Dictature ben ali
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Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali ruled Tunisia as a dictator from 1989 to 2011. He was elected president five times, receiving over 89% of votes due to excluding opposition parties and intimidating voters. Ben Ali and his family embezzled billions from Tunisia and cracked down on dissent, arresting journalists and political activists. Growing public unrest over corruption and lack of freedoms culminated in the self-immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi in protest of government abuse. Mass protests spread nationwide in response, and faced violent repression from security forces until the army intervened as a mediator. On January 14, 2011, with revolution imminent, Ben Ali fled to Saudi Arabia, ending his repressive 23-
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The Arab Spring began in 2010 as a wave of protests and uprisings across North Africa and the Middle East. It started in Tunisia when a fruit seller set himself on fire after police confiscated his goods, sparking anger against the corrupt government. This led to protests that spread online and grew large enough to overthrow the Tunisian president. Inspired by Tunisia's success, protests erupted in Egypt in 2011 and eventually led to the resignation of Hosni Mubarak after 18 days. As the Arab Spring continued, other countries like Libya faced growing protests, with Gaddafi launching a violent crackdown until the UN authorized international intervention against his forces. The UN sought to promote peace, rights, and development in response, but faced challenges interven
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The Arab Spring
A Report in Soc. Sci. 417 (Selected Topics in Social Science) under Dr. Vima Olivares in Filamer Christian University, Roxas City, Philippines (Summer 2014)
Ppt
The document summarizes the Tunisian Revolution, also known as the Jasmine Revolution. It began in December 2010 when a street vendor self-immolated in protest of police confiscating his unlicensed cart. Despite censorship, people in Sidi Bouzid used social media and protests to spread word of the uprising. The protests grew in sophistication with help from local labor unions and opposition activists, eventually leading to the ousting of the Tunisian government.
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The Arab Spring began in December 2010 as a wave of protests and uprisings across North Africa and the Middle East. It was sparked by the self-immolation of Tunisian street vendor Mohammed Bouazizi in protest of police corruption and economic hardship. His act inspired protests in Tunisia that overthrew the long-time authoritarian president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in January 2011 and spread regionally. Inspired by Tunisia's success, massive protests erupted in Egypt and eventually led to the resignation of Hosni Mubarak in February 2011 after 18 days of demonstrations. As the Arab Spring spread, other countries like Libya and Yemen also experienced uprisings, civil wars, and regime changes. The United Nations worked
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The Arab Spring began in December 2010 in Tunisia as a result of a fruit seller's self-immolation in protest of police corruption. Widespread protests and riots erupted and eventually toppled the Tunisian president. Inspired by Tunisia's success, protests broke out in Egypt in January 2011 and grew to millions demanding President Mubarak's resignation. Though Mubarak made concessions, he ultimately stepped down. Other nations like Libya and Yemen also experienced uprisings, though in Libya it led to civil war between forces loyal to Gaddafi and rebel fighters. The UN sought to promote peace, security, human rights and development in response to the Arab Spring uprisings.
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Human Migration
Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another to take up permanent or semipermanent residence, usually across political boundaries. Migrations have occurred throughout human history and continue today as both voluntary migration within or beyond one's region or country, and involuntary migration where people are forced to move. People who migrate are called migrants, emigrants, immigrants, or settlers depending on the context of their movement.
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The document discusses different types of human migration including forced migration, voluntary migration, periodic movement, and cyclic movement. It also examines push and pull factors that influence migration decisions, including things like war, economics, technology, family ties, and government policies. Major topics of migration discussed include refugees fleeing conflicts in places like Rwanda, Sudan, Afghanistan, Yugoslavia and Vietnam. Governments can influence migration through border controls, immigration laws, and policies around legal vs illegal immigration.
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The documents discuss the Arab Spring protests that began in late 2010 and spread across the Middle East and North Africa in 2011. The protests were sparked by the self-immolation of Tunisian street vendor Mohamed Bouazizi in protest of corruption and police harassment. Inspired by the success of the Tunisian protests, similar protests broke out in countries like Egypt, Libya, Yemen, and Syria demanding political reforms and the end of authoritarian regimes. While some countries have transitioned to new governments after the leaders were ousted, the situation remains unstable in Libya and Syria with competing factions struggling for power.
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The document discusses different types of human migration. It defines internal migration as movement within a country's borders, while international migration involves crossing country borders. The types of movement include cyclic, which involves returning home, and periodic, with longer periods away from home. Migration can be forced due to armed conflicts, natural disasters or deportation, or voluntary for reasons like job opportunities, marriage, or cultural preservation. Common destinations for migration include areas with economic prospects, cultural groups, or to flee conflict or war. Local cultures are specific to a place and its community, while popular cultures encompass heterogeneous urban populations and quickly changing shared practices.
