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Nineteenth century and after
- 1. Nineteenth Century AndAfter INTRODUCTION During the 19th century Britain was transformed by the industrial revolution. In 1801, at the time of the first census, only about 20% of the population lived in towns. By 1851 the figure had risen to over 50%. By 1881 about two thirds of the population lived in towns. Furthermore in 1801 the majority of the population still worked in agriculture or related industries. Most goods were made by hand and very many craftsmen worked on their own with perhaps a laborer and an apprentice. By the late 19th century factories were common and
- 2. Influences Affecting The Language The events of the 19th century and of the early twenty affecting the English speaking countries were of great political and social importance,but their effect on the language they were not of the revolution of any character. The great reform measures reorganization of parliament, the revision of the panel code and the poor laws. The restrictions placed on child labour, and the other industrial reforms were important factors in establishting English society on a more democratic
- 3. Cont….. They lessenedthe distance between the upper and the lower classes and greatly increased the opportunities for the mass of the population to share in the economic and culture advantages that become available in the course of the century. The establishment of the first cheap newspaper 1816 and of cheap postage 1840.
- 4. The Growth OfScience The most striking thing about our present day civilization is probably the part which science has played in bringing it to pass. The difference that marks off our own day from that of only a few generation ago in everything that has to do with the diagnosis treatment prevention and cure of disease. In the field of medicine this is particularly apparent.we speak familiarly of acidosis, anaemia, appendicitis difficult as the word is of bronchitis, diphtherria, and numerous and other disease.
- 5. Cont.. We havelearned the names of new drugs like: aspirin, iobine, insulin, morphine. In the field of electricity words like: dynamo, commutator , alternating current, has been in the English since about 1870.
- 6. Automobile Moving Picture Radio Scientific discoveries and inventions do not always influence the language in proportion to their importance. It is doubtful whether the radio and the moving picture are more important than the telegraph and telephone.They brought new words into gernal use.
- 7. Cont… We havelearned new words and new meanings in carburetor, spark plug, choke, clutch,etc. The word radio in the sense of a receiving set dates from about 1925.words like:radio frequency, transformer, input inductance etc
- 8. The world wars As a further example of how great development or events leave their mark upon language. We may observe some of the words that came into English between 1940 and 1918 as a direct consequence of the war then being vaged , and the words like:air, raid, battle plan, antiaircrat gun,tank,whippet means a small tank and blimp means a small drigible.
- 9. Cont.. Sector wasused in the sense of specific portion of the fighting line. Barrage originally and artificial barrier like a dam in a river, designated a protactive screen of heavy artillery or machinegum fire.
- 10. Sources Of TheNew Words Borrowing Most of the new words coming into the English language from the french came charmeuse, chouffeur, chiffon, garage etc. From italian come confetti and vendatta. From spanish by the way of the United States,bonanza.
- 11. Cont….. American hasadded many other foreign words , particularly from spanish and the languages of American indian. German has given us rucksack, zepplin, and zither.
- 12. Prefixes And Suffixes Another method of enlarging the vocabulary is by appending familiar prefixes and suffixes to existing words on the pattern of similar words in the language. Several of latin prefixes seem to lend themselves readily to new combinations. In the same way we use {pre} in such words as prenatal , preschool age, prehistoric etc.
- 13. Cont…. Some suffixesare as: stardom, fandom, words from by combinig the initial a first few letters of two or more words are known as Acronyms, example UNESCO { United Nations Educational Scientific And Cultural Organization} In deliberate coinages there is often an analogy with some other words in the language.
- 14. Common Words FromProper Names Another source from which many English words have been derived in the past is the names of persons and things. Everyone is aware that, Morocco is derived from the corresponding proper name. The word Tabasco sauce from the name of the Tabasco river in Mexico, and the Camembert comes from the village in France from which cheese of this type was originally exported.
- 15. Cont…. A “Limousine”is so called from the name of a province in France. In the early nineteeth century we find the verb to “Lynch” and it is now a familiar word. The Mackintosh is derived from the name of a Glasgow chemist.
