This document summarizes the Arab Spring uprisings that began in 2010-2011 across several Middle Eastern and North African countries. It provides context on the political and economic grievances that fueled the protests, such as high unemployment, corruption, and lack of political freedoms. It then examines the uprisings in several countries in more detail, highlighting the role of social media and relative deprivation theory. The uprisings had varying outcomes, successfully ousting authoritarian leaders in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Yemen, while violent conflict is still ongoing in Syria.
The document discusses the socio-economic factors that contributed to the Tunisian revolution in 2011. It finds that while Tunisia enjoyed relatively high GDP and economic growth, wealth was highly concentrated and most people faced poverty and unemployment. The revolution was driven by high youth unemployment, rising food and living costs, corruption, and restrictions on civil liberties. Social media also helped protesters organize and spread information about the uprising. Thus, the combination of economic grievances and dissatisfaction with the authoritarian political system led Tunisians to rise up and overthrow the long-standing regime.
The document discusses the economic repercussions and political implications of protest movements based on a study of 12 protest movements from 2003-2011. The key findings were that prolonged social unrest and strikes can compromise economic activity, with implications for politics taking longer to emerge fully. While the accuracy of findings depends on source data, the results help understand the importance and impact of social movements in changing world politics. The case study of Tunisia's 2010-2011 protests that ousted President Ben Ali is provided, highlighting unemployment, inflation, lack of freedoms, and living conditions as drivers. Economic factors like jobs declines also contributed to Arab uprisings in Tunisia, Egypt and Algeria. In Egypt, the economic costs of 580 labor protests in
This document is a seminar report on the impact of globalization. It includes an abstract, introduction on defining globalization and the process of globalization. It then discusses both the positive and negative impacts of globalization on developing countries and India specifically. It covers topics like the impact on the Indian economy, society, education, agriculture, and business culture. The document provides an overview of the key effects of increasing global integration and opens markets in India.
Globalization and trade unions challenges nigerian manufacturing sector exper...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining the challenges globalization has brought to trade unions in Nigeria's manufacturing sector. Some key points:
1) Globalization has increased competition for local Nigerian companies from foreign rivals, adversely impacting trade union membership due to job losses from privatization and downsizing.
2) Globalization prioritizes market flexibility over social protections, weakening trade unions' power through employment insecurity and reduced representation.
3) Nigeria's manufacturing sector faces challenges of low capacity, declining output, and obsolete technology that have made it difficult to compete globally. This has threatened the survival of local industries and jobs.
4) For Nigeria to better benefit from globalization, it needs
Empirical review of globalization and nigerian economic performanceAlexander Decker
This document discusses globalization and Nigeria's economic performance within the global economy. It begins by defining globalization as the increasing economic integration and interdependence between countries through cross-border movement of goods, services, technologies, and capital. It then examines several indicators of Nigeria's level of integration, such as trade ratios, foreign direct investment, and economic openness. The document concludes that while globalization can stimulate economic growth, Nigeria has not benefited enough due to its overdependence on oil exports and neglect of other sectors. It recommends diversifying the economy away from oil and improving conditions for sectors and foreign investment.
This document analyzes the economic impacts of the Arab Spring uprisings in Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya. It discusses the causes of the uprisings in each country, including high unemployment, food price inflation, and corruption. It then examines the economic effects, such as declines in GDP growth, tourism, and industrial production in Tunisia and Egypt following their revolutions. For Libya, it covers the ongoing civil war and international intervention, and analyzes impacts including rises in global oil and food prices, losses to Italian investments in Libya, and uncertainty around Libya's political and economic future.
IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION AND INITIATION OF TRADE UNION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE ...Keshav Prasad Bhattarai
This document summarizes the impact of globalization and trade union initiation in Nepal. It discusses how globalization has integrated economies through increased trade, investment, and movement of people, technology, and ideas. While globalization has created opportunities for some, it has marginalized many countries and communities. In Nepal, the decade-long armed insurgency disrupted economic development and global integration, costing the country billions and driving many youth to migrate for work. Though poverty has declined in Nepal, rural poverty remains high and the economy still has not fully benefited from globalization due to lack of infrastructure and opportunity.
The impact of globalization,chukwuma ike 1and udochukwu ogbaji 2ogbaji udochukwu
1. The document discusses the impact of globalization on socio-economic development in Africa. It finds that while globalization has potential benefits, Africa has not integrated well with the global economy compared to other regions.
2. Key factors that could positively impact Africa's development include maintaining strong macroeconomic policies, institutional reforms, trade liberalization, private sector growth, and investments in infrastructure, agriculture, and human capital.
3. However, many African countries still face challenges like weak civil services and poor public infrastructure that limit their ability to benefit from globalization. Comprehensive reforms are needed for Africa to better integrate globally and improve socio-economic conditions.
The document discusses the socio-economic factors that contributed to the Tunisian revolution in 2011. It finds that while Tunisia enjoyed relatively high GDP and economic growth, wealth was highly concentrated and most people faced poverty and unemployment. The revolution was driven by high youth unemployment, rising food and living costs, corruption, and restrictions on civil liberties. Social media also helped protesters organize and spread information about the uprising. Thus, the combination of economic grievances and dissatisfaction with the authoritarian political system led Tunisians to rise up and overthrow the long-standing regime.
The document discusses the economic repercussions and political implications of protest movements based on a study of 12 protest movements from 2003-2011. The key findings were that prolonged social unrest and strikes can compromise economic activity, with implications for politics taking longer to emerge fully. While the accuracy of findings depends on source data, the results help understand the importance and impact of social movements in changing world politics. The case study of Tunisia's 2010-2011 protests that ousted President Ben Ali is provided, highlighting unemployment, inflation, lack of freedoms, and living conditions as drivers. Economic factors like jobs declines also contributed to Arab uprisings in Tunisia, Egypt and Algeria. In Egypt, the economic costs of 580 labor protests in
This document is a seminar report on the impact of globalization. It includes an abstract, introduction on defining globalization and the process of globalization. It then discusses both the positive and negative impacts of globalization on developing countries and India specifically. It covers topics like the impact on the Indian economy, society, education, agriculture, and business culture. The document provides an overview of the key effects of increasing global integration and opens markets in India.
Globalization and trade unions challenges nigerian manufacturing sector exper...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining the challenges globalization has brought to trade unions in Nigeria's manufacturing sector. Some key points:
1) Globalization has increased competition for local Nigerian companies from foreign rivals, adversely impacting trade union membership due to job losses from privatization and downsizing.
2) Globalization prioritizes market flexibility over social protections, weakening trade unions' power through employment insecurity and reduced representation.
3) Nigeria's manufacturing sector faces challenges of low capacity, declining output, and obsolete technology that have made it difficult to compete globally. This has threatened the survival of local industries and jobs.
