Diabetes
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
3 likes•316 views
This document provides information on diabetes, including: - Symptoms such as increased thirst, fatigue, blurred vision, weight loss, and neurological issues. - Causes including lack of insulin production, insulin resistance, obesity, diet, lack of exercise, and genetics. - Types of diabetes including type 1, type 2, gestational, and secondary. - Investigations like fasting blood sugar, HbA1c, and oral glucose tolerance tests. - Complications involving hypoglycemia, ketoacidosis, and microvascular/macrovascular damage to organs like the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels. - Treatment options covering medications, insulin,
Report
Share
Report
Share
![Symptoms-1
• Thirst due to increased amount of glu.
In urine which lead to dehydration
• Fatigue & lethagy [ carb-glu-glu need
insulin to transport it to cells.if glu cant
transported to cell then cells starve ,so]
• Urine sugar + [ unutilized glu is
excreated in urine]
• Blurred vision [ due to fluctuation of bl
sugar]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
Recommended
Insulin
Diabetes is a condition characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from issues with insulin production or action. It can lead to pathological changes in tissues and complications like retinopathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease. Insulin is a hormone produced in the pancreas that regulates glucose metabolism. It works by increasing glucose uptake and storage and inhibiting gluconeogenesis and lipolysis. Different insulin preparations have been developed with varying durations of action. Treatment of diabetes involves restoring normal metabolism through insulin administration and preventing complications.
Iron
The document discusses hematinics, which are substances required for blood formation and used to treat anemias. It describes common causes of anemia including blood loss, impaired red blood cell formation, and increased cell destruction. Key hematinics discussed include iron, vitamin B12, folic acid, and erythropoietin. Iron is important for hemoglobin synthesis and is absorbed in the small intestine. Oral iron supplements can cause side effects so intravenous formulations are used for severe deficiencies. Vitamin B12 and folic acid are required for cell formation and DNA synthesis. Deficiencies can cause megaloblastic anemia. Erythropoietin stimulates red blood cell production and is used to treat an
Aplstic anemia
Sickle cell anemia is an inherited blood disorder where red blood cells become rigid and sticky and are shaped like sickles or crescents. This causes them to get stuck in small blood vessels and block blood flow, leading to pain crises. It is caused by a genetic mutation that results in abnormal hemoglobin called hemoglobin S. Symptoms include anemia, pain crises, swelling in hands and feet, and increased risk of infections. Complications can include stroke, organ damage, pulmonary hypertension, and blindness if untreated. Treatment focuses on pain management, antibiotics to prevent infection, hydroxyurea to reduce crises, blood transfusions, and potentially a bone marrow transplant for cure. Nursing care centers on managing pain
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
The document discusses three serious acute complications of diabetes: diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state, and lactic acidosis. It focuses on diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), which results from a combination of insulin deficiency and excess of counterregulatory hormones like glucagon. This leads to increased gluconeogenesis and lipolysis, reduced glucose utilization, and ultimately ketonemia, ketonuria and metabolic acidosis as the liver produces ketone bodies from free fatty acids at a rate the body cannot buffer. While rare in type 2 diabetes, DKA is more common in type 1 diabetes due to higher insulin levels in type 2 patients. The document also briefly discusses hyperglycaem
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Diabetes is a condition where the body does not properly process glucose due to lack of insulin or insulin resistance. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) occurs when a lack of insulin causes the body to break down fat and produce ketones, leading to hyperglycemia, ketosis and acidosis. DKA treatment involves rehydration, insulin therapy to lower blood glucose and ketone levels, electrolyte replacement, and identifying/treating the precipitating cause. Complications can include infection, shock, thrombosis, pulmonary edema and cerebral edema. Prevention relies on education about sick day management to avoid DKA during illness.
Complications of diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders where there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin or the cells not responding properly to insulin. The main types are type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Type 1 is caused by autoimmune destruction of beta cells and requires insulin treatment. Type 2 comprises 80% of cases and begins with insulin resistance. Gestational diabetes occurs in pregnant women. Acute complications include ketoacidosis, hypoglycemia, and the hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome. Late complications involve damage to small and large blood vessels leading to numerous health issues. Treatment focuses on managing blood sugar levels and complications through
Diabetes Mellitus (Part 1 of a 2 part series)
This segment covers the introduction; classification; signs and symptoms; complications; laboratory investigations pertaining to DM.
diabetic ketoacidosis DKA
this power point descripe diabetic ketoacidosis in pediatric age group .. we talk about the risk of it .. management specially (fluid management) as case study .. complications and the treatment of brain oedema .. i hope to be auseful one .. enjoy
Recommended
Insulin
Diabetes is a condition characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from issues with insulin production or action. It can lead to pathological changes in tissues and complications like retinopathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease. Insulin is a hormone produced in the pancreas that regulates glucose metabolism. It works by increasing glucose uptake and storage and inhibiting gluconeogenesis and lipolysis. Different insulin preparations have been developed with varying durations of action. Treatment of diabetes involves restoring normal metabolism through insulin administration and preventing complications.
Iron
The document discusses hematinics, which are substances required for blood formation and used to treat anemias. It describes common causes of anemia including blood loss, impaired red blood cell formation, and increased cell destruction. Key hematinics discussed include iron, vitamin B12, folic acid, and erythropoietin. Iron is important for hemoglobin synthesis and is absorbed in the small intestine. Oral iron supplements can cause side effects so intravenous formulations are used for severe deficiencies. Vitamin B12 and folic acid are required for cell formation and DNA synthesis. Deficiencies can cause megaloblastic anemia. Erythropoietin stimulates red blood cell production and is used to treat an
Aplstic anemia
Sickle cell anemia is an inherited blood disorder where red blood cells become rigid and sticky and are shaped like sickles or crescents. This causes them to get stuck in small blood vessels and block blood flow, leading to pain crises. It is caused by a genetic mutation that results in abnormal hemoglobin called hemoglobin S. Symptoms include anemia, pain crises, swelling in hands and feet, and increased risk of infections. Complications can include stroke, organ damage, pulmonary hypertension, and blindness if untreated. Treatment focuses on pain management, antibiotics to prevent infection, hydroxyurea to reduce crises, blood transfusions, and potentially a bone marrow transplant for cure. Nursing care centers on managing pain
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
The document discusses three serious acute complications of diabetes: diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state, and lactic acidosis. It focuses on diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), which results from a combination of insulin deficiency and excess of counterregulatory hormones like glucagon. This leads to increased gluconeogenesis and lipolysis, reduced glucose utilization, and ultimately ketonemia, ketonuria and metabolic acidosis as the liver produces ketone bodies from free fatty acids at a rate the body cannot buffer. While rare in type 2 diabetes, DKA is more common in type 1 diabetes due to higher insulin levels in type 2 patients. The document also briefly discusses hyperglycaem
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Diabetes is a condition where the body does not properly process glucose due to lack of insulin or insulin resistance. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) occurs when a lack of insulin causes the body to break down fat and produce ketones, leading to hyperglycemia, ketosis and acidosis. DKA treatment involves rehydration, insulin therapy to lower blood glucose and ketone levels, electrolyte replacement, and identifying/treating the precipitating cause. Complications can include infection, shock, thrombosis, pulmonary edema and cerebral edema. Prevention relies on education about sick day management to avoid DKA during illness.