- 16. Old Words WithNew Meaning The resources of the vocabulary are sometimes extended from within by emploing an old word in a new word. The “Skyline” formerly meant the horizen , but it is now commoner in such an expression as the New york and Skyline. Broadcast originally had reference to seed, but it is application to radio seems entirely appropriate.
- 17. English Dialects Inaddition to the educated standard in each major division of the English_speaking world there are local forms of the language known as regional dialects. In the newer countries where English has spread in modern times these are not numerous or so pronounced in their individuality as they are in the British Isles.
- 18. Cont………. The Englishintroduced into the colonies was a mixture of dialects in which the features of each were fused in a common speech. Every country has its own features and sometimes as many as three dialects regions may be distinguished within the boundaries of a single shire. The characteristics of this dialect are known to most people through the poetry of Robert Burns.
- 19. Spelling Reform Inthe later part of the nineteeth century renewed interest was visible in the problem of English spelling and the question of reform was vigorously agitated. For nearly four hundred years the English have struggled with their spelling.s It was one of the chief problem which seemed to confront the language in the time of shakespeare and it continued to be an issue through out the seventeenth and to some
- 20. Cont…. The Bibleand numerous classic works were printed in the new spelling, and the movement aroused considerable public interest. The first practical step was to publish a list of three hundred words for which different spellings were in use {judgement _judgment, mediaveal_medieval etc.
- 21. English As AnInternational Language One of the most important benefits which would result from simplified spelling is that it would facilitate the learning of the language by foreigners. English is the native language of the British and American people. It has become an international lunguage and very common in every country.
- 22. Cont…. It isspoken regularly by several hundreds of millions in four continents, and it is the official governing language of many more. English is now a world language of communication.
- 23. The Oxford English DictionaryThe oxford dictionary of English was published in 1928. In the more enlightened atitude of the society for pure English,as distinguished from most purist efforts in the past, it is impossible not to see the influences of a great work which came in to being in the latter half of the nineteenth century. About 1850 the inadequacy of the existing dictionaries of the English language begin to be acutely felt.
- 24. Cont…. In 1857at a meeting of the Philological Society in London a commettee was appointed to collect words not in the dictionaries, with a view to publishing a suppliment to them. the committee consisted of Herbert Colerige, Dean Trench, whose little books English past and present and the study of words had shown his interest in word history, and F.J.Furnivall,that great student and inspirer of students of early English literature.
- 25. Cont….. A formal“Proposal for the publication of a new English Dictionary by the philological society” was issued in january 1858. It passed resolutions calling for a new Dictionary. The two principal aims of the new project were to record every word which could be found in English from about the year 1000 and to exhibit the history of each its forms,its various spellings, and all its uses and meanings, pas and present.
- 26. Cont….. In 1879a formal agreement was entered into with the Oxford University press whereby this important publishing house was to finance and publish the society dictionary and Murray was to be its editor. The World war 1 made serious inroads in the dictionary staff, and pogress was for a time retarded . But in 1928 the final sectin was issued,just seventy years after the philological society had
- 27. Verb –Adverb Combinations An important characteristic of the modern vocabulary is the large number of expressions like :set out, gather up ,put off, bring in, made up, of a common verb, often of one syllable, combine with and adverb. One of the most interesting features of such combinations in modern times, however, is the large number of figurative and idiomatic senses in which they have come to be used.
- 28. Cont… Familiar examplesare bring about (cause are accomplish) catch on (comprehend) give out (become exhausted) keep on (continue) put up with (tolerate) lay off (workman) and knock down with their meanings at an actions sale. Another is the extensive use, especially in colloquial speech, of these verb adverb combinations as nouns :blowout, holdup, run away.
- 29. Major Influences OnModern English Language In nineteenth century there are great influences in the development of English Language. The technology. Industrial Revolution. Travelling and migration. Education. Media and communication. World war 1. Worldwide language.
- 30.