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There are several types of human migration including cyclic, periodic, and permanent migration. Cyclic migration involves regular short-term moves within a local area, while periodic migration involves staying away from home for longer periods. Permanent migration, also called emigration, involves changing residence with the intent to stay permanently. Some key reasons for human migration include economic opportunities, environmental factors, government policies, and family reunification. Migration can be voluntary, involving personal choices and assessments of pull and push factors, or forced such as situations involving conflict, disasters, or persecution. Governments influence migration through immigration laws and policies that can either encourage or restrict population movement and flow across international borders.
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Human rights for war victims
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Migration A1 1
The document discusses different types of human migration. It defines internal migration as movement within a country's borders, while international migration involves crossing country borders. The types of movement include cyclic, which involves returning home, and periodic, which involves longer periods away from home. Migration can be forced due to issues like armed conflict or natural disasters, or voluntary for reasons like job opportunities, marriage, or cultural preservation. Common destinations for migration are areas with economic prospects, cultural groups, or safety from political instability or war. Guest workers and refugees are also discussed.
Egypt BUS 422
The document summarizes the background of the 2011 Egyptian Revolution, including Hosni Mubarak's long authoritarian rule, Egypt's struggling economy, and the influence of Tunisia's recent overthrow of its own dictator. It then outlines the timeline and demands of the Egyptian protests, which ultimately led to Mubarak resigning after 18 days. Finally, it discusses the aftermath, including who now holds power in Egypt's transitional government and the economic impacts both within Egypt and internationally.
Genocide
This document discusses genocide as a global issue throughout history. It provides examples of genocides such as the Holocaust, Rwandan Genocide, and Darfur Crisis. The Holocaust involved the systematic killing of around 11 million people under Nazi Germany. The Rwandan Genocide lasted around 100 days in 1994 and resulted in 800,000 to 1 million deaths. The Darfur Crisis beginning in 2003 has led to over 400,000 deaths as the Sudanese government supported Arab militias attacking ethnic groups in Darfur. The document argues that strong global leadership is needed to prevent ongoing genocides like those carried out by ISIS in the Middle East.
Africa Today
The document discusses several topics related to Africa, including economic dependence, urbanization, and South Africa. It notes that colonialism left many African nations economically dependent on Western countries. It recommends that Africa focus on developing agriculture with non-cash crops, limit imports, and export more than is imported. The document also addresses population growth in Africa and the need for family planning to slow birth rates. It provides statistics on urbanization and the percentage of Africans living in cities.
Causes of migration rev4
People move for a wide variety of individual reasons. But there have been two moments in U.S. history in which millions of people came to this country at the same time.
What kinds of large-scale disruptions cause millions of people to move at the same time?
These are both times of global economic upheaval. The industrial revolution caused a massive economic shift across the world, from agricultural economies to urban/industrial economies, realignments of global power, and millions of economic and political refugees.
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Where is Tunisia Heading?
by Col. (ret.) Dr. Jacques Neriah
It's not clear what role Libya is playing in developments in Tunisia. Mu'ammar Qaddafi, a close friend of deposed Tunisian President Ben Ali, contended that the Ben Ali regime was preferred by the Tunisians.
The elected Tunisian prime minister, Mohammed Ghannouchi, is himself a product of the Ben Ali system and his perspective is not assumed to differ from that of his predecessors. The composition of the interim Tunisian government demonstrates the direction the regime has chosen. The new faces in the government are all members of the legal opposition.
At this stage, Ghannouchi did not bring into his government any Islamists, whose flagship party, the Tunisian Islamic Party, al-Nahda (Renaissance), has been outlawed. The exiled leader of al-Nahda, Rached Ghannouchi (no relation), announced that he wanted to join the unity government. Rached Ghannouchi has visited Tehran in recent years on a regular basis. He also carries a Sudanese passport, provided to him by the authorities in Khartoum at Iran's request.
Iran has maintained a presence in the Tunisian arena for years. In 1987, documents found in the possession of an official of the Iranian Embassy arrested on the border between France and Switzerland testified to the ties that Iran maintains with Tunisian fundamentalists. As a result, Tunisia expelled Ahmad Kan'ani, the Iranian charge d'affaires in Tunis. That same year, a Tunisian named Lutfi, who had been recruited by Iran and underwent training there prior to joining a local network in Tunisia, unveiled to French police precise information regarding Iran's subversive activity in Tunisia.