Complications of diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders where there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin or the cells not responding properly to insulin. The main types are type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Type 1 is caused by autoimmune destruction of beta cells and requires insulin treatment. Type 2 comprises 80% of cases and begins with insulin resistance. Gestational diabetes occurs in pregnant women. Acute complications include ketoacidosis, hypoglycemia, and the hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome. Late complications involve damage to small and large blood vessels leading to numerous health issues. Treatment focuses on managing blood sugar levels and complications through
Diabetes Mellitus (Part 1 of a 2 part series)
This segment covers the introduction; classification; signs and symptoms; complications; laboratory investigations pertaining to DM.
diabetic ketoacidosis DKA
this power point descripe diabetic ketoacidosis in pediatric age group .. we talk about the risk of it .. management specially (fluid management) as case study .. complications and the treatment of brain oedema .. i hope to be auseful one .. enjoy
Diabetic keto acidosis ppt
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is characterized by uncontrolled hyperglycemia, ketone body formation severe enough to cause metabolic acidosis. It is most common in type 1 diabetes but can occur in type 2 diabetes under stress. The pathophysiology involves insulin deficiency leading to lipolysis, ketone body production in the liver, and metabolic acidosis. Treatment involves IV fluid replacement, insulin therapy, correcting electrolyte imbalances like potassium depletion, and treating precipitating factors. Management seeks to lower blood glucose while avoiding hypoglycemia and hypokalemia. Prognosis is generally good with timely treatment but mortality increases with age, comorbidities, and treatment delays.
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening complication of diabetes that occurs when there is not enough insulin in the body. It is caused by a lack of insulin and high levels of stress hormones. This leads to high blood sugar, the building up of ketones in the blood, and metabolic acidosis. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, and fruity-smelling breath. It is diagnosed based on high blood sugar, ketones in the urine or blood, and metabolic acidosis. Treatment involves fluid replacement, electrolyte replacement, insulin administration, and monitoring to correct the condition safely.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis dr salah mabrouk
This document provides an overview of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), including its definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, etiology, clinical manifestations, investigations, differential diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and pitfalls. DKA is characterized by hyperglycemia, ketonemia, and metabolic acidosis. It is caused by insulin deficiency and excess counterregulatory hormones. Treatment involves fluid and electrolyte replacement, insulin therapy, and glucose administration to prevent hypoglycemia. Complications include cerebral edema, infection, and pulmonary edema.
Acute diabetic complication dr. mohamed ibrahim (1) (1)
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) are two serious acute complications of diabetes. DKA is characterized by hyperglycemia, ketosis, and acidosis, while HHS involves hyperglycemia, hyperosmolarity, and altered mental status. Traditional teaching held that DKA primarily affects type 1 diabetics under 65, while HHS affects type 2 diabetics over 65, but reality shows most cases of either condition occur in type 2 diabetics, including those over 65 for DKA. Proper treatment of DKA involves fluid resuscitation, electrolyte replacement, insulin therapy, and treating any complications, while monitoring blood sugar,
Diabetes mellitus and D inspidus
This document discusses diabetes mellitus in dogs and cats. It defines diabetes as a chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism caused by relative or absolute insulin deficiency. The two main types of diabetes are type 1, caused by immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic beta cells, and type 2, caused by insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. Clinical signs in dogs include polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, weight loss, and ketotic breath. Management involves insulin therapy, dietary management, weight control, and possibly oral hypoglycemic medications.
Hormonal reglation of blood glucose levels
A comprehensive presentation on hormonal regulation of blood glucose levels for undergraduate medical students & faculty.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis Presentation
Diabetic ketoacidosis is a life-threatening condition caused by insulin deficiency and resistance, leading to excessive production of ketoacids by the liver and metabolic acidosis. It commonly affects older dogs and cats and has an acute onset of lethargy, vomiting, and dehydration. Treatment involves aggressive fluid therapy, insulin administration, and electrolyte replacement to slowly correct blood glucose and acidosis over 24-48 hours, monitoring for complications like hypoglycemia. Long-term management focuses on insulin therapy, diet, exercise and monitoring to control blood glucose levels.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis management update
This document describes a new standardized protocol for treating diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) that was implemented across a hospital in response to inconsistencies in approach. The key elements of the new protocol include standardized diagnosis criteria, identification of high-risk patients requiring intensive care, standardized fluid resuscitation orders, and a fixed-rate insulin dosing regimen along with maintaining a patient's basal insulin. The goal of the protocol is to improve consistency and allow for better assessment of outcomes while minimizing risks of complications like cerebral edema, pulmonary edema, electrolyte imbalances, and hypoglycemia. Two example cases are provided showing how the protocol would be applied.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus characterized by hyperglycemia, ketonuria, and metabolic acidosis. It commonly occurs in patients with type 1 diabetes, especially young individuals, during times of poor blood sugar control or lack of insulin. DKA results from a lack of insulin leading to increased breakdown of fats which produces ketone bodies, causing a metabolic acidosis. Risk factors include young age, non-compliance with insulin therapy, infection, and previous episodes of DKA. Patients present with signs of dehydration, Kussmaul breathing, and a fruity odor. Diagnosis is confirmed with blood and urine tests showing high glucose, ket
Drugs used in diabetes- Mr. panneh
This document discusses drugs used to treat diabetes. There are two major types of diabetes: type 1 characterized by pancreatic beta cell destruction, and type 2 characterized by insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. Common antidiabetic drugs include antiglycemics like metformin and sulfonylureas which lower blood glucose levels by different mechanisms of action. Insulin therapy is also discussed including rapid, short, intermediate, and long acting insulins. Side effects of the various drug classes are mentioned. The document provides an overview of common drug treatments for diabetes.
