Coronary heart disease is caused by atherosclerosis reducing blood flow to the heart, which can cause chest pain or heart attack. Diagnostic tests include cardiac enzymes in blood to detect heart muscle damage, serum lipoprotein levels indicating atherosclerosis risk, and various imaging techniques. Imaging options are angiography examining heart blood vessels, cardiac scans measuring blood flow at rest and during exercise, Doppler ultrasonography assessing blood flow velocity and direction, echocardiography creating heart images, and venography examining vein blood flow. Cardiac function tests involve cardiac catheterization examining the inside of the heart, electrocardiography monitoring heart electrical activity, Holter monitors tracking heart activity during daily life, and stress tests evaluating cardiovascular fitness during exercise.
Beating Heart Bypass Surgery – Things you should knowMohammad Shakil
Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG), commonly referred Bypass Surgery, is a surgical procedure that redirects blood flow around a blockage or narrowed section in the major arteries supplying blood and oxygen to the heart.
Beating Heart Bypass Surgery – Things you should knowMohammad Shakil
Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG), commonly referred Bypass Surgery, is a surgical procedure that redirects blood flow around a blockage or narrowed section in the major arteries supplying blood and oxygen to the heart.
Incidence and Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease: Doug Levy
Presentation by Lee Goldman, MD, at TCT 2011 conference. Goldman is dean of the faculties of health sciences and medicine and executive vice president of Columbia University Medical Center. For more information, go to http://cumc.columbia.edu/newsroom or call 212-305-3900.
Coronary artery disease (CAD) also known as atherosclerotic heart disease, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, or ischemic heart disease (IHD), is the most common type of heart disease and cause of heart attacks. The disease is caused by plaque building up along the inner walls of the arteries of the heart, which narrows the lumen of arteries and reduces blood flow to the heart.
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a disease in
which a waxy substance called plaque (plak) builds up inside the coronary
arteries. These arteries supply oxygen-rich blood to your heart muscle.
When plaque builds up in the arteries, the
condition is called atherosclerosis
(ATH-er-o-skler-O-sis). The buildup of plaque occurs over many years. Over time, plaque can harden or rupture
(break open). Hardened plaque narrows the coronary arteries and reduces the
flow of oxygen-rich blood to the heart. If
the plaque ruptures, a blood clot can form on its surface. A large blood clot
can mostly or completely block blood flow through a coronary artery. Over time,
ruptured plaque also hardens and narrows the coronary arteries. If the flow of oxygen-rich blood to your
heart muscle is reduced or blocked, angina
(an-JI-nuh or AN-juh-nuh) or a heart attack
can occur.
Angina is chest pain or discomfort. It may
feel like pressure or squeezing in your chest. The pain also can occur in your
shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or back. Angina pain may even feel like
indigestion.
A heart attack occurs if the flow of
oxygen-rich blood to a section of heart muscle is cut off. If blood flow isn’t
restored quickly, the section of heart muscle begins to die. Without quick
treatment, a heart attack can lead to serious health problems or death.
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Chest X-ray:
The chest X-ray is a noninvasive tool used to visualize internal structures, such as the heart, lungs, soft tissues, and bones.
Most chest X-rays are taken while the patient is inhaling so that the lungs are fully expanded.
Several types of chest X-rays can be used to assess heart size, contour, and position; other types reveal cardiac and pericardial calcification as well as physiologic alterations in pulmonary circulation.
A moderately frequent illness called congestive heart failure occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's demands. It frequently happens as a result of a chronic illness or aging. The body makes an effort to make up for this by boosting blood salt levels and fluid retention.
Swelling, weight gain, and shortness of breath may result from this. Diabetes and high blood pressure are other conditions linked to congestive heart failure. Congestive heart failure, however, is most frequently brought on by coronary artery disease (CAD). This occurs when the arteries that carry blood to the heart start to constrict and narrow.
