FORMATION OF STANDARD LANGUAGE
In New English there emerged one nation and one national language. But the English literary norm was formed only at the end of the 17 century, when there appeared the first scientific English dictionaries and
the first scientific English grammar. In the 17 and 18 centuries there appeared a great number of grammar books whose authors tried to stabilize the use of the language. Samuel Johnson, the author of the famous Dictionary (1755). Many famous writers also greatly contributed to the formation of English, and among them, first and foremost, the great Shakespeare
The english language
The document discusses the origins and history of the English language. It can be categorized into the origins of English, a comparison of Modern English to Old English and other languages, and reasons for language change. English has been influenced by other languages over time, incorporating vocabulary from Latin, French, and Germanic languages. Both internal linguistic changes and external political, social, and geographic factors have contributed to how English has evolved into the widely-spoken language it is today.
baigalmaa Lexicology history
This document discusses the field of lexicology and the history and development of the English language. It covers the following key points:
- Lexicology is the study of vocabulary and words. It has branches that study vocabulary generally, of specific languages, historically, and descriptively.
- The English language has been influenced over time by Celtic, Latin, French, Old Norse, and other languages through periods of invasion and settlement.
- English words can be categorized as native or borrowed. Native words make up about 80% of common words while borrowed words comprise around 70% of the total vocabulary.
Over View of the 19th century History of linguistics
This document provides an overview of linguistics in the 19th century. It discusses key topics and theorists from that period that were important to the development of modern linguistics. Some of the topics covered include the emergence of diachronic and synchronic linguistics, the work of Jacob Grimm and Thomas Kuhn, Darwin's theory of evolution, and August Schleicher's reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European language. The document also examines how biology influenced the study of linguistics in the 19th century.
Noah Webster
This document discusses Dictionary Day and Noah Webster. It provides background on Noah Webster, who published the first American dictionary in 1828 after 27 years of work. He sought to standardize American English spelling and pronunciation. Dictionary Day is celebrated on October 16 in honor of Webster's birthday and his contributions to the American dictionary. The document also discusses the history and importance of dictionaries, different types of dictionaries, famous lexicographers, and how to properly use a dictionary.
Rennaisance Ghazal.pptx Com Lec.pptx
The document summarizes the history of the English language from Old English to modern English. It was traditionally divided into three periods: Old English from 450-1100 AD, a mix of Germanic languages; Middle English from 1100-1500 AD, when French influences were introduced; and Modern English from 1500 onward. Major developments included the Great Vowel Shift, the introduction of the printing press which helped standardize English, and globalization which introduced many new words through technology and the British Empire.
Adventure of english language
The document summarizes the evolution and spread of the English language over time. It began as the language spoken by Germanic tribes in Britain around 2000 years ago, and was influenced by Old Norse during Viking invasions. After the Norman conquest in the 11th century, English was displaced by French and Latin among the nobility. However, English rebounded during the Elizabethan era and expanded greatly due to British colonization and trade. English absorbed words from other languages and spread around the world, becoming a global lingua franca in the 20th century due to American cultural influence after World War 2.
Semantics
Pejoration and amelioration refer to negative and positive semantic changes in words over time. Pejoration involves a deterioration in a word's meaning or value associations, while amelioration is an improvement. Taboo topics and ideas of decency can lead words to be replaced by euphemisms. Intensifying words like "very" and "right" constantly need replacement as their force diminishes. Semantic change can occur due to variations in a word's meaning between groups, the influence of vogue words, the development of jargon within fields, and semantic marking which associates gender with words. Artificial languages like Esperanto, Ido, Ro, and Volapük were constructed to serve as international auxiliary languages
3. intro to lang. johnson's dictionary
Samuel Johnson wrote the first authoritative English language dictionary in 1755 after 8 years of work. It defined over 42,000 words and set the standard for future dictionaries by including scholarly definitions, etymologies, and over 114,000 literary quotations. Johnson was paid 1,500 guineas for his work, which left a more comprehensive record of English vocabulary than previous dictionaries and established conventions for dictionary entries that are still used today. The document also discusses word formation processes like prefixes, suffixes, conversion and compounds, as well as grammatical systems like phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics.
HISTORICAL OF LINGUISTIC AND HISTORICAL OF ENGLISH
Historical linguistics is the study of how languages change over time. English has evolved from Old English origins through Middle English after the Norman conquest introduced French influences, to Modern English. Major changes included the Great Vowel Shift that changed pronunciation and the loss of case endings, requiring word order changes. English adopted vocabulary from Latin, Greek, French, and other languages it came into contact with through history.
Lis119 b (2)
This document provides an overview of different types of dictionaries. It begins by defining a dictionary as a book containing words of a language arranged alphabetically along with explanations. There are three main types of dictionaries: compact, general, and unabridged. The document then discusses specialized dictionaries, etymological dictionaries, slang dictionaries, synonym and antonym dictionaries, as well as biographical and foreign language dictionaries. It provides examples for each type and discusses their main purposes and features.
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Over View of the 19th century History of linguistics
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HISTORICAL OF LINGUISTIC AND HISTORICAL OF ENGLISH
HISTORICAL OF LINGUISTIC AND HISTORICAL OF ENGLISH
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Dictionary
- 4. Dictionary
- 6. Prescriptive Tend to be more concerned about correct or standard English. They prescribe the proper usage and spelling of words. Ex. Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language (1755) had social commentary and jokes; American Noah Webster's An American Dictionary of the English Language (1828)
- 7. Descriptive Describe the language. They include words that are commonly used even if they are nonstandard. They will often include nonstandard spellings. Ex. Merriam-Webster, Times-Mirror, World Book, and Funk and Wagnall's.
- 9. Parts of the Dictionary
- 12. Trivia
- 14. Noah Webster • In 1806, American, published his first dictionary, A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language.