Acute & Chronic Diabetes Mellitus
This document discusses various types of diabetic comas including diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), hypoglycemic coma, and hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma. It provides details on the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and treatment principles for each type of coma. The document also describes classifications of acute and chronic diabetic complications and covers specific complications like nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, and diabetic foot syndrome. Treatment protocols for diabetic ketoacidosis are outlined, focusing on insulin therapy, rehydration, electrolyte correction, and acid-base balance correction.
Diabetes mellitus 3
This document discusses the management of diabetes mellitus. It aims to manage hyperglycemia symptoms, minimize microvascular and macrovascular complications, and lists treatment goals for fasting blood sugar, HbA1c, blood pressure, and cholesterol. Treatment involves diet, lifestyle changes, oral medications, insulin, and managing comorbidities. Drug therapy options are discussed including biguanides, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, incretin therapies, SGLT2 inhibitors, and insulin. Complications of diabetes like retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, foot complications, and accelerated atherosclerosis are summarized.
Diabetic emergencies
This document discusses diabetic emergencies, specifically diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS). It covers the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment priorities of volume repletion, potassium replacement, and insulin administration, as well as complications, disposition, and pitfalls in management. The goal of treatment is to correct dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and acidosis while gradually lowering blood glucose levels.
Acute complications of diabetes
1) The document discusses the role of nurses in managing acute complications of diabetes mellitus, focusing on hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, and diabetic ketoacidosis.
2) It outlines the signs, symptoms, diagnostic measures, treatment and nursing management of these acute complications.
3) The nursing role includes ongoing assessment, accurate monitoring, treatment, education, and psychological support of patients experiencing acute diabetic complications.
Diabetes mellitus. 2
This document discusses diabetes mellitus and provides information on investigations used to diagnose both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It describes tests such as urine glucose, blood glucose levels, HbA1c, and c-peptide that can indicate diabetes or prediabetes. Diabetic ketoacidosis, a medical emergency, is also summarized, including its metabolic disturbances, clinical features, and management through fluid resuscitation and insulin administration. The document outlines the pathophysiology and risk factors for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
A 20-year-old female with type 1 diabetes presented with abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and cough for 1 week. She was found to have hypotension, tachycardia, and metabolic acidosis. Laboratory tests confirmed diabetic ketoacidosis. She was treated with intravenous fluids, insulin, and antibiotics. Her condition improved with treatment and she was discharged after 6 days.
Diabetic ketoacidosis: a case study
A review of the investigation and management of diabetic ketoacidosis in newly diagnosed type I diabetes. Patient details have been changed and anonymised to protect the identity of the individual.
DKA
This document summarizes diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a life-threatening complication of diabetes caused by a lack of insulin. It discusses precipitating factors, cardinal features, pathophysiology, investigations, and treatment including fluid therapy with isotonic saline, insulin therapy via IV bolus and infusion, potassium replacement, and bicarbonate therapy if the pH is low. Monitoring of glucose, electrolytes, and vital signs is important. Treatment of underlying infections or other precipitating causes is also needed. Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state, a similar condition without ketoacidosis, is also summarized.
Diabetic ketoacidosis meaning,types &management for nurses murugesh
This document discusses diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), providing information on its pathophysiology, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, complications and management. DKA is a serious complication of diabetes characterized by hyperglycemia, acidosis and ketonemia. It occurs due to insulin deficiency and increased counter-regulatory hormones, leading to altered glucose and lipid metabolism. Common causes include missed or irregular insulin doses. Treatment involves fluid replacement, insulin therapy, and monitoring for and correcting acid-base disturbances and electrolyte imbalances to prevent complications like cerebral edema. Nursing responsibilities include close monitoring of vital signs, labs, intake/output and providing supportive care.
SIGNIFICANCE OF UREA CYCLE IN WOMEN
Urea levels in the blood depend on diet and protein intake, with higher levels seen in those consuming more protein or undergoing increased catabolism. Physiologically, urea levels are also higher in adults and late pregnancy compared to children and early pregnancy. Pathologically, increased urea can indicate excessive urea production, impaired clearance, or conditions like renal or liver failure that impact protein metabolism. Decreased urea may be seen in liver disease, malnutrition, or after procedures like hemodialysis that remove urea from the blood. High or low urea levels in pregnant patients correlate with birth weight and gestational age. Both renal function and urea levels are predictive of mortality in heart failure patients.
News new drugs 2014
New drugs were approved by the FDA in 2014 to treat various conditions. Dalvance and Sivextro were approved for skin and soft tissue infections caused by MRSA, requiring either two doses of Dalvance one week apart or daily doses of Sivextro for 6 days. Afrezza, an inhaled insulin, was approved for diabetes to be administered at the beginning of each meal. Jublia was approved for the treatment of toenail fungus, applying it once daily for 24-48 weeks. Nasocobal, a B12 nasal spray, was approved for weekly use with a single-use device that eliminates product loss with one spray. A new clinical finding showed that metformin may benefit African Americans
Jacob Gonzales Visual Resume
Here is a visual resume that briefly describes my past work experience, as well as my past and current education. Please feel free to contact me if you have any questions!
More Related Content
What's hot
Diabetic keto acidosis ppt
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is characterized by uncontrolled hyperglycemia, ketone body formation severe enough to cause metabolic acidosis. It is most common in type 1 diabetes but can occur in type 2 diabetes under stress. The pathophysiology involves insulin deficiency leading to lipolysis, ketone body production in the liver, and metabolic acidosis. Treatment involves IV fluid replacement, insulin therapy, correcting electrolyte imbalances like potassium depletion, and treating precipitating factors. Management seeks to lower blood glucose while avoiding hypoglycemia and hypokalemia. Prognosis is generally good with timely treatment but mortality increases with age, comorbidities, and treatment delays.
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening complication of diabetes that occurs when there is not enough insulin in the body. It is caused by a lack of insulin and high levels of stress hormones. This leads to high blood sugar, the building up of ketones in the blood, and metabolic acidosis. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, and fruity-smelling breath. It is diagnosed based on high blood sugar, ketones in the urine or blood, and metabolic acidosis. Treatment involves fluid replacement, electrolyte replacement, insulin administration, and monitoring to correct the condition safely.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis dr salah mabrouk
This document provides an overview of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), including its definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, etiology, clinical manifestations, investigations, differential diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and pitfalls. DKA is characterized by hyperglycemia, ketonemia, and metabolic acidosis. It is caused by insulin deficiency and excess counterregulatory hormones. Treatment involves fluid and electrolyte replacement, insulin therapy, and glucose administration to prevent hypoglycemia. Complications include cerebral edema, infection, and pulmonary edema.
