The document discusses three common cardiac diagnostic tests: cardiac enzyme tests, stress testing, and echocardiography. Cardiac enzyme tests measure levels of enzymes in the blood that can indicate a heart attack. Stress testing evaluates how well the heart handles increased activity levels to identify issues like coronary heart disease. Echocardiography uses ultrasound to examine the structure and function of the heart, detecting abnormalities and conditions of the valves and arteries. These tests help doctors identify potential heart problems, determine treatment plans, and establish safe exercise routines.

1. Cardiovascular System & Diagnostic Testing By: Jessica Kontopoulos Bio 120 Chapter 5 Professor: R Abdullah

2. Heart = cardi/o The heart is a pump made up of cardiac muscle fibers Has four chambers Beats 60 to 100 bpm Located in the left side of Mediastinum

3. Cardiac Tests Some tests performed to determine the existence of potential heart diseases, disorders and prognosis include: Cardiac Enzyme Stress Testing Echocardiography

4. Cardiac Enzymes A blood test used to determine if enzymes specific to the heart are located in the patients blood. Enzymes tested are: creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT). Normal Values: Total CPK 30-150 IU/dl CPK-MB 0-5 IU/dl. An increase in these enzymes may indicate a heart attack. Levels are monitored for several days. Usually become elevated 24 hours after onset of chest pain. Test is useful in patients where myocardial ontusion or electric shock is suspected.

5. Enzyme Testing Comparison

6. Stress Testing Used as a method for determining cardiovascular fitness. Determines the amount of stress your heart can manage before developing an abnormal rhythm or evidence of ischemia. Non-Invasive approach for treatment. A stress test can be used to test for heart disease. Performed by a doctor and/or trained technician The most commonly performed stress test is the exercise or treadmill stress test.

7. Stress Testing Cont’d An EKG and oxygen are taken while the patient exercises. If abnormalities are present then the testing is stopped Establishes if there is adequate blood flow to the heart during increasing levels of activity. Determine underlying disease such as coronary heart disease Verify the efficacy of procedures done to improve blood flow in people with coronary heart disease. Identify abnormal heart rhythms. Helps develop safe exercise regimens.

8. Echocardiography Helps diagnose cardiovascular diseases. Noninvasive with no known risks or side effects. One of the most widely used diagnostic tests for heart disease. Provides information on size, shape and pumping capacity of the heart. Provides location and amount of any damage. Allows for evaluation of heart valves and detects abnormal patterns of blood flow. Detects the existence and degree of coronary artery disease.

9. Echocardiography Cont’d Conditions that may be determined by an ECHO Heart murmur Structural abnormalities Heart function Arrhythmias Heart valve disorders

10. Conclusion Diagnostic testing can help identify underlying health concerns. Some tests are less invasive than others. Most are performed by a Doctor or Technician. Helps the doctor determine what treatment and lifestyle changes will keep your heart healthy and prevent serious future medical events.

11. References Fremgen, B. F. (2009). Medical Terminology A living language fourth edition. New Jersey: Pearson Education. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echocardiography http://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/cardiac-enzyme-studies http://www.ispub.com