Many Tunisians have joined the ranks of Islamic extremists in Algeria and Afghanistan, and trained in camps in Pakistan before they returned to North Africa or were dispatched to Europe. Since 2008 Tunisia has become a target for Islamic terrorists. WikiLeaks documents revealed that the Americans were particularly concerned that a group which penetrated from Algeria had managed to recruit over 30 local activists in less than six weeks.
Arab Uprisings and the Outstanding Return to Democracy: Tunisia as a Model
In the wake of the Middle Eastern crises, the Tunisian case in focus has been doted as a unique
phenomenon being that it was the Genesis of the revolution that ultimately spread across the Middle East like
wild fire, but has eventually heralded a new dawn as democracy has incidentally returned to the Empire. This
literature therefore looks closely at the extent to which the ‘DignityRevolution’ has been instrumental in the
Middle East uprisings, which have brought an end to dynastic autocracies. The literature zeros in on the
Tunisian uprising which has attracted global concerns, sympathy and has sparked interests in the international
arena. The literature finds that the people hold colossal prospect in the uprising and its resultant effect, as it
paved the way for the revolutionist to generate, gather and disseminate information on the condition of the
entire region to the international community. The people in this context were of utmost importance and played a
very crucial role in the creation of awareness, mobilization of protesters and utmost determining the direction of
the uprising and also ensuring a speedy return to democratic rule. The paper submits that the role of the people
in ensuring that the ruins of the uprising is not left littering around and democracy restored is highly
commendable and should be a model for all other Arab countries involved in the revolution.
Heroes and villians_of_the_arab_spring
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali had been president of Tunisia for 23 years until he was forced to flee to Saudi Arabia in January 2011, the first leader to fall in the Arab Spring uprisings. Mohamed Bouazizi, a street vendor in Tunisia, set himself on fire in protest of government corruption and high unemployment, sparking mass protests. His death led to the ouster of Ben Ali and helped inspire other Arab Spring movements. Hosni Mubarak had ruled Egypt for 30 years and was known for corruption and imprisoning political opponents, facing widespread calls to resign during the Egyptian revolution. Muammar Gaddafi had been leader of Libya for 42 years, gaining power through a military coup and ruling as a dictator
The Arab Spring Revoloution
The Arab Spring began in late 2010 and early 2011, sparked by protests in Tunisia that overthrew the government there. The movement then spread to other countries in the region with large protests demanding democratic reforms and the overthrow of authoritarian rulers. Social media played a key role in organizing and spreading awareness of the protests. The outcomes varied by country, with mostly peaceful transitions in Tunisia and Egypt but civil wars erupting in Libya and Syria, and ongoing instability in Yemen and other nations. While the Arab Spring sparked hope, successful democratic transitions have so far been limited.
Tunisia
Work about the Arab Sprind done by the students Laida Antxia, Maddalen Sarasola, Ane Unanue and Paula Velazquez.
Authoritarianism_ Forms of government
The document discusses the key characteristics and functions of authoritarian regimes. It states that authoritarian regimes:
1) Concentrate political power in the hands of a small group of leaders rather than through democratic elections.
2) Do not have an ideology driving their rule, but instead focus on maintaining power and enriching leaders at the expense of citizens.
3) Grant some economic and cultural freedoms as long as the authoritarian rule is not threatened. The main goal is preserving the rule and wealth of the leaders.
Week 2
The document discusses the key characteristics of an authoritarian regime. It states that authoritarian regimes concentrate political power in a small group of leaders who are not democratically elected. In contrast to totalitarian regimes, authoritarian regimes do not have an official state ideology but allow some economic and cultural freedoms as long as the rulers' power is not threatened. The primary goal of authoritarian rulers is to maintain their hold on power and enrich themselves at the expense of the country and its people.
Gisw -tunisia
1. The document discusses the 2011 Tunisian revolution that overthrew President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali after 23 years of authoritarian rule.
2. Frustration with issues like lack of freedom of expression, corruption, unemployment, and social exclusion fueled widespread protests across Tunisia.
3. Social media played a key role in spreading information about the protests and resisting government censorship, earning the revolution names like the "Twitter Revolution" or "Jasmine Revolution". Pictures on Facebook and tweets helped amplify the movement.
Background Note - Tackling Youth Radicalization through Inclusion in Post-Rev...