Acute diabetic complication dr. mohamed ibrahim (1) (1)
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) are two serious acute complications of diabetes. DKA is characterized by hyperglycemia, ketosis, and acidosis, while HHS involves hyperglycemia, hyperosmolarity, and altered mental status. Traditional teaching held that DKA primarily affects type 1 diabetics under 65, while HHS affects type 2 diabetics over 65, but reality shows most cases of either condition occur in type 2 diabetics, including those over 65 for DKA. Proper treatment of DKA involves fluid resuscitation, electrolyte replacement, insulin therapy, and treating any complications, while monitoring blood sugar,
Diabetes mellitus and D inspidus
This document discusses diabetes mellitus in dogs and cats. It defines diabetes as a chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism caused by relative or absolute insulin deficiency. The two main types of diabetes are type 1, caused by immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic beta cells, and type 2, caused by insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. Clinical signs in dogs include polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, weight loss, and ketotic breath. Management involves insulin therapy, dietary management, weight control, and possibly oral hypoglycemic medications.
Hormonal reglation of blood glucose levels
A comprehensive presentation on hormonal regulation of blood glucose levels for undergraduate medical students & faculty.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis Presentation
Diabetic ketoacidosis is a life-threatening condition caused by insulin deficiency and resistance, leading to excessive production of ketoacids by the liver and metabolic acidosis. It commonly affects older dogs and cats and has an acute onset of lethargy, vomiting, and dehydration. Treatment involves aggressive fluid therapy, insulin administration, and electrolyte replacement to slowly correct blood glucose and acidosis over 24-48 hours, monitoring for complications like hypoglycemia. Long-term management focuses on insulin therapy, diet, exercise and monitoring to control blood glucose levels.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis management update
This document describes a new standardized protocol for treating diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) that was implemented across a hospital in response to inconsistencies in approach. The key elements of the new protocol include standardized diagnosis criteria, identification of high-risk patients requiring intensive care, standardized fluid resuscitation orders, and a fixed-rate insulin dosing regimen along with maintaining a patient's basal insulin. The goal of the protocol is to improve consistency and allow for better assessment of outcomes while minimizing risks of complications like cerebral edema, pulmonary edema, electrolyte imbalances, and hypoglycemia. Two example cases are provided showing how the protocol would be applied.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus characterized by hyperglycemia, ketonuria, and metabolic acidosis. It commonly occurs in patients with type 1 diabetes, especially young individuals, during times of poor blood sugar control or lack of insulin. DKA results from a lack of insulin leading to increased breakdown of fats which produces ketone bodies, causing a metabolic acidosis. Risk factors include young age, non-compliance with insulin therapy, infection, and previous episodes of DKA. Patients present with signs of dehydration, Kussmaul breathing, and a fruity odor. Diagnosis is confirmed with blood and urine tests showing high glucose, ket
Drugs used in diabetes- Mr. panneh
This document discusses drugs used to treat diabetes. There are two major types of diabetes: type 1 characterized by pancreatic beta cell destruction, and type 2 characterized by insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. Common antidiabetic drugs include antiglycemics like metformin and sulfonylureas which lower blood glucose levels by different mechanisms of action. Insulin therapy is also discussed including rapid, short, intermediate, and long acting insulins. Side effects of the various drug classes are mentioned. The document provides an overview of common drug treatments for diabetes.
Acute & Chronic Diabetes Mellitus
This document discusses various types of diabetic comas including diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), hypoglycemic coma, and hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma. It provides details on the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and treatment principles for each type of coma. The document also describes classifications of acute and chronic diabetic complications and covers specific complications like nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, and diabetic foot syndrome. Treatment protocols for diabetic ketoacidosis are outlined, focusing on insulin therapy, rehydration, electrolyte correction, and acid-base balance correction.
Diabetes mellitus 3
This document discusses the management of diabetes mellitus. It aims to manage hyperglycemia symptoms, minimize microvascular and macrovascular complications, and lists treatment goals for fasting blood sugar, HbA1c, blood pressure, and cholesterol. Treatment involves diet, lifestyle changes, oral medications, insulin, and managing comorbidities. Drug therapy options are discussed including biguanides, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, incretin therapies, SGLT2 inhibitors, and insulin. Complications of diabetes like retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, foot complications, and accelerated atherosclerosis are summarized.
Diabetic emergencies
This document discusses diabetic emergencies, specifically diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS). It covers the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment priorities of volume repletion, potassium replacement, and insulin administration, as well as complications, disposition, and pitfalls in management. The goal of treatment is to correct dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and acidosis while gradually lowering blood glucose levels.
Acute complications of diabetes
1) The document discusses the role of nurses in managing acute complications of diabetes mellitus, focusing on hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, and diabetic ketoacidosis.
2) It outlines the signs, symptoms, diagnostic measures, treatment and nursing management of these acute complications.
3) The nursing role includes ongoing assessment, accurate monitoring, treatment, education, and psychological support of patients experiencing acute diabetic complications.
Diabetes mellitus. 2
This document discusses diabetes mellitus and provides information on investigations used to diagnose both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It describes tests such as urine glucose, blood glucose levels, HbA1c, and c-peptide that can indicate diabetes or prediabetes. Diabetic ketoacidosis, a medical emergency, is also summarized, including its metabolic disturbances, clinical features, and management through fluid resuscitation and insulin administration. The document outlines the pathophysiology and risk factors for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
A 20-year-old female with type 1 diabetes presented with abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and cough for 1 week. She was found to have hypotension, tachycardia, and metabolic acidosis. Laboratory tests confirmed diabetic ketoacidosis. She was treated with intravenous fluids, insulin, and antibiotics. Her condition improved with treatment and she was discharged after 6 days.
Diabetic ketoacidosis: a case study
A review of the investigation and management of diabetic ketoacidosis in newly diagnosed type I diabetes. Patient details have been changed and anonymised to protect the identity of the individual.
DKA
This document summarizes diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a life-threatening complication of diabetes caused by a lack of insulin. It discusses precipitating factors, cardinal features, pathophysiology, investigations, and treatment including fluid therapy with isotonic saline, insulin therapy via IV bolus and infusion, potassium replacement, and bicarbonate therapy if the pH is low. Monitoring of glucose, electrolytes, and vital signs is important. Treatment of underlying infections or other precipitating causes is also needed. Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state, a similar condition without ketoacidosis, is also summarized.