When calling a doctor is important to question Dr. Sumit shejol Cardiologist from Hrudaysparsh Clinic Suggests that if you recognize the majority of the symptoms of heart failure. Certain signs and symptoms, such as chest pain, acute breathlessness, an irregular heartbeat, extreme weakness, or fainting, demand rapid medical attention. Do not delay in seeking assistance, do not self-diagnose, and do not self-medicate if you feel any of that. Some of these symptoms may also be a sign of heart failure or another serious lung, heart, or cardiovascular disease. Your condition is stabilized as emergency room doctors try to identify the source of your symptoms. Call your doctor right away if you've already been given a heart failure diagnosis and you realize that your symptoms have gotten worse or a new symptom has appeared.
Congestive heart failure is a fatal condition with a high mortality rate. Congestive heart failure has a wide range of risk factors. Smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol, being obese, and having experienced a heart attack in the past are some of them. It can also be brought on by a hereditary condition like cardiomyopathy. The condition can cause the heart muscle to expand and become excessively thick, which can result in heart failure. Congestive heart failure can be exacerbated by lifestyle choices including smoking, excessive alcohol intake, or tobacco use.
2. Coronary heart disease A condition caused by atherosclerosis that reduces the blood flow through the coronary arteries to the heart and typically results in chest pain or a potential heart attack.
3. Clinical laboratory tests Cardiac enzymes- a blood test that allows your doctor to see if you have had a heart attack. An increase in the enzymes may indicate heart muscle damage such as myocardial infarction. These enzymes include CPK- creatine phosphokinase LDH- lactate dehydrogenase GOT- glutamicoxaloacetictransaminase
4. When cardiac enzymes test are not effective Someone on cholesterol lowering medication Heavy alcohol use Recent heavy exercise Recent surgery Having had CPR or defibrillation Kidney failure
5. Serum lipoprotein level Lipoproteins are molecules made of proteins and fat that transport cholesterol and similar compounds in the blood. This test is used as an indicator of atherosclerosis risk.
6. Diagnostic imaging Angiography-A procedure so you can look at the blood vessels of the heart after injection of a dye. Used as a indicator if the patient has narrowing or blockage of the arteries leading to and from the heart. Cardiac scan-a test that measures the amount of blood in your heart when you are resting or doing exercise. This test is really useful in determining myocardial damage.
7. Doppler ultrasonography- this test is very useful to detect the direction, velocity and turbulence or blood flow. It is frequently used to detect problems with heart valves or to measure blood flow through the arteries. Also this test is useful with stroke patients in accessing blood flow to the abdomen and legs.
8. Echocardiography-a diagnostic test that uses ultrasounds waves to create an image of the heart muscle. Ultrasounds waves that rebound or echo off the heart can show the size, shape and movement of the heart valves and chambers as well as the blood flow through the heart. This test is also effective in showing poorly functioning heart valves from previous heart attacks.
9. Venography- x-ray of the veins by tracing the venous pulse. Used primarily to diagnose deep vein thrombosis(DVT). Venography can also be used to distinguished blood clots from obstructuion in the veins.
10. Cardiac function tests Cardiac catheterization-a procedure done in a hospital setting, where they take a thin tube called a catheter through a blood vessel leading to the heart. This is done to detect abnormalities within the heart, to collect cardiac blood samples, and to determine the blood pressure within the heart. Electrocardiography- a process of recording the electrical activity of the heart. Mostly used to diagnosis abnormal cardiac rhythms and heart muscle damage.
11. Holter monitor-a portable ECG monitor worn by patients to monitor the heart and pulse activities during their everyday living. The length of time varies from a few hours or several days. This is usually worn to assess a patient who complains of chest pain or abnormal heart activities during exercise or normal every day living.
12. Stress test- a test used for evaluating cardiovascular fitness. The patient is asked to get on a treadmill or bike with increasing levels of work. The patient oxygen level is taken and an EKG is taken to monitor the patients heart activity. If any abnormalities occur the test is stopped.