Background Note - Tackling Youth Radicalization through Inclusion in Post-Rev...Maghreb Economic Forum (MEF)
The widespread assumption that any political change can only come with the assistance of a super power was contradicted when an up-rise in Tunisia toppled a regime that reigned for over twenty-three years. The world was taken aback by these events in a country that “seemed the best in the class: stable, presentably secular, engaged in a steady process of “Economic reform”. Realities proved to be extremely different from the outward carefully drawn image of the country. Despite Tunisia’s positive reputation amongst a myriad of governments, the country became immersed in a political mayhem that remains unsorted to this day. The latest Africa Report refers to “the political infighting” as the main cause for stagnation in economic reform and the primary reason that the European Union (EU) and International Organizations such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) continue to place Tunisia on black lists for terrorism and money laundering. Moreover, the Tunisian Labor Union (UGTT), Tunisia’s strongest Labor Union, is lobbying for more and more strikes against IMF recommendations to the government, making the prime minister’s job to reconcile between the different actors and stakeholders even harder.ARAB SPRING AND THE THEORY OF RELATIVE DEPRIVATION
This document summarizes the Arab Spring uprisings that began in 2010-2011 across several Middle Eastern and North African countries. It provides context on the political and economic grievances that fueled the protests, such as high unemployment, corruption, and lack of political freedoms. It then examines the uprisings in several countries in more detail, highlighting the role of social media and relative deprivation theory. The uprisings had varying outcomes, successfully ousting authoritarian leaders in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Yemen, while violent conflict is still ongoing in Syria.
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Dictature ben ali
- 1. The Dictatorship in Tunisia By the “President” Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali By Max Rey
- 2. Who, What and Where ? • On April 2, 1989 Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali succeeds to the ex-president Habib Bourguiba (whose legitimacy as a president is discussable) whose health got too bad to lead Tunisia. Being the only candidate he wins with 99.27% of the votes • He gets reelected in 1994, 1999, 2004 and 2009 (with respectively 99.91%, 99.45%, 94.49% and 89.62%). The Election of 1999 was the first election to take place with multiple candidates. In theory Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali had competition since 1999. • Even though he works against the influence of Islam on the country he decies to completely exclude Ennahda (Islamic political party) in order to reign over the country with less resistance. He is well known for stealing all resources from the country. • He is often accused of being a dictator by the press. He is in the top 10 worst enemies of the press in 1998. Political prisoners were tortured and people who fought for Human rights were often intimidated and lynched. He also used “anti- terrorism” policies to arrest people who wanted to restist his regime. • His dictatorship is well known for its “mafia” characteristics (Robert F. Godec, US ambassador in Tunisia). Corruption and stealing were common during the 23 years of his reign which allowed him to raise a sum that is estimated to be worth 7 billion dollars.
- 3. Steps taken against this injustice • Before the revolution even starts there was opposition in the country. The Islamic party Ennahda was oppressed by the presidency but still existed. Many other parties that were not controlled enough by the President Clan were dismantled. • However the country did not rise to a revolution until Mohamed Bouazizi set himself on fire. Mohamed Bouazizi was a fruit merchant but did not have the means to pay for a license since the best way to get one was to bribe officials. His marketing belongings were then confiscated Since he had no other means to bring food to his family he set himseslf on fire in front of the local government building. • Subjugated by the horror of such injustice fruits merchants protested in Sidi Bouzid (Mohamed Bouazizi hometown). The movement spread very quickly in the small country (about 11 million inhabitants) and soon the reasons reflected all the problems in the country. Afraid of such situation he has the army deal with the protesters. The army quickly becomes a mediator between the loyal forces of the “President” and the revolutionaries • January 14, 2011 Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali flees Tunisia scared for his life to Saudi Arabia. The day after a provisional president is elected by the Tunisian congress.
- 4. One of Ben Ali’s Safe containing millions stolen to the people of Tunisia Propaganda picture that could be seen almost everywhere: Posters in the streets or in shops, restaurants and hotels. Immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi Comic Book Willis From Tunis telling the steps of the revolution with a humoristic style. It becomes instantly a best seller in Tunisia, France and and many other countries.
- 5. Amendments that were violated • 1st Amendment: By destroying the political party Ennahda and having religion lose influence on the country Ben Ali did not respect the first Amendment .In order to escalate the social ladder people had to avoid being too religious or they would be frowned upon as an enemy of the president. Free speech was impossible. Free press simply did not exist in the country. • 4th Amendment: the law was not partial to people. The president used the police as a tool to stay in power and become wealthier. Some people were arrested without proper justification and some simply disappeared. • 15th and 19th Amendments: Any law about the right to vote was violated since there was obviously cheating involved the election process. Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali could reach very high percentages of votes by intimidating anyone not willing to cooperate in his interest • 22nd Amendment: He was elected 5 times as president. It just shows that a limit can allow the avoidance in dictatorship in these situations. The line between democracy and dictator ship is not always clear or not awys clear enough. With such an amendment it could have been avoided.