Diabetic ketoacidosis meaning,types &management for nurses murugesh
This document discusses diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), providing information on its pathophysiology, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, complications and management. DKA is a serious complication of diabetes characterized by hyperglycemia, acidosis and ketonemia. It occurs due to insulin deficiency and increased counter-regulatory hormones, leading to altered glucose and lipid metabolism. Common causes include missed or irregular insulin doses. Treatment involves fluid replacement, insulin therapy, and monitoring for and correcting acid-base disturbances and electrolyte imbalances to prevent complications like cerebral edema. Nursing responsibilities include close monitoring of vital signs, labs, intake/output and providing supportive care.
SIGNIFICANCE OF UREA CYCLE IN WOMEN
Urea levels in the blood depend on diet and protein intake, with higher levels seen in those consuming more protein or undergoing increased catabolism. Physiologically, urea levels are also higher in adults and late pregnancy compared to children and early pregnancy. Pathologically, increased urea can indicate excessive urea production, impaired clearance, or conditions like renal or liver failure that impact protein metabolism. Decreased urea may be seen in liver disease, malnutrition, or after procedures like hemodialysis that remove urea from the blood. High or low urea levels in pregnant patients correlate with birth weight and gestational age. Both renal function and urea levels are predictive of mortality in heart failure patients.
What's hot (20)
Acute diabetic complication dr. mohamed ibrahim (1) (1)
Acute diabetic complication dr. mohamed ibrahim (1) (1)
Diabetic ketoacidosis meaning,types &management for nurses murugesh
Diabetic ketoacidosis meaning,types &management for nurses murugesh
Viewers also liked
News new drugs 2014
New drugs were approved by the FDA in 2014 to treat various conditions. Dalvance and Sivextro were approved for skin and soft tissue infections caused by MRSA, requiring either two doses of Dalvance one week apart or daily doses of Sivextro for 6 days. Afrezza, an inhaled insulin, was approved for diabetes to be administered at the beginning of each meal. Jublia was approved for the treatment of toenail fungus, applying it once daily for 24-48 weeks. Nasocobal, a B12 nasal spray, was approved for weekly use with a single-use device that eliminates product loss with one spray. A new clinical finding showed that metformin may benefit African Americans
Jacob Gonzales Visual Resume
Here is a visual resume that briefly describes my past work experience, as well as my past and current education. Please feel free to contact me if you have any questions!
Self-administration of insulin for quadriplegic diabetic patients
This document describes a project to design a method for a quadriplegic diabetic patient with four limb amputations to self-administer insulin injections. The goals are to improve the patient's self-management abilities and guarantee stable health conditions and independence. Various design ideas are considered and evaluated, including a robotic arm, patches, inhaler, and jet syringe. The jet syringe design is analyzed in depth, highlighting its accuracy, ease of use, and ability to diffuse insulin across the body without needles. The conclusion states this jet injector may help paralyzed patients self-administer insulin but could be improved.
Choosing the right device: the case for DPIs (DDL22)
David Harris, principal consultant at Team Consulting, was invited by the DDL organising comittee to present the case for DPIs at the Drug Delivery to the Lung (DDL) conference in December 2011
Newly Approved Insulin Inhalers
Afrezza is an inhaled insulin that was approved by the FDA in 2014 for treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It provides a rapid-acting form of insulin through inhalation that is absorbed in the lungs. However, it must be used with a long-acting insulin for type 1 diabetes and is contraindicated in patients with lung diseases like asthma or COPD due to the risk of acute bronchospasm. The document outlines the limitations, warnings, dosing instructions, and contraindications for use of Afrezza inhaled insulin.
STARTING INSULIN IN DMII INDIVIDUALIZED APPROACH & INSULINE PREPARATIONS
Seminar presentation on how to start insulin preparations in type 2 Diabetes mellitus (DM) and discussion of new insulin preparations
2015/03 - IR - Diabetes
This document summarizes a presentation on diabetes given on June 9th, 2015 in Boston. It includes the following:
1. An overview of the ELIXA trial results which found that lixisenatide was non-inferior to placebo in reducing cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes after acute coronary syndrome.
2. A discussion of lixisenatide both as a standalone treatment and in combination with basal insulin, highlighting data from clinical trials demonstrating its efficacy in lowering blood sugar and weight.
3. Updates on Sanofi's diabetes drugs Afrezza and Toujeo, including U.S. launch progress and real-world use.
4. An agenda for
Insulin: what is new ?
Insulin types update ; Diabetes Mellitus
Update ; Endocrinology and Diabetes
Degludec ; Ryzodeg ;Basal Insulin ;PEG-Lispro
Prescribing insulin safely
Insulin therapy dr shahjadaselim
This document provides information on insulin therapy. It discusses what insulin is, how it is secreted normally, and its actions in the body. Insulin deficiency results in hyperglycemia and other metabolic defects. The discovery of insulin by Banting and Best in 1921 revolutionized the treatment of diabetes. Insulin comes in various forms including rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting, long-acting, and premixed varieties. Common insulin regimens include split-mixed, basal, basal-plus, and basal-bolus. Early initiation of insulin in type 2 diabetes has clinical benefits beyond glycemic control. Barriers to insulin therapy include fear of hypoglycemia and the inconvenience of injection schedules. Pro
Viewers also liked (10)
Self-administration of insulin for quadriplegic diabetic patients
Self-administration of insulin for quadriplegic diabetic patients
Choosing the right device: the case for DPIs (DDL22)
Choosing the right device: the case for DPIs (DDL22)
STARTING INSULIN IN DMII INDIVIDUALIZED APPROACH & INSULINE PREPARATIONS
STARTING INSULIN IN DMII INDIVIDUALIZED APPROACH & INSULINE PREPARATIONS
Similar to Diabetes
DIABETES MELLITUS ITS TYPES AND TREATMENT
what is diabetes?
type 1 & 2
gestational diabetes
secondary diabetes
ADA guidlines
signs and symptoms
prevention
management
treatment
complications
Antidiabetic agents
This document provides information on drugs used to treat diabetes mellitus. It discusses the types of diabetes, signs and symptoms, and effects of insulin on metabolism. It describes various insulin preparations including short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting insulins. It also discusses oral hypoglycemic drugs including sulfonylureas, glinides, biguanides, thiazolidinediones, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. The goals of diabetes treatment are to maintain normal blood glucose levels, promote normal metabolism, prevent complications, and prevent hypoglycemia.
4_5990066123226222018.pptx
Diabetes is a chronic disease characterized by high blood sugar levels due to insufficient insulin production or impaired insulin utilization. It can be caused by genetic, autoimmune, viral, or environmental factors and its prevalence is increasing worldwide. Without enough insulin, glucose stays in the blood instead of being used for energy, leading to complications over time such as damage to blood vessels, nerves, eyes, and kidneys. Diabetic ketoacidosis is a life-threatening complication of diabetes caused by lack of insulin and an accumulation of ketones in the blood, with symptoms including nausea, vomiting, rapid breathing, and confusion. Proper management of diabetes can help prevent acute complications and reduce the risk of long-term damage.
Metabolic complications in patients ongoing pd
This document outlines various metabolic complications that can occur in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. It discusses metabolic syndrome, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and electrolyte abnormalities involving sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and phosphate. It provides details on the pathogenesis and treatment of these complications, with a focus on management of hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and electrolyte disturbances through diet, medication, and dialysis prescriptions.
Anesthetic management in Diabetic mellitus
Diabetic is a systemic disease. Preoperative assessment includes blood sugar control, involvement of systems, and types of medication. Intraoperative and postoperative management is also vital.
Pharmacotherapy of Diabetes mellitus
This document discusses the pharmacotherapy of diabetes mellitus. It begins by defining diabetes and describing the diagnostic criteria. It then classifies the main types of diabetes and discusses other specific types. The document goes on to describe the physiology of insulin secretion and the mechanisms of action of insulin. It provides details on various insulin preparations and new insulin analogs. It also discusses the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis and insulin resistance. The remainder of the document focuses on oral antidiabetic drugs including sulfonylureas, biguanides, thiazolidinediones, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. It concludes with a discussion of newer antidiabetic drugs and principles of treatment for type 2 diabetes.
diabetesmellitus-161107093232.pdf
The document discusses the pharmacotherapy of diabetes mellitus. It defines diabetes as a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency or resistance. It describes diagnosing diabetes through blood glucose tests and classifying the different types. It then discusses treating type 2 diabetes through lifestyle changes, oral medications like sulfonylureas, metformin, thiazolidinediones, and newer drugs, as well as insulin when oral drugs fail. It also covers treating diabetic ketoacidosis with fluid therapy, insulin, electrolyte replacements, and identifying/treating the precipitating cause.
dkadrsyed2584-190602083813 (1).pdf
Diabetes is a condition where the body does not properly process glucose due to lack of insulin or insulin resistance. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) occurs when a lack of insulin causes the body to break down fat and produce ketones, leading to hyperglycemia, ketosis and acidosis. DKA treatment involves rehydration, insulin therapy to lower blood glucose and ketone levels, electrolyte replacement, and identifying/treating the precipitating cause. Complications can include infection, shock, cerebral edema and death if not properly managed. Prevention relies on education about sick day management to avoid DKA during illness.
dkadrsyed2584-190602083813 (1).pptx
Diabetes mellitus, often referred to simply as DIABETES.
Diabetes is a condition in which the body:
Does not produce enough insulin, and/or
Does not properly respond to insulin
Insulin is a hormone produced in the pancreas. Insulin enables cells to absorb glucose in order to turn it into energy.
Type 1 diabetes:
Diagnosed in children and young adults
Previously known as Juvenile Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes:
Typically diagnosed in adulthood
Also found in overweight children
Complications of blood glucose alterations
Hypoglycemia
Hyperglycemia
Ketosis
Acidosis
DKA (Hyperglycemia + Ketosis + Acidosis)
Normal fasting blood glucose level 4-6 mmol/L
definition:
A state of absolute or relative insulin deficiency aggravated by ensuing hyperglycemia, dehydration, and acidosis-producing derangements in intermediary metabolism, including production of serum acetone.
Can occur in both Type I Diabetes and Type II Diabetes
– In type II diabetics with insulin deficiency/dependence
The presenting symptom for ~ 25% of Type I Diabetics.
160,000 Admissions to private hospitals/year
Cost = over 1 billion $ annually
65% = <19 years old
Main cause of death in children with diabetes (approximately 85%)
Cerebral edema in 69%
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS):
An acute metabolic complication of diabetes mellitus characterized by impaired mental status and elevated plasma osmolality in a patient with hyperglycemia.
Occurs predominately in Type II Diabetics
– A few reports of cases in type I diabetics.
The presenting symptom for 30-40% of Type II diabetics.
Not commonly associated with ketonaemia and acidosis
The biochemical criteria for the diagnosis of DKA3,4
Hyperglycemia - blood glucose greater than 11.1 mmol/L
Ketosis - ketones present in blood and/or urine
Acidosis - pH less than 7.3 and/or
bicarbonate less than 15 mmol/L
DKA is generally categorized by the severity of the acidosis.
MILD – Venous pH less than 7.3 and/or
bicarbonate concentration less than 15 mmol/L
MODERATE – Venous pH less than 7.2 and/or
bicarbonate concentration less than 10 mmol/L
SEVERE – Venous pH less than 7.1 and/or
bicarbonate concentration less than 5 mmol/L
Risk factors:
Age <12 yrs
No first degree diabetic relative
Lower socioeconomic status
High dose glucocorticoids, atypical antipsychotics, diazoxide and some immunosuppresive drugs
Poor access to medical care
Uninsured
Usage of SGLT-2 inhibitor – euglycaemic DKA
SGLT2 inhibitors blunt insulin production in the face of stress hormones leading to increased ketotic metabolism
AETIOLOGY:
No carbohydrate intake
fasting
gastroenteritis
Atkins diet, neonates fed high-fat milk
Prolonged exercise, pregnancy
Lack of insulin activity
onset of diabetes (insufficient secretion)
interruption of insulin delivery in established pt
Increase in insulin resistance
infection, illness, surgery, stress
Alcohol, salicylate ingestion, inborn metabolic errors
Causes:
Stressful precipitating event that results in increased cate
DKA by Dr. A. Mandour.pptx
DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS (DKA):
A state of absolute or relative insulin deficiency aggravated by ensuing hyperglycemia, dehydration, and acidosis-producing derangements in intermediary metabolism, including production of serum acetone.
Can occur in both Type I Diabetes and Type II Diabetes
– In type II diabetics with insulin deficiency/dependence
The presenting symptom for ~ 25% of Type I Diabetics.
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS): An acute metabolic complication of diabetes mellitus characterized by impaired mental status and elevated plasma osmolality in a patient with hyperglycemia.
Occurs predominately in Type II Diabetics
– A few reports of cases in type I diabetics.
The presenting symptom for 30-40% of Type II diabetics.
Not commonly associated with ketonaemia and acidosis
Classic Triad of DKA:
Hyperglycemia - blood glucose greater than 11.1 mmol/L
Ketosis - ketones present in blood and/or urine
Acidosis - pH less than 7.3 and/or
bicarbonate less than 15 mmol/L
DKA is generally categorized by the severity of the acidosis.
MILD – Venous pH less than 7.3 and/or
bicarbonate concentration less than 15 mmol/L
MODERATE – Venous pH less than 7.2 and/or
bicarbonate concentration less than 10 mmol/L
SEVERE – Venous pH less than 7.1 and/or
bicarbonate concentration less than 5 mmol/L
Risk factors for DKA at onset:
Age <12 yrs
No first degree diabetic relative
Lower socioeconomic status
High dose glucocorticoids, atypical antipsychotics, diazoxide and some immunosuppresive drugs
Poor access to medical care
Uninsured
Usage of SGLT-2 inhibitor – euglycaemic DKA
SGLT2 inhibitors blunt insulin production in the face of stress hormones leading to increased ketotic metabolism
Why do ketones develop?
No carbohydrate intake
fasting
gastroenteritis
Atkins diet, neonates fed high-fat milk
Prolonged exercise, pregnancy
Lack of insulin activity
onset of diabetes (insufficient secretion)
interruption of insulin delivery in established pt
Increase in insulin resistance
infection, illness, surgery, stress
Alcohol, salicylate ingestion, inborn metabolic errors
Causes of DKA/HHS: Stressful precipitating event that results in increased catecholamines, cortisol, glucagon.
Infection (pneumonia, UTI)
Alcohol, drugs
Stroke
Myocardial Infarction
Pancreatitis
Trauma
Medications (steroids, thiazide diuretics)
Non-compliance with insulin
DKA is a complex metabolic state of: hyperglycemia, ketosis, and acidosis
Symptoms include:
Deep, rapid breathing
Fruity breath odor
Very dry mouth
Nausea and vomiting
Lethargy/drowsiness
DKA is life-threatening and needs immediate treatment
Symptoms of DKA/HHS
Polyuria
Polydypsia
Blurred vision
Nausea/Vomiting
Abdominal Pain
Fatigue
Confusion
Obtundation
Physical Examination in DKA/HHS: Hypotension, tachycardia
Kussmaul breathing (deep, labored breaths)
Fruity odor to breath (due to acetone)
Dry mucus membranes
Confusion
Abdominal tenderness
Treatment of DKA:
Fluids and Electrolytes
Fluid replacement
–Restores perfu
Exercise and diabetes ppt
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic endocrine disorder, characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from absolute or relative insulin deficiency.
Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels due to either the body not producing enough insulin (Type 1) or cells not responding properly to insulin (Type 2). The key symptoms are increased thirst, urination, and fatigue. It is diagnosed through blood tests showing high blood glucose, such as the fasting blood glucose test or HbA1c level. Treatment for Type 1 is insulin injections while Type 2 may be treated through lifestyle changes and oral medication or insulin.
Diabetes Mellitus
This document discusses diabetes mellitus, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. There are two main types of diabetes: type 1 is an autoimmune disease where the body destroys pancreatic beta cells, while type 2 is usually linked to obesity and genetics. Symptoms can include thirst, frequent urination, weight loss, and ketoacidosis in severe cases. Diagnosis involves blood glucose testing. Treatment involves lifestyle changes like diet and exercise as well as medications to lower blood sugar like metformin, sulfonylureas, and insulin for more severe cases.
diabetes.ppt
1. Diabetes mellitus is a disease related to abnormal insulin production or impaired insulin utilization, and is a leading cause of various health complications.
2. There are three main types of diabetes: type 1 diabetes results from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells; type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance and relative lack of insulin production; gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy.
3. Treatment of diabetes involves lifestyle modifications like nutrition therapy and exercise, as well as pharmacological therapy including insulin, oral hypoglycemic agents, and management of complications through collaborative care.
Alpha-amylase inhibitors: alternative approach for the treatment of type 2 di...
This document discusses alpha-amylase inhibitors as an alternative treatment for type 2 diabetes. It begins by introducing diabetes and its causes and symptoms. It then discusses the different types of diabetes and current diabetes medication options. Finally, it focuses on alpha-amylase inhibitors, explaining that they work by inhibiting the alpha-amylase enzyme involved in starch digestion, which helps control post-meal blood sugar spikes for type 2 diabetes patients.
Diabetes and its Types
Diabetes occurs when blood glucose levels are too high. There are two main types: Type 1 where the pancreas stops producing insulin, and Type 2 where the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or cells are resistant to insulin. Type 2 is more common in adults and related to obesity, family history, and other risk factors. Both types can lead to serious health complications if not managed properly through lifestyle changes like diet and exercise or medication like insulin injections. Regular monitoring of blood glucose, blood pressure, cholesterol, and screenings for eye, foot, and kidney complications are important for diabetes treatment and management.
Problems during School Aged.pptx
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by little or no insulin production due to destruction of pancreatic beta cells. It commonly develops in childhood or adolescence and requires lifelong insulin treatment. Symptoms include increased thirst, urination, hunger, and weight loss. Complications can include retinopathy, neuropathy, kidney disease and cardiovascular disease if not properly managed. Treatment involves frequent blood glucose monitoring, insulin administration, following a balanced diet, and regular exercise.
Diabetes, classification, symptoms, treatment
This document provides information about diabetes mellitus. It begins with an introduction and overview of diabetes symptoms and complications. It then discusses the different types of diabetes (type 1, type 2, gestational, pre-diabetes), diagnosis methods, and treatment options including medications like insulin, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, biguanides, and meglitinides. Complications of diabetes such as retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy are also summarized. The document provides details on diabetes prevalence globally and risk factors. It concludes with descriptions of hypoglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis.
Diabetes and insulin dr jayesh vaghela
This document discusses diabetes mellitus and insulin. It defines the two major types of diabetes as Type 1 (caused by beta cell destruction) and Type 2 (caused by relative beta cell deficiency and decreased tissue sensitivity). The key signs and symptoms of diabetes are described. The discovery of insulin by Banting, Best, and others in the 1920s is summarized. The mechanisms of action, absorption, and types of insulin are outlined. Factors affecting glucose homeostasis and the treatment of diabetes with insulin are also summarized.
DIABETES MELLITUS.pptx
This document discusses diabetes mellitus (DM), a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from insufficient insulin. DM can lead to complications affecting the eyes, kidneys, and nervous system, and is a major cause of blindness, renal failure, heart attacks, and stroke. There are two main types of DM - type 1 is immune-mediated and type 2 is often associated with obesity. Diagnosis involves blood tests measuring glucose levels, and management focuses on diet, exercise, and drug treatment to control blood sugar and minimize complications.
Similar to Diabetes (20)
Alpha-amylase inhibitors: alternative approach for the treatment of type 2 di...
Alpha-amylase inhibitors: alternative approach for the treatment of type 2 di...
More from Jignesh Vora
Strong muscles
The strongest muscles in the body are arranged in a zigzag pattern from the lower to upper body, including the calves, quadriceps, back, chest, and neck muscles. The strongest individual muscle is the masseter muscle, which is responsible for mastication or chewing. The masseter muscle is stronger than other muscles like the calves, quadriceps, back, and chest muscles.
Step ups
To perform step ups, stand on the floor and step up with the left foot onto an elevated surface, followed by stepping up with the right foot. Then step down with the right foot first and follow with the left foot, completing one repetition. Repeat this process 10 times.
Slr
This exercise involves lying on the floor and propping yourself up on your elbows. You bend one knee and keep the other leg straight with the toe pointed up, then use your thigh muscles to raise the straight leg upwards for 5 seconds and repeat 10 times before switching legs. An easier option is to do quad sets if fully raising the leg is too difficult.
Sit to stand
Sit to stand makes standing easier by teaching you to sit and stand from a chair by bending your knees outside your toes. This allows you to use your leg muscles rather than your back to lift yourself from a seated to standing position.
Side leg rise
This exercise involves holding onto a chair for support, placing your weight on your left leg while lifting your right leg tensed and straight, holding it for 5 seconds before lowering and repeating the motion 10 times.
Seated hip march
This exercise strengthens hip and thigh muscles by having the person sit straight in a chair and kick one foot back while lifting the other foot off the floor and holding it for 5 seconds, then lowering it and repeating 10 times before switching legs.
Quad set
Tighten the thigh muscles of one leg for 5 seconds and repeat 10 times, then switch legs and do the same tightening exercise to work the thigh muscles of the other leg.
Pillow squeeze
This exercise involves lying on your back with bent knees and a pillow placed between them, then squeezing the knees together around the pillow 10 times. The same motion can also be done while sitting up.
One leg balance
Balance on one leg for 20 seconds by shifting weight without locking the knee, then raise the other leg off the floor. Repeat twice on each leg to strengthen balance and core muscles. Switch legs and perform the same exercise to train both sides of the body.
Heel raise
This exercise involves standing straight and lifting the heels off the floor to rise up on the toes, holding for 5 seconds, then slowly lowering the heels back to the ground. The exercise should be repeated 10 times and can be done while holding onto a chair for support.
Hamstring stretch
Stretch the hamstring muscles by warming up with a 5 minute walk, then lying down and using a bedsheet to pull one leg up and hold the stretch for 20 seconds, repeating twice on each leg. Stretching helps increase muscle strength.
Anatomical motions
This document defines and describes various anatomical terms related to motion, including: flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, elevation and depression, rotation, flexion and extension of the foot and hand, pronation and supination, inversion and eversion, motions of the eyes, motions of teeth and jaw, and motions of fingers and thumb. Key terms are defined, such as flexion referring to a bending movement that decreases the angle between body parts, abduction pulling away from the body's midline, and pronation turning the forearm or foot outward.
Calf stretch
This document provides instructions for performing a calf stretch exercise. The instructions are to use a chair for balance, bend one leg while stepping the other leg back to feel a stretch, and lean forward while bending the front leg deeper to increase the stretch, holding for 20 seconds and repeating twice before switching legs.
Vertigo
Vertigo is an abnormal sensation that feels like spinning or that the world is spinning. It is usually caused by problems in the inner ear. Our balance is controlled by three sensory systems - vision, the inner ear vestibular system, and proprioception sensors. Common causes of vertigo include benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), labyrinthitis, Meniere's disease, acoustic neuroma, and inner ear trauma. Symptoms include spinning sensations, hearing loss, tinnitus, and nausea. The Epley maneuver is an effective treatment for BPPV.
Vaso vagal syncope
Vasovagal syncope is a common cause of fainting caused by overstimulation of the vagus nerve which dilates blood vessels and lowers heart rate, preventing the heart from supplying enough blood to the brain. Fainting involves a brief loss of consciousness due to low cardiac output, heart rate, and blood pressure resulting in reduced blood flow to the brain. Common causes include the sight of blood, prolonged standing, heat exposure, straining during bowel movements, vigorous exercise, and certain medications. Tests can include ECG, stress test, and checking for low blood pressure when standing. Treatment focuses on avoiding triggers, keeping the head low, staying hydrated, and using medications if needed.
Tia
A transient ischemic attack (TIA) occurs when blood flow to the brain is temporarily blocked, usually by a blood clot or fatty deposits in blood vessels. This causes symptoms similar to a stroke but the blockage is temporary. Risk factors include family history, smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes. Symptoms depend on the location of the blockage but may include confusion, weakness, and numbness on one side of the body. Diagnosis involves assessing mental status, eye and facial movements, and listening to the neck. Treatment focuses on preventing another TIA through antiplatelet therapy like aspirin and addressing risk factors.
Tetanus
Tetanus is a potentially fatal disease caused by a toxin produced by the Clostridium tetani bacterium found in soil and intestines. The bacterium enters the body through contaminated wounds and causes painful muscle spasms by interfering with signals from nerves to muscles. Symptoms include muscle spasms, lockjaw, breathing difficulties, and can be fatal if the breathing muscles are affected. Treatment focuses on antibiotics to stop toxin production, antitoxins to neutralize existing toxin, and sedation for muscle spasms. Active immunization through tetanus shots and passive immunization with tetanus immunoglobulin for at-risk individuals are effective prevention methods.
Syncope
Dr. Jignesh Vora discusses syncope, or temporary loss of consciousness followed by full wakefulness, which can be caused by reduced blood flow to the brain, cardiac issues like arrhythmias and structural problems, or abnormalities in the vertebrobasilar system. Evaluation includes taking a history, ECG, blood tests to check cell counts, blood sugar, electrolytes, and lipids, and an echocardiogram can help rule out valvular diseases as potential causes.
Stroke
Dr. Jignesh Vora's document discusses cerebral vascular accidents (CVAs), also known as strokes. CVAs occur when there is reduced oxygen and glucose to brain cells, usually due to atherosclerosis, infarction, embolism from the heart, or hemorrhaging caused by high blood pressure, injury, or anticoagulants. Risk factors for CVