This document provides information about diabetes mellitus including its causes, risk factors, dietary management principles, and guidelines. It is a chronic metabolic disorder associated with high blood sugar and sugar in the urine. Risk factors include hereditary factors, high blood pressure, obesity, and physical inactivity. The document outlines dietary principles like low calorie, low fat intake and recommends foods to consume and avoid for managing diabetes.

1. DIABETES MELLITUS ?
Diabetes = flow through
Mel = honey
 It is a chronic metabolic disorder.
 Has a strong hereditary basis.
 Associated with high blood sugar
and passage of sugar in the urine.

2. SYMPTOMS OF DM ?

3. RISK FACTORS FOR DM ?

4. SOME OTHER RISK FACTORS FOR
DM ?
 Dietary restrictions in foetal stage
 Excess sugar intake
 Low dietary fibre
 Infections
 Acute stress – Physical injury,
surgery, emotional distress
 Prolonged malnutrition

5. RISK FACTORS FOR HT &
 Cigarette smoking  Psychological factors
IHD ?
 High HDL cholesterol  LP (a)
 High fat diet  Age – 50-55 years
 High blood pressure  Male gender
 Diabetes mellitus  Family history
 Physical inactivity  Obesity
 Low HDL cholesterol  Post menopausal
 High Triglycerides status

6. CLUSTERING OF THREE MAJOR RISK
FACTORS CAN CAUSE HEART
ATTACK !!!

8. CHILDHOOD OBESITY A
CONCERN!!!
Pizza,
Icecream
,
Candy,

9. PRINCIPLES OF DIETARY
MANAGEMENT ?
 Low calorie
 Low cholesterol
 High in unsaturated fats –
mono (MUFA) and poly (PUFA)
 High in fibre
 High in minerals and vitamins
 Low in sodium especially salt
 Plenty of fluids
 High in omega-3 fat (n-3)
 Low fat particularly saturated fats (SAFA)

10. DIETARY GUIDELINES
 Maintain slightly lower than normal weight.
 Diet should be rich in fibre.
 Have 500 gm of fruits & vegetables each day.
 Use vegetable oil rich in MUFA & n-3.
 Include fish in diet.
 Have small quantities of walnuts and almonds.
 Use only skimmed milk.
 Have coffee and tea in moderation.
 Include Soya bean, fenugreek, garlic, onion and
turmeric in diet.

11. DIETARY GUIDELINES
CONTINUED…
 Use combinations of oils.
 Have plenty of water.
 Prefer whole wheat instead of rice.
 Have 6 meals a day
 3 main meals
 3 in between meals (snacks)
 Avoid feasting and fasting.

12. AVOID THESE …
 Sweets, chocolates, cakes, pastries, Ice creams
 Aerated drinks, alcohol and sweetened juices
 Sago (sabudana)
 Egg yolk
 Coconut
 Sugar, honey, jaggery, glucose
 Meat and pork
 Sodium rich foods (salt)
 Fried foods
 Heavy meal

13. HAVE PLENTY OF THESE…
 Beans  Tomatoes
(green)  Strawberries
 Broccoli  Buttermilk, low fat
 Cabbage  Milk, 1% milk fat
 Cauliflower  Soy milk
 Cucumber  Yogurt, plain
 Brinjal  Tea (no milk & sugar)
 Lettuce  Lime water (no
 Mushrooms sugar)
 Radishes  Water
THESE ARE LOW CALORIE

14. ANIMAL FOODS HIGH IN SAFA AND
CHOLESTEROL
 Butter
 Ghee
 Cheese
 Egg yolk
 Chicken
 Beef
 Mutton
 Pork
 Organ meats – brain, heart, kidney, liver
 Prawns and shrimps
AVOID THEM TO PROTECT YOUR

15. THE KEY TO GOOD

16. FIBRE RICH FOODS…
 Whole cereals
Wheat, Barley, Ragi, Corn, Muesli, Oats, Isabgul…
 Leafy and other vegetables
Cabbage, Peas, Broccoli, Carrots…
 Beans, whole pulses and legumes
Rajmah, Tuver, Chole, Soyabean…
 Fruits
Apples, Strawberries, Peach, Pear, Guava,
Pomogeranate…

17. FOODS HIGH IN SODIUM
 Salt  Egg
 Baking powder  Lobster
 Cooking soda  Monosodium glutamate
 Biscuits  Soya & tomato sauce
 Breads  Pickles
 Salted butter  Wafers
 Cakes & pastries  Papad
 Cheese  Canned food
 Salted chips  Prepared mixes
 Corn flakes  Peanut butter
BEST AT ITS MINIMUM !!!

18. NATURAL ANTIOXIDANTS
 Guava  Orange
 Red grapes  Lime
 Pomegranate  Dark green leafy vegetables
 Amla  Walnuts
 Berries (Bor)  Almonds
 Tomato  Whole grain cereals
 Papaya
THESE FIGHT TO PROTECT

19. SOYA PROTEINS
 Soya bean
 Soya milk
 Tofu
 Textured Soya supplements
 Soya nuggets
 Soya flour
IT REDUCES CHOLESTEROL!!!

20. GARLIC
DOSE: 1 or ½ clove of garlic per day
 Reduces blood pressure.
 Reduces cholesterol levels.

21. FENUGREEK SEEDS (Methi)
DOSE: 25 to 50 g per day
 High in fibre
 Reduces blood sugar
 Reduces cholesterol and TG
 Helps loose weight

22. GLYCEMIC INDEX (GI)
Ability of the food item to raise
blood sugar is measured in GI.
 Does not depend on amount of food
 But on how fast it is absorbed within
the body
Diabetics must prefer
low GI foods

23. VERY LOW GI FOODS
 Dals and pulses
Moong dal, tur dal, rajmah, moong,
soybeans, channa etc.
 Low fat dairy products
Milk, curds, paneer and buttermilk.

24. INTERMEDIATE GI FOODS
 All vegetables
Cabbage, brinjal, spinach, methi, guvar etc.
 Fruits with low sugar and high
water
Watermelon, pineapple, apple, orange etc.
 Whole cereals
Whole wheat, whole wheat noodles, bajra,
jowar, ragi, wheat bran, rice bran, barley
etc.

25. HIGH GI FOODS
 Cornflakes
 Rice
 Maida Bread
 Root vegetables like potato, yam
 Sugar, honey, jaggery, sweets, chocolate
 Icecream

26. ALCOHOL….. MUST BE
AVOIDED of empty calories which is
 It is a source
stored in the body as fat.
 It reduces blood sugar and hence must
be avoided especially when on insulin
and oral medicines.
 It damages liver.
 It may react with certain medicines.

27. MYTHS  … & FACTS  …
 Eating sweets cause diabetes.
 Sweets only increase weight. Inability of the
body to form insulin cause diabetes.
 Sugar free products can be freely taken.
 Sugar free products can be high in fat and
hence must be avoided.

28. MYTHS  … & FACTS  …
Continue…
 Diabetics must avoid fruits.
 Only few fruits such as mango, grapes,
chikoo, coconut, sitaphal and banana must be
avoided. Rest all can be taken daily.
 Diabetes is curable.
 Diabetes cannot be cured but can be
managed with diet, exercise and medication.