4) For Nigeria to better benefit from globalization, it needs
Empirical review of globalization and nigerian economic performanceAlexander Decker
This document discusses globalization and Nigeria's economic performance within the global economy. It begins by defining globalization as the increasing economic integration and interdependence between countries through cross-border movement of goods, services, technologies, and capital. It then examines several indicators of Nigeria's level of integration, such as trade ratios, foreign direct investment, and economic openness. The document concludes that while globalization can stimulate economic growth, Nigeria has not benefited enough due to its overdependence on oil exports and neglect of other sectors. It recommends diversifying the economy away from oil and improving conditions for sectors and foreign investment.
This document analyzes the economic impacts of the Arab Spring uprisings in Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya. It discusses the causes of the uprisings in each country, including high unemployment, food price inflation, and corruption. It then examines the economic effects, such as declines in GDP growth, tourism, and industrial production in Tunisia and Egypt following their revolutions. For Libya, it covers the ongoing civil war and international intervention, and analyzes impacts including rises in global oil and food prices, losses to Italian investments in Libya, and uncertainty around Libya's political and economic future.
IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION AND INITIATION OF TRADE UNION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE ...Keshav Prasad Bhattarai
This document summarizes the impact of globalization and trade union initiation in Nepal. It discusses how globalization has integrated economies through increased trade, investment, and movement of people, technology, and ideas. While globalization has created opportunities for some, it has marginalized many countries and communities. In Nepal, the decade-long armed insurgency disrupted economic development and global integration, costing the country billions and driving many youth to migrate for work. Though poverty has declined in Nepal, rural poverty remains high and the economy still has not fully benefited from globalization due to lack of infrastructure and opportunity.
The impact of globalization,chukwuma ike 1and udochukwu ogbaji 2ogbaji udochukwu
1. The document discusses the impact of globalization on socio-economic development in Africa. It finds that while globalization has potential benefits, Africa has not integrated well with the global economy compared to other regions.
2. Key factors that could positively impact Africa's development include maintaining strong macroeconomic policies, institutional reforms, trade liberalization, private sector growth, and investments in infrastructure, agriculture, and human capital.
3. However, many African countries still face challenges like weak civil services and poor public infrastructure that limit their ability to benefit from globalization. Comprehensive reforms are needed for Africa to better integrate globally and improve socio-economic conditions.
This document discusses a study on the relationship between poverty and the urban informal sector in Bandung, Indonesia. It conducted surveys of 150 street vendors (pedagang kakilima) to examine their socioeconomic characteristics based on indicators of human development. The study found that while the informal sector provides livelihoods for many, conditions are often poor with low incomes and productivity. Previous economic measures alone did not fully capture life in the informal sector. The growth of Bandung and economic crisis amplified urban poverty and unemployment, increasing the size of the informal sector.
The Arab Spring began in December 2010 in Tunisia and spread to other Arab countries. Citizens protested against issues like dictatorship, corruption, unemployment, and poverty. The use of social media helped organize and spread information about the protests. Several governments were overthrown due to the large-scale demonstrations. The Arab Spring demonstrations highlight desires for greater political freedom, human rights, and economic opportunity across the Arab world.
Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness between countries due to advances in technology and transportation. It began in the 19th century as countries developed economic, political, and business ties. Globalization has impacted many aspects of society including politics, economics, education, trade, and culture. It has led to both benefits like open markets and cross-cultural sharing, as well as issues regarding labor rights and economic instability. While Western culture has spread widely, some argue that globalization has also strengthened local cultural identities. Overall, globalization is an ongoing process that is changing economies and societies around the world in both positive and negative ways.
Deconstructing Global Movements of People: Implication for Collective Securit...AkashSharma618775
This document discusses global immigration, global security, and global borders. It begins by defining immigration and discussing its history and implications. Key challenges to immigration include language barriers, difficulties being absorbed into job markets, adapting to new weather/cultures, and security threats from terrorists. Immigration economically benefits both receiving and sending countries but can also mean loss of skilled workers for poor countries. The document then examines global emigration factors like motives, impacts, and challenges before concluding by linking immigration, security, and borders and arguing they must be analyzed together for global peace and security.
Globalization has impacted the Nepali media in several ways. It has influenced media structures through foreign investment, competition with international outlets, and training of journalists. Technologies of transmission and reception have also been impacted by dependencies on new equipment and formats from Western companies. Media content has seen a rise in entertainment and infotainment coverage from abroad as well as dependence on foreign news agencies. Audiences now consume more international media products and constantly update their technologies. While globalization began impacting Nepal after 1816, its effects on media accelerated post-1990 through changes to organizations, personnel, technologies and content.
The document discusses several key aspects of globalization and its impact on health. It defines economic globalization as the extension of markets across national boundaries through reduced trade barriers and increased competition. While economic globalization may increase trade opportunities, issues can arise when markets are poorly regulated, leading to financial crises and marginalization of poorer countries. Globalization influences health through its economic, social, and cultural effects. Specific health impacts mentioned include growth in the refugee population and increased availability of toxic goods like tobacco.
Globalization and its impact on health is important to understand for public health specialist. some future aspects and challenges of globalization are need to understand well.
(Neo)-Colonialism, globalised modernisation and global energy and environment...AkashSharma618775
This review looks at three issues which are key to the process of globalisation, namely; colonialism,
modernization, energy and environment. The benefits of globalised colonialism, though very weak, may include a
few of the following, viz: Increasing knowledge sharing, research, and skills; providing platforms for mutual
support, and benefits to synergize at various levels; encouraging multi-cultural contributions at different levels;
fostering global citizenship for greater harmony; promoting multiculturalism and acceptance to cultural diversity;
facilitating multi ways communications and interactions; promoting self-employment, digital entrepreneurship,
and outreach; and giving voice to everyone by promoting common language. On the contrary, the notable negative
impacts of globalised colonialism include: increasing the technological gaps and digital divides; creating more
legitimate opportunities for electronic colonialism; exploiting local resources and destroying local/ indigenous
cultures; increasing inequalities, conflicts, and clashes; promoting cultural imperialism; strengthening a
symmetrical communication, facilitating haves; contributing to jobless growth and promoting outsourcing; and, it
is promoting voiceless growth and language imperialism. It important to note that energy is a driving factor in the
world economic development, World energy consumption contributes to pollution and environmental
deterioration and global house emissions which therefore calls upon world economist and politicians to set
environmental regulations. It’s also crucial to transform the current energy systems with a transition to renewable
source and their efficient use. For example, globalized modernization has today has become a major sort of debate
among academicians, policy makers and NGOs. Finally, our review notes the various merits of globalize
Global politics, governance, and the globalization Thirdy Malit
The document discusses several key aspects of globalization in Asia-Pacific and South Asia:
1. South Asia's trade characteristics differ from East Asia's export-led growth, with larger service sectors in South Asia spearheaded by modern service and remittance exports.
2. Service exports may be more resilient than goods exports during the global downturn, allowing countries to compensate for reduced external demand.
3. Countries can also benefit from increased trade in ideas and technology, which enhance productivity despite a decline in global growth.
