This document discusses dictionaries and sets in Python. It explains that dictionaries store collections of key-value pairs while sets store unique elements without order. It provides examples of creating, modifying, and iterating over both dictionaries and sets. Methods for dictionaries include getting values, adding/deleting elements, and clearing. Set methods include adding/removing elements, finding unions, intersections, differences and more.

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Python
Dictionaries and Sets

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Dictionary
1. A dictionary is an object that stores a collection of data.
2. Each element in a dictionary has two parts: a key and a value.
3. You use a key to locate a specific value.

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Creating a Dictionary
Colon
msb_dict = {‘students':‘60', ‘systems':‘30'}
dictionary_name Key value Comma

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Retrieving a Value
To retrieve a value from a dictionary, you simply write an
expression in the following general format
Syntax:
dictionary_name[key]

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Test for a Value
Using the in and not in Operators to Test for a Value in Dictionary
Ex: msb_dict = {'students':'60', 'systems':'30', 'chairs':'90'}
if 'students‘ in msb_dict:
print(msb_dict['students'])

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Adding Elements
Adding Elements to an Existing Dictionary
Ex:
msb_dict = {'students':'60', 'systems':'30', 'chairs':'90'}
msb_dict['courses'] = '20'
msb_dict['students'] = '50'
NOTE: You cannot have duplicate keys in a dictionary. When you
assign a value to an existing key, the new value replaces the
existing value.

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Deleting Elements
You can delete an existing key-value pair from a dictionary
with the del statement. Here is the general format:
Syntax:
del dictionary_name[key]

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Getting the Number of Elements
You can use the built-in “len” function to get the number of
elements in a dictionary

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Mixing Data Types
The keys in a dictionary must be immutable objects, but their
associated values can be any type of object

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Creating an Empty Dictionary
Sometimes you need to create an empty dictionary and then add
elements to it as the program executes. You can use an empty
set of curly braces to create an empty dictionary

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Using the for loop to Iterate over
Using the for loop to Iterate over a Dictionary
You can use the for loop in the following general format to iterate
over all the keys in a dictionary
for var in dictionary:
statement
statement
etc.

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Some Dictionary Methods
1. Clear
2. Get
3. Items
4. Keys
5. Pop
6. Popitem
7. values

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Clear method
The clear method deletes all the elements in a dictionary,
leaving the dictionary empty. The method’s general format is
Syntax:
dictionary.clear()

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Get method
You can use the get method as an alternative to the [ ]
operator for getting a value from a dictionary.
Syntax:
dictionary.get(key, default)

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Items method
The items method returns all of a dictionaries keys and
their associated values. They are returned as a special type of
sequence known as a dictionary view.
Syntax:
dictionary.items()

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Keys method
The keys method returns all of a dictionaries keys as a
dictionary view, which is a type of sequence. Each element in the
dictionary view is a key from the dictionary.
Syntax:
dictionary.key()

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Pop method
The pop method returns the value associated with a
specified key and removes that key value pair from the dictionary.
If the key is not found, the method returns a default value
Syntax:
dictionary.pop(key, default)

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Popitem method
The popitem method returns a randomly selected key-value
pair, and it removes that key value pair from the dictionary. The
key-value pair is returned as a tuple
Syntax: dictionary.popitem()
You can use an assignment statement in the following
general format to assign the returned key and value to individual
variables
Syntax: k, v = dictionary.popitem()

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Set
A set is an object that stores a collection of data in the same way
as mathematical sets.
1. All the elements in a set must be unique. No two elements
can have the same value.
2. Sets are unordered, which means that the elements in a set
are not stored in any particular order.
3. The elements that are stored in a set can be of different data
types

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Creating a Set
To create a set, you have to call the built-in set function
Ex:
msb_set = set(['a', 'b', 'c'])

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Getting the Number of Elements
As with lists, tuples, and dictionaries, you can use the “len”
function to get the number of elements in a set

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Adding and Removing Elements
Sets are mutable objects, so you can add items to them
and remove items from them. You use the add method to add an
element to a set

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‘Iterate’ over a Set
You can use the for loop in the following general format to iterate
over all the elements in a set:
for var in set:
statement
statement
etc.

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Finding the Union of Sets
The union of two sets is a set that contains all the elements
of both sets. In Python, you can call the union method to get the
union of two sets
Syntax:
set1.union(set2)

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Finding the Intersection of Sets
The intersection of two sets is a set that contains only the
elements that are found in both sets. In Python, you can call the
intersection method to get the intersection of two sets.
Syntax:
set1.intersection(set2)

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Finding the Difference of Sets
The difference of set1 and set2 are the elements that
appear in set1 but do not appear in set2. In Python, you can call
the difference method to get the difference of two sets
Syntax:
set1.difference(set2)

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Finding the Symmetric Difference of Sets
The symmetric difference of two sets is a set that contains
the elements that are not shared by the sets. In other words, it is
the elements that are in one set but not in both. In Python, you
can call the symmetric_difference method to get the symmetric
difference of two sets
Syntax:
set1.symmetric_difference(set2)

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Finding Subsets and Supersets
Suppose you have two sets and one of those sets contains all of
the elements of the other set
Ex: set1 = set([1, 2, 3, 4])
set2 = set([2, 3])
set2.issubset(set1)
set1.issuperset(set2)

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