4. The Asia-Pacific region varies greatly but now generates over a third of global GDP, though many still face socioeconomic problems despite growth. Global powers are focused on the
The Arab Spring Effects of Oil and Foreign Assistance RevenueJayson McCauslin
This document summarizes research on how autocratic monarchies in the Middle East were able to withstand the Arab Spring protests in 2011, while authoritarian republics faced revolutions. It discusses how monarchies provided socio-economic benefits to citizens from oil revenues to maintain social contracts, while republics faced loss of trust and constraints. The document reviews literature analyzing domestic and structural factors for regimes' resilience or fall, such as distribution of resources, poverty levels, and political alternatives available to citizens. It compares responses and outcomes between monarchies that quelled protests through jobs and payments, versus republics where promises went unfulfilled and trust was lost.
Civil War in Syria and Libya after Arab Springijtsrd
The wave of Arab Spring which started from Tunisia at the ending of 2010, by a young graduate and vegetable vender, and after setting himself on the fire due to harassment and insult by a police women, after suicide by the young vegetable vender there's people began the protest against the government and their officials, then soon after this protest transformed as a heavy conflict between Tunisian people and government. And further this conflict followed by Egypt. Soon after this wave sparked in the whole Arab countries as major or minor like Libya, Syria, Yemen Lebanon, Morocco, Jordon and etc. This Uprising wave developed in some countries as the civil war like Libya, Yemen and Syria. The Civil war in Libya and Syria which started after suppression to the demonstrators by the governments and their security forces in both countries. Similarly the foreign interventions are also caused to develop and transfer the Arab Uprising towards the civil war in the above countries. This civil war is caused a lot of losses and human crisis in both countries as well as it caused to flee from their homes in other places in same country or neighbour countries. This civil war resulted as hundreds of thousand's death from both sides, the supporters of the governments and their rivals, and similarly resulted as millions of people's migration. The main objective of this paper is to analyse the situation of both countries as well as to know the causes of the war and its result in both countries. The methodology is adopted in the present paper is qualitative. Izhar Ahmad ""Civil War in Syria and Libya after Arab Spring"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30093.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/30093/civil-war-in-syria-and-libya-after-arab-spring/izhar-ahmad
Globalization and its effects on public health were discussed. Key points included:
1. Globalization refers to the increasing integration and interdependence of economies, technologies, and cultures worldwide. It impacts public health through factors like population mobility, social changes, and environmental changes.
2. Public health aims to prevent disease and promote community health through organized efforts. It has evolved from a focus on disease control to health promotion and addressing social determinants of health.
3. Globalization influences public health through various pathways like health policies, economic development, social interactions, and environmental changes. It presents both opportunities and challenges for improving population health outcomes worldwide.
This document discusses the negative impacts of globalization and free market reforms on health in the developing world from a Third World perspective. It traces how colonialism disrupted traditional societies and economies, integrating colonies into the global market to provide raw materials and crops for export over local needs. This undermined food security and health. Post-colonial structural adjustment programs promoted free market reforms but worsened poverty, inequality and health indicators. International agreements like TRIPS and WTO rules primarily benefit transnational corporations and limit developing countries' policy space regarding public health. Overall the document argues that globalization has exacerbated health inequities between rich and poor nations.
Guinea Conakry political Leadership Contribution to Economy Stability: A Post...inventionjournals
This study Examines Guinea political Leaderships Contribution towards economy Stability since independence (1958).Why Guinea Economic stagnation is comparable to the other developing nation. A securities industry-based organization, among its other advantages, promotes economic efficiency and competition and encourages foreign investment. Since independence, the market structure has not changed from one in which prices are determined by the market forces of supply and demand. Because some of political leadership manipulating economic resource and maintaining themselves in power. Analysis proves that a more balanced and symmetric approach to central bank Reforms is urgently warranted. Studies on central bank Reforms entirely ignores the potential risks involved in maximizing central bankers' latitude for discretion. The focus of this study is on monetary andfinancial integration, the analysis also covers other integration pillars such as trade andinvestment, connectivity and infrastructure, and regional public goods.
The document discusses Egypt's political and economic challenges following the 2011 revolution. It notes that while Egypt has a mostly private market economy as a result of 2000s reforms, the revolution has created new economic issues like declining tourism and remittances. Fiscal deficits remain large due to subsidies and inflation has increased costs of living. Addressing these economic problems will be difficult without a stable democratic government, but forming such a government may take longer than expected, prolonging uncertainty. Resolving issues like subsidies will be important to return Egypt to sustainable growth.
Economists determine a country's level of economic development using indicators like GNP, per capita income, industrialization, and social indicators. Development progresses through stages from hunting and gathering to pastoral/nomadic, agricultural, handicraft, and industrial. The Philippines saw development from a pre-Spanish agricultural economy to growth under American rule in agriculture and exports, then postwar reconstruction and development planning. Social indicators also reflect development levels.
Considered both the future of society, the future of the people, the way of the future of education in a multi-stakeholder, the activities of the order to continue to create "Future Education Consortium" is, in fiscal 2015, such as consumers and companies · NPO / NGO · Students through the co-creation projects by various participants "21 Century Future Enterprise Project", we derive the "social and companies of the future scenario of 2030".
http://miraikk.jp/cat-03/2882
Economic repercussion of political movementsAmarwaha
Drawing on both classic and modern work, we propose to find out the economic repercussions and political implications of protest movements. Due to failure in experiment in social changes and development mass hysteria has developed among masses which are heavily burdened by state but does not profit from countries boom.
The Arab Spring began in late 2010 and early 2011, sparked by protests in Tunisia that overthrew the government there. The movement then spread to other countries in the region with large protests demanding democratic reforms and the overthrow of authoritarian rulers. Social media played a key role in organizing and spreading awareness of the protests. The outcomes varied by country, with mostly peaceful transitions in Tunisia and Egypt but civil wars erupting in Libya and Syria, and ongoing instability in Yemen and other nations. While the Arab Spring sparked hope, successful democratic transitions have so far been limited.
1. The Arab Spring began in December 2010 in Tunisia as a result of high unemployment, poverty, and political repression under authoritarian regimes.
2. Inspired by protests in Tunisia, protests erupted throughout the Arab world calling for democratic reforms and the end of dictatorial rule.
3. Social media played a key role in facilitating organization and spreading awareness of the protests internationally. Pages like "We are All Khaled Said" helped coordinate the Egyptian uprising.
4. While some countries underwent democratic transitions, others like Syria descended into civil war as regimes cracked down on dissent. Over a decade later, the impacts of the Arab Spring continue to reshape the region.
The Arab Spring began in December 2010 in Tunisia after a fruit seller set himself on fire to protest government corruption and oppression. Massive street protests erupted demanding political reform. Through social media, the protests spread to other countries in the region, toppling authoritarian regimes in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and elsewhere. Social media played a key role in organizing and publicizing the protests internationally, and though some governments tried to shut down access, citizens found ways to communicate and coordinate their uprisings.
This document discusses a study on the relationship between poverty and the urban informal sector in Bandung, Indonesia. It conducted surveys of 150 street vendors (pedagang kakilima) to examine their socioeconomic characteristics based on indicators of human development. The study found that while the informal sector provides livelihoods for many, conditions are often poor with low incomes and productivity. Previous economic measures alone did not fully capture life in the informal sector. The growth of Bandung and economic crisis amplified urban poverty and unemployment, increasing the size of the informal sector.
The Arab Spring began in December 2010 in Tunisia and spread to other Arab countries. Citizens protested against issues like dictatorship, corruption, unemployment, and poverty. The use of social media helped organize and spread information about the protests. Several governments were overthrown due to the large-scale demonstrations. The Arab Spring demonstrations highlight desires for greater political freedom, human rights, and economic opportunity across the Arab world.
Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness between countries due to advances in technology and transportation. It began in the 19th century as countries developed economic, political, and business ties. Globalization has impacted many aspects of society including politics, economics, education, trade, and culture. It has led to both benefits like open markets and cross-cultural sharing, as well as issues regarding labor rights and economic instability. While Western culture has spread widely, some argue that globalization has also strengthened local cultural identities. Overall, globalization is an ongoing process that is changing economies and societies around the world in both positive and negative ways.
Deconstructing Global Movements of People: Implication for Collective Securit...AkashSharma618775
This document discusses global immigration, global security, and global borders. It begins by defining immigration and discussing its history and implications. Key challenges to immigration include language barriers, difficulties being absorbed into job markets, adapting to new weather/cultures, and security threats from terrorists. Immigration economically benefits both receiving and sending countries but can also mean loss of skilled workers for poor countries. The document then examines global emigration factors like motives, impacts, and challenges before concluding by linking immigration, security, and borders and arguing they must be analyzed together for global peace and security.
Globalization has impacted the Nepali media in several ways. It has influenced media structures through foreign investment, competition with international outlets, and training of journalists. Technologies of transmission and reception have also been impacted by dependencies on new equipment and formats from Western companies. Media content has seen a rise in entertainment and infotainment coverage from abroad as well as dependence on foreign news agencies. Audiences now consume more international media products and constantly update their technologies. While globalization began impacting Nepal after 1816, its effects on media accelerated post-1990 through changes to organizations, personnel, technologies and content.
The document discusses several key aspects of globalization and its impact on health. It defines economic globalization as the extension of markets across national boundaries through reduced trade barriers and increased competition. While economic globalization may increase trade opportunities, issues can arise when markets are poorly regulated, leading to financial crises and marginalization of poorer countries. Globalization influences health through its economic, social, and cultural effects. Specific health impacts mentioned include growth in the refugee population and increased availability of toxic goods like tobacco.
Globalization and its impact on health is important to understand for public health specialist. some future aspects and challenges of globalization are need to understand well.
(Neo)-Colonialism, globalised modernisation and global energy and environment...AkashSharma618775
This review looks at three issues which are key to the process of globalisation, namely; colonialism,
modernization, energy and environment. The benefits of globalised colonialism, though very weak, may include a
few of the following, viz: Increasing knowledge sharing, research, and skills; providing platforms for mutual
support, and benefits to synergize at various levels; encouraging multi-cultural contributions at different levels;
fostering global citizenship for greater harmony; promoting multiculturalism and acceptance to cultural diversity;
facilitating multi ways communications and interactions; promoting self-employment, digital entrepreneurship,
and outreach; and giving voice to everyone by promoting common language. On the contrary, the notable negative
impacts of globalised colonialism include: increasing the technological gaps and digital divides; creating more
legitimate opportunities for electronic colonialism; exploiting local resources and destroying local/ indigenous
cultures; increasing inequalities, conflicts, and clashes; promoting cultural imperialism; strengthening a
symmetrical communication, facilitating haves; contributing to jobless growth and promoting outsourcing; and, it
is promoting voiceless growth and language imperialism. It important to note that energy is a driving factor in the
world economic development, World energy consumption contributes to pollution and environmental
deterioration and global house emissions which therefore calls upon world economist and politicians to set
environmental regulations. It’s also crucial to transform the current energy systems with a transition to renewable
source and their efficient use. For example, globalized modernization has today has become a major sort of debate
among academicians, policy makers and NGOs. Finally, our review notes the various merits of globalize
Global politics, governance, and the globalization Thirdy Malit
The document discusses several key aspects of globalization in Asia-Pacific and South Asia:
1. South Asia's trade characteristics differ from East Asia's export-led growth, with larger service sectors in South Asia spearheaded by modern service and remittance exports.
2. Service exports may be more resilient than goods exports during the global downturn, allowing countries to compensate for reduced external demand.
3. Countries can also benefit from increased trade in ideas and technology, which enhance productivity despite a decline in global growth.
4. The Asia-Pacific region varies greatly but now generates over a third of global GDP, though many still face socioeconomic problems despite growth. Global powers are focused on the
The Arab Spring Effects of Oil and Foreign Assistance RevenueJayson McCauslin
This document summarizes research on how autocratic monarchies in the Middle East were able to withstand the Arab Spring protests in 2011, while authoritarian republics faced revolutions. It discusses how monarchies provided socio-economic benefits to citizens from oil revenues to maintain social contracts, while republics faced loss of trust and constraints. The document reviews literature analyzing domestic and structural factors for regimes' resilience or fall, such as distribution of resources, poverty levels, and political alternatives available to citizens. It compares responses and outcomes between monarchies that quelled protests through jobs and payments, versus republics where promises went unfulfilled and trust was lost.
Civil War in Syria and Libya after Arab Springijtsrd
The wave of Arab Spring which started from Tunisia at the ending of 2010, by a young graduate and vegetable vender, and after setting himself on the fire due to harassment and insult by a police women, after suicide by the young vegetable vender there's people began the protest against the government and their officials, then soon after this protest transformed as a heavy conflict between Tunisian people and government. And further this conflict followed by Egypt. Soon after this wave sparked in the whole Arab countries as major or minor like Libya, Syria, Yemen Lebanon, Morocco, Jordon and etc. This Uprising wave developed in some countries as the civil war like Libya, Yemen and Syria. The Civil war in Libya and Syria which started after suppression to the demonstrators by the governments and their security forces in both countries. Similarly the foreign interventions are also caused to develop and transfer the Arab Uprising towards the civil war in the above countries. This civil war is caused a lot of losses and human crisis in both countries as well as it caused to flee from their homes in other places in same country or neighbour countries. This civil war resulted as hundreds of thousand's death from both sides, the supporters of the governments and their rivals, and similarly resulted as millions of people's migration. The main objective of this paper is to analyse the situation of both countries as well as to know the causes of the war and its result in both countries. The methodology is adopted in the present paper is qualitative. Izhar Ahmad ""Civil War in Syria and Libya after Arab Spring"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30093.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/30093/civil-war-in-syria-and-libya-after-arab-spring/izhar-ahmad
Globalization and its effects on public health were discussed. Key points included:
1. Globalization refers to the increasing integration and interdependence of economies, technologies, and cultures worldwide. It impacts public health through factors like population mobility, social changes, and environmental changes.
2. Public health aims to prevent disease and promote community health through organized efforts. It has evolved from a focus on disease control to health promotion and addressing social determinants of health.
3. Globalization influences public health through various pathways like health policies, economic development, social interactions, and environmental changes. It presents both opportunities and challenges for improving population health outcomes worldwide.
This document discusses the negative impacts of globalization and free market reforms on health in the developing world from a Third World perspective. It traces how colonialism disrupted traditional societies and economies, integrating colonies into the global market to provide raw materials and crops for export over local needs. This undermined food security and health. Post-colonial structural adjustment programs promoted free market reforms but worsened poverty, inequality and health indicators. International agreements like TRIPS and WTO rules primarily benefit transnational corporations and limit developing countries' policy space regarding public health. Overall the document argues that globalization has exacerbated health inequities between rich and poor nations.
Guinea Conakry political Leadership Contribution to Economy Stability: A Post...inventionjournals
This study Examines Guinea political Leaderships Contribution towards economy Stability since independence (1958).Why Guinea Economic stagnation is comparable to the other developing nation. A securities industry-based organization, among its other advantages, promotes economic efficiency and competition and encourages foreign investment. Since independence, the market structure has not changed from one in which prices are determined by the market forces of supply and demand. Because some of political leadership manipulating economic resource and maintaining themselves in power. Analysis proves that a more balanced and symmetric approach to central bank Reforms is urgently warranted. Studies on central bank Reforms entirely ignores the potential risks involved in maximizing central bankers' latitude for discretion. The focus of this study is on monetary andfinancial integration, the analysis also covers other integration pillars such as trade andinvestment, connectivity and infrastructure, and regional public goods.
The document discusses Egypt's political and economic challenges following the 2011 revolution. It notes that while Egypt has a mostly private market economy as a result of 2000s reforms, the revolution has created new economic issues like declining tourism and remittances. Fiscal deficits remain large due to subsidies and inflation has increased costs of living. Addressing these economic problems will be difficult without a stable democratic government, but forming such a government may take longer than expected, prolonging uncertainty. Resolving issues like subsidies will be important to return Egypt to sustainable growth.
Economists determine a country's level of economic development using indicators like GNP, per capita income, industrialization, and social indicators. Development progresses through stages from hunting and gathering to pastoral/nomadic, agricultural, handicraft, and industrial. The Philippines saw development from a pre-Spanish agricultural economy to growth under American rule in agriculture and exports, then postwar reconstruction and development planning. Social indicators also reflect development levels.
Considered both the future of society, the future of the people, the way of the future of education in a multi-stakeholder, the activities of the order to continue to create "Future Education Consortium" is, in fiscal 2015, such as consumers and companies · NPO / NGO · Students through the co-creation projects by various participants "21 Century Future Enterprise Project", we derive the "social and companies of the future scenario of 2030".
http://miraikk.jp/cat-03/2882
Economic repercussion of political movementsAmarwaha
Drawing on both classic and modern work, we propose to find out the economic repercussions and political implications of protest movements. Due to failure in experiment in social changes and development mass hysteria has developed among masses which are heavily burdened by state but does not profit from countries boom.
The Arab Spring began in late 2010 and early 2011, sparked by protests in Tunisia that overthrew the government there. The movement then spread to other countries in the region with large protests demanding democratic reforms and the overthrow of authoritarian rulers. Social media played a key role in organizing and spreading awareness of the protests. The outcomes varied by country, with mostly peaceful transitions in Tunisia and Egypt but civil wars erupting in Libya and Syria, and ongoing instability in Yemen and other nations. While the Arab Spring sparked hope, successful democratic transitions have so far been limited.
1. The Arab Spring began in December 2010 in Tunisia as a result of high unemployment, poverty, and political repression under authoritarian regimes.
2. Inspired by protests in Tunisia, protests erupted throughout the Arab world calling for democratic reforms and the end of dictatorial rule.
3. Social media played a key role in facilitating organization and spreading awareness of the protests internationally. Pages like "We are All Khaled Said" helped coordinate the Egyptian uprising.
4. While some countries underwent democratic transitions, others like Syria descended into civil war as regimes cracked down on dissent. Over a decade later, the impacts of the Arab Spring continue to reshape the region.
The Arab Spring began in December 2010 in Tunisia after a fruit seller set himself on fire to protest government corruption and oppression. Massive street protests erupted demanding political reform. Through social media, the protests spread to other countries in the region, toppling authoritarian regimes in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and elsewhere. Social media played a key role in organizing and publicizing the protests internationally, and though some governments tried to shut down access, citizens found ways to communicate and coordinate their uprisings.
The document summarizes how Egyptians used various communication technologies during the 18-day revolution in 2011 that overthrew President Hosni Mubarak. Satellite television, mobile phones, social media, and face-to-face communication all played important roles in spreading information, organizing protests, and influencing public opinion. While social media received attention, satellite TV, mobile phones, and personal networks were ultimately more influential due to high adoption rates in Egypt. The revolution was sparked by police brutality and gave voice to long-standing public frustrations with unemployment, poverty, and political repression under Mubarak.
THE INTERNET: CATALYSING A LEADERLESS REVOLUTIONKhaled Koubaa
The document summarizes how social media, especially Facebook and Twitter, catalyzed a leaderless revolution in Tunisia that led to the overthrow of President Ben Ali in January 2011. Widespread protests were fueled by years of repression and censorship under Ben Ali's regime. Activists effectively used social media to document and spread information about the protests online when traditional media was censored. As videos, photos and hashtags spread, international attention and pressure grew, weakening Ben Ali's control. Ultimately, social media played a critical role in empowering citizens and helping the revolution succeed where it may not have otherwise.
Running head Arab Spring1Arab Spring9The Arab Spring A Brief.docxSUBHI7
Running head: Arab Spring 1
Arab Spring 9The Arab Spring: A Brief Study of Social Movements
Student X
University of Maryland University College
SOCY 100
Professor David Huff
The Arab Spring: A Brief Study of Social Movements
On December 17, 2010 a young man in Tunisia stood in front of a local municipal office and set himself on fire, setting in motion a social movement that would lead to a series of uprisings that spread rapidly across Arab nations. Through his act of self-immolation, 27-year-old Mohammed Bouazizi became a martyr for those campaigning for social-economic equality. Since that fateful day in December 2010, the social movement, termed the Arab Spring by various western institutions, has taken hold in numerous Arab nations across northern Africa and the Middle East, often resulting in violent demonstrations and uprisings that have toppled several long standing regimes. The Arab Spring is a complex social movement with many facets, however, a cursory examination of the movement provides one with insight and understanding into the basic dynamics and variables that comprise social movements.
Arab Spring: A Brief Background
The Arab Spring, a term referring to the widespread string of uprisings across the Arab world beginning in 2010, was a social movement that sought to transform the political social, and economic landscape of Arab nations. Although the origins of the Arab Spring is a debated topic, many attribute it to the self-immolation of Mohammed Bouazizi in December 2010, which set off a series of demonstrations and uprisings in numerous northern African Arab nations, and eventually into middle eastern Arab nations.
It all began when Tunisian police harassed Mohammed Bouazzi, a street vender, and confiscated his cart of produce. After being denied an audience with the local governor the same day, Bouazizi set himself ablaze in protest of police corruption and his inability to earn a living because of social-economic inequalities. As news of Bouazizi’s self-immolation spread rapidly through various social media platforms, demonstrations and protests demanding the end of oppressive regimes began to sweep across Arab nations (Eldin & Salih, 2013). Within a year, the world would see revolutions that toppled regimes in Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya, as well as violent civil uprisings in Syria and Yemen (Eldin & Salih, 2013). In addition, sustained protests have occurred in Bahrain, Jordan, Morocco, Algeria, Oman, and Iraq (Eldin & Salih, 2013).
In many instances, authorities responded to Arab Spring demonstrations with violence, at times even employing pro-government militia. For instance, in Bahrain two protestors were killed in March 2011 when soldiers and riot police drove out protestors with the use tear gas and armored vehicles (CBS News [Video file], 2011). In Syria where anti-government protests began in January 2011, 136 protesters were killed on July 31, 2011 when Syrian tanks stormed several cities (Wemple, 2011).
To d ...
Kerry mcbroome Relation between Sandro Suzart, SUZART, GOOGLE INC, Unit...Sandro Santana
Sandro Suzart, SUZART, GOOGLE INC and United States on relationship among Demonstrations, 2013. IMPEACHMENTS of 22 governments, Relation, Sandro Suzart, SUZART, GOOGLE INC, United States, Demonstrations countries IMPEACHMENT, GOOGLE INC, the torture suffered by Sandro Suzart, Genocide in Egypt and Lybia.
Kerry mcbroome Relation Sandro Suzart SUZART GOOGLE INC United States ...Sandro Suzart
relationship between Sandro Suzart SUZART GOOGLE INC and United States on Demonstrations 2013 and Impeachments of 22 governments Relation, Sandro Suzart, SUZART, GOOGLE INC, United States on Demonstrations countries IMPEACHMENT GOOGLE INC
This document summarizes the political situations in several North African and Middle Eastern countries. It describes the authoritarian leaders in power in Libya, Egypt, Tunisia, Algeria, Sudan, and Eritrea. Mass protests have led to the ouster of leaders in Tunisia and Egypt, with concerns that other countries may experience similar unrest. It also discusses concerns around human rights violations, conflicts, and threats from al-Qaeda in other countries in the region like Somalia, Chad, Western Sahara, and the Sahel region.
The widespread assumption that any political change can only come with the assistance of a super power was contradicted when an up-rise in Tunisia toppled a regime that reigned for over twenty-three years. The world was taken aback by these events in a country that “seemed the best in the class: stable, presentably secular, engaged in a steady process of “Economic reform”. Realities proved to be extremely different from the outward carefully drawn image of the country. Despite Tunisia’s positive reputation amongst a myriad of governments, the country became immersed in a political mayhem that remains unsorted to this day. The latest Africa Report refers to “the political infighting” as the main cause for stagnation in economic reform and the primary reason that the European Union (EU) and International Organizations such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) continue to place Tunisia on black lists for terrorism and money laundering. Moreover, the Tunisian Labor Union (UGTT), Tunisia’s strongest Labor Union, is lobbying for more and more strikes against IMF recommendations to the government, making the prime minister’s job to reconcile between the different actors and stakeholders even harder.
Arab Uprisings and the Outstanding Return to Democracy: Tunisia as a Modelinventionjournals
In the wake of the Middle Eastern crises, the Tunisian case in focus has been doted as a unique
phenomenon being that it was the Genesis of the revolution that ultimately spread across the Middle East like
wild fire, but has eventually heralded a new dawn as democracy has incidentally returned to the Empire. This
literature therefore looks closely at the extent to which the ‘DignityRevolution’ has been instrumental in the
Middle East uprisings, which have brought an end to dynastic autocracies. The literature zeros in on the
Tunisian uprising which has attracted global concerns, sympathy and has sparked interests in the international
arena. The literature finds that the people hold colossal prospect in the uprising and its resultant effect, as it
paved the way for the revolutionist to generate, gather and disseminate information on the condition of the
entire region to the international community. The people in this context were of utmost importance and played a
very crucial role in the creation of awareness, mobilization of protesters and utmost determining the direction of
the uprising and also ensuring a speedy return to democratic rule. The paper submits that the role of the people
in ensuring that the ruins of the uprising is not left littering around and democracy restored is highly
commendable and should be a model for all other Arab countries involved in the revolution.
Noha bakr Relation between Sandro Suzart, SUZART, GOOGLE INC, United St...Sandro Santana
The document provides background information on the conditions in Egypt prior to the January 25th, 2011 revolution. It discusses the economic, social, and political circumstances, noting that while the economy was improving and social indicators showed development, there were still major issues of inequality, corruption, lack of political freedom, and human rights abuses. The revolution was sparked by these underlying tensions and grievances among the population, especially the youth. As protests grew larger, the government response was seen as inadequate, leading to calls for President Mubarak's resignation, which he submitted on February 11th, ending his 30-year rule.
Noha bakr Relation Sandro Suzart SUZART GOOGLE INC United States on De...Sandro Suzart
relationship between Sandro Suzart SUZART GOOGLE INC and United States on Demonstrations 2013 and Impeachments of 22 governments Relation, Sandro Suzart, SUZART, GOOGLE INC, United States on Demonstrations countries IMPEACHMENT GOOGLE INC
Women of Egyptian revolution- Credemus Associates-Jamila Boughelaf
Women played a crucial role in the Egyptian revolution through both their physical participation in protests and their use of social media. While women faced obstacles like gender discrimination and lack of political representation, many emerged as leaders of the revolution by organizing demonstrations online and in person. Social media helped spread awareness of the movement and connect women internally and internationally, though post-revolution women's voices have receded. Ongoing challenges include increasing women's political participation and challenging social norms, but new technologies and united activism can help advance women's rights and role in society.
The Arab Spring was a series of protests and uprisings in the Middle East that began in Tunisia in late 2010 in response to corruption, lack of political freedom, poor economic prospects, and repressive regimes. The protests spread to other countries including Egypt, Libya, Yemen, Bahrain, and Syria. In Tunisia and Egypt, the presidents were ousted, but both countries faced ongoing instability and power struggles during their transition periods. In Libya, civil war broke out and NATO intervened, allowing rebels to take control, but the country remains divided. Yemen's president resigned under pressure but the country faces ongoing violence and poor economic conditions. Bahrain's protests were crushed by military intervention while Syria's protests led to a full
Egypt in Turmoil Please respond to the followingExplain the cau.docxelishaoatway
Egypt in Turmoil" Please respond to the following:
Explain the causes of the turmoil in Egypt in early 2011.
Elaborate on at least two perspectives on the situation.
Appraise the prospects for the Muslim brotherhood in Egypt now that that country is in turmoil.
respond to below 50 to a 100 words keep separate from above
Mohamed Bouazizi a 26 year old from Tunisia burned in himself in December 17, 2010 frustrated with Tunisia's job market. His action caused bloody protestant who were equally frustrated about Tunisia's economy. It drove the president to leave the country. His action also has weight into what happened in Egypt in 2011. The Egyptian were tired of weak economy and were frustrated to see dictatorship which gained all benefits of the country to their family and people around them. This has caused the government to shut down the Internet and the phone. This caused other nations to lead bloody protests in Jordan, Yemen, Algeria, and other Arab nation. Citizens in Arab nations were also frustrated about the western countries supporting the dictators also.
Muslim Brotherhood plays a huge roll on elected officials, because they are a very powerful Muslim group which was found in Egypt. Elected officials work with them fearing to lose power if they don't cooperate.
.
While social media helped spread information and organize protests during the Arab Spring, it was ultimately offline human action that drove revolution. The paper discusses how Twitter emerged as a coordination tool for Tunisian and Egyptian protests in 2011, but traditional media and face-to-face communication remained more important for informing people. The Egyptian government attempted to limit social media's influence by shutting down internet access, but this had the effect of driving more people into the streets to protest. The conclusion is that technology alone does not cause revolution; it takes real human beings standing together through direct action to overthrow authoritarian regimes.
The document discusses the youth movements in the Arab Spring uprisings and Occupy Wall Street protests. It notes that both movements were driven by citizens coming together to protest issues like political corruption, unemployment, corporate greed, and economic recession. While the Arab Spring targeted authoritarian regimes and their repression, Occupy Wall Street protested the influence of corporations on politics and growing economic inequality. The movements both utilized social media and saw a range of responses from authorities, from violent crackdowns to the eventual overthrow of leaders in some Arab countries.
Social media played a key role in political uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt. In Tunisia, social media helped spread information about street protests against a repressive dictator, despite government efforts to shut down the internet. This led to the overthrow of Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali. Similarly in Egypt, a Facebook page helped spark protests against Hosni Mubarak over issues like police brutality and corruption. Large gatherings in Cairo's Tahrir Square grew with help from social media to coordinate protests, leading to Mubarak stepping down. However, social media was also used during London riots to spread information about targets, though for negative purposes rather than political change.
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ARAB SPRING AND THE THEORY OF RELATIVE DEPRIVATION
1. International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 8, No. 1; January 2017
126
Arab Spring and the Theory of Relative Deprivation
Dr. Sadaf Farooq
Assistant Professor
Department of Politics and IR
International Islamic University
Islamabad
Saiqa Bukhari
MS Candidate
Department of Politics and IR
International Islamic University
Islamabad
Dr. Manzoor Ahmed
Assistant Professor
Department of Politics and IR
International Islamic University
Islamabad
Abstract
The paper provides an account of Arab Spring origin, ideology and demands of civil society. The political turmoil
in the Arab world challenged the political status quo of Middle East and North Africa. Arab Spring is the
fundamental event in the Arab world history. It also describes the role of well educated youth and power of social
media in Arab Spring. It further explains the demonstrations at Tunisia, Egypt, Yemen, Libya and Syria in details.
Specifically, the paper spotlights on the relative deprivation theory of Ted Robert Gurr to illustrate why Arab
Spring emerged. Relative deprivation theory has been used to clarify how socio-economic shortages
(unemployment, education and poverty) and political inefficiencies lead to collective turmoil. The answer
provides a clue to resolve the current problem.
Keywords: Arab spring, political status quo, demonstration, relative deprivation.
1. Introduction
The Arab Spring also known as the Arab Uprising is a Revolutionary wave of protests that started in 2011 and
spread throughout the Arab world. It is a pro-democracy demonstration which has been sweeping through Middle
East and North African since 2010. Uprisings were originated in Tunisia on December 18, 2010 when Mohamed
Bouazizi, a street merchant received mistreatment form the police and in order to protest, he set himself on fire in
Sidi Bouzid. Some days later, his death turned into a form of national turmoil which forced Tunisian President
Zein al- Abedin to run off the country. Like a wildfire, demonstrations spread from one state to another in Middle
East and North African countries (MENA). After Tunisian revolution, demonstrations were blown up in Egypt
and Libya; major uprisings were started in Algeria, Syria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Iraq, Jordan, Yemen and Oman, and
relatively minor protests were blown up in Kuwait, Lebanon, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Morocco and
Western Sahara to bring down their authoritative establishment. These demonstrations eventually reshaped the
nature of politics in the Middle East and North Africa (McKay, 2011).
According to recent research, high rate of unemployment and increasing inequality stimulates social unrest around
the world. In Arab world, numbers of factors have been identified as a root cause behind these demonstrations.
The issues such as dictatorship, total monarchy, human rights violations, corruption, unemployment, high rate of
inflation and economic decline dissatisfied the young population of the Arab World.
3. International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 8, No. 1; January 2017
128
Tunisian citizens started to compare themselves with others and felt deprived. Sense of inequality and deprivation
led them to revolt for democratic system (Kerson, 2011).
Luxurious life style of the President Bin Ali was another important reason of Jasmine revolution. Tunisian
economy is mostly based on industries and tourism which faced a huge downfall during 2009 world financial
crisis. Tunisian people did not like leaders to spend huge money on their lifestyle as the economy was worsening
rapidly (Ogbonnaya, 2012).
1.1.2 EGYPT
Egypt was the second state after Tunisia in which revolt started against the corrupt regime of President Hosni
Mubarak. President Hosni Mubarak ruled country for thirty years without a democratic election. Both protests
were mainly based on economic ground rather than democratic. Labour movement provided the basis for the 2011
Egyptian uprisings. In April 2008, revolts in Mahallah were based on economic grounds as food prices were high
as compared to wages. Labour activist Kamal Fayomi explained in his article titled ‘The Labour Movement and
the Future of Democracy in Egypt (2012)’ that Mahallah is the mother of Tahrir. On 6 April, 2008, they said the
entire country was in Mahallah. On January 2011, they stated that everyone was in Tahrir (Levine & Eletrebi,
2012).
Tunisian protest inspired the Egyptians demonstrators and gradually removed the fear barrier. In 1990, Islamic
groups were against President Mubarak control but he did everything without consideration to law. So hatred
against President Mubarak among citizen was grown and his influence gradually decreased. People of Egypt faced
high poverty rate, inflation and unemployment. In 2011, long lasting change came when well-educated youth
joined hands together on the basis of similar interest and started to protest in Egypt. One of the main features of
the 2011 revolt was the unity, lack of fear and common goal within social movements. Government imposed
restrictions on shutdown of internet cafe and curfew at 6 o’clock which provokes even more revolts in the
country. Restrictions on internet services were against the personal freedom which inspired more citizens to join
protest against government. According to Mark Lynch ‘ for changing Egyptian minds for participation in revolts
was death of young man Khaled Said who was dragged from internet cafe and brutally killed. Demonstrators
created the face book page in the memory of Khaled and organized revolts (2011).
Relative Deprivation theory (RDT) is relevant in elaborating the protest in Cairo. RDT is mainly used in
situations where people feel that their basic rights to certain goods and services are not fulfilled which create
motivation to change this situation. Young generation of Egypt who initiated protests was familiar with the
benefits of democracy. Moreover, globalized technology i.e. internet assisted in forming sense of deprivation
among Egyptians as the internet and foreign media criticized President Mubarak regime and provided alternatives
to influence young people to change the situation. After demonstration on February 2011 President forcefully
resigned and turned power to the Supreme Council of the Armed forces. In 2012, interim government of Supreme
Council of the Armed Force held elections and Islamist Mohamed Morsi became the first democratic President of
the State. But in June 2013, many Egyptians has demanded resignation from Morsi and after that army announced
the throw out of Morsi and started preparing for new elections (Levine & Eletrebi, 2012). After two months, head
of the army Abdel Fattah Saeed Khalil el-sisi strated crackdown of pro-Morsi protestors. In the wake of violence
Sisi established an interim government which later on became an elected president of the country.
1.1.3 LIBYA
Since 1969, President Muammar Gaddafi took the power over Libya and introduced a new socialist political
system named as Jamahiriya (state of masses) (Bhadwaj. 2012). The core idea behind Jamahiriya was based on
active participation of citizens in decision-making process. It was assumed to be a leading example of ‘direct
democracy’. Main aim of Jamahiriya system was to become more efficient system as compared to democracy but
in reality, Jamahiriya did not have any space for independent political action (West, 2011).
In Libya Private ownership, trade and freedom of press were considered illegal but in Egypt and Tunisia the civil
community was flourished after demonstrations. In 1990, radical Islamic movement was started in Libya against
President Gaddafi regime but it was unsuccessful (Joffe, 2012). In February 2011, peaceful protest was held in
Benghazi. Protestors demanded democratic reforms, elimination of corruption and violation of Human Rights in
Libya (Lynch, 2013).
5. International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 8, No. 1; January 2017
130
Syrians revolted and got full independence in 1946. After independence Syria faced political instability. Several
conflicts occurred and Syria was under Western threat because of improving relations with Soviet Union. In 1963,
Ba’ath Arab Socialist Party came into power and brought security and stability in the country. It set socialist
program in the country (Bhadwaj, 2012).
Presently, President Bashar-al-Assad is ruling in Syria which came into power in 2000, when his father Hafez al-
Assad passed away. Although Syrian people were facing dictatorship from last 40 years and suffered from
economical and social challenges which promoted uprisings in other part of Arab world. People of Syria showed
support to their President Bashar al-Assad. Initially there were very high hopes for reform in Syria under new
President Bashar al-Assad. In the beginning, President Bashar al-Assad allowed some political activities and
lessened political restrictions at Syria which was known as Damascus Spring. But soon President returned to its
authoritarian and oppressive style of rule which was used by his father. When President Bashar al-Assad was
failed to bring political reforms in Syria, provocation among people grew rapidly (Brownlee, Masoud, &
Reynolds, 2013).
An Alliance among opposition leaders was agreed to form the Damascus Declaration in 2005 for the execution of
political reforms and lifting of the Emergency Law in the country. After this declaration, many opposition leaders
were arrested but some remained active. These people ultimately established the most significant opposition
group in Syria which eventually set a stage for the events to follow. Syrian people inspired by the peaceful
uprising movements in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and eventually protests erupted in Southern city of Syria called
Deraa in March 2011 that demanded democratic political reforms in the country (Saleh & White, 2013).
Pro-democracy protest was escalated in Deraa when teenagers were arrested for painting revolutionary slogans on
the school wall and security forces brutally shoot them. This was the start of an uprising in Syria that rapidly
spread around the country. Initially, demonstrations were small and demanded reforms rather than resignation
from President. Syrian President Bashar Al Asad tried to end demonstrations by using power against protestors.
The cruelty of the Assad regime, using chemical weapons against citizens further radicalized the demonstrators.
After the use of chemical warfare, the turmoil triggered nationwide protest which was demanding resignation of
President Bashar al-Assad in July, 2011 (Momani, 2013). Use of force by government to suppress the protestors
further escalated the uprising. Protestors were successful in gaining control over north and east of the country
after facing violent reaction from President.
According to Relative Deprivation theory, societal conditions that increase the average of expectation without
increasing the abilities, further increase the severity of discontent. As mentioned above in Syria case who initially
had very high expectations form political reforms under new President Bashar al-Assad. But there expectations
were not fulfilled by President Bashar al-Assad which led them to revolts. Relative deprivation theory of Gurr
better elaborates the Syrian demonstration by saying that a gap between expectation (political reforms) and
attainment (authoritative rule) led Syrian individuals towards political violence.
1.1 Relative Deprivation Theory And Arab Spring
Relative deprivation theory was given by Robert Gurr. In his theory he gives a psychological approach to
elaborate how collective dissatisfaction is manifested as political violence by providing aggression-frustration
mechanism. He said that anger which was created by deprivation is a motivating instrument that inclined men to
aggression. According to him deprivation leads toward aggression. Aggression is always the result of frustration
among people. Deprivation word gets from comparison made in minds of people. Ted Gurr elaborates that higher
degree of frustration leads the greater political instability in a country. The major focus in Relative Deprivation
theory is on conditions where citizens feel that their certain rights are banned by ruling authority. This creates
motivation in people’s mind to get rid of prevailing situations. It is mainly focused on individual’s feelings and
actions. This is divided into two forms i.e. egoistic and fraternal deprivation. Egoistic deprivation is personal
deprivation and fraternal deprivation refers to group deprivation. First form of deprivation occurs when people
compare themselves interpersonally. Whereas group deprivation occurs when group of citizen compare
themselves with other groups. The gap between haves and haves not is people deprivation or it is relative
deprivation if it depends on the basis of comparison with others. Relative deprivation is subjective judgment of a
person. Ted Gurr defined relative deprivation as ‘actor’s perception of difference between their expectations and
capabilities. A gap between expectation and reality creates frustrations, disturbance, aggression, revolutions and
conflict. The greater the gap is, the greater the magnitude of aggression and violence (Gurr, 1970).
7. International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 8, No. 1; January 2017
132
The Consequences of these above mentioned demonstrations have been mixed. Some uprisings have led the end
of longstanding oppressive governments as occurred in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Yemen. Tunisian demonstrators
were successful to over thrown the President Ben Ali government in January 2011. After the Tahrir Square
protest, in February 2011 Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak resigned from his 30 years of Presidency. In
October 20, 2011 Libyan demonstrators were successful in overthrown of autocratic regime of Muammar
Gaddafi. After demonstrations in Yemen, President Saleh government was replaced with President Mansour Al-
Hadi who took the charge in February 2012. Some demonstrations are still going on as in Syria there are demands
for the down fall of President Bashar al-Assad. The uprisings have resulted in a violent ongoing civil war between
Protestors and President Assad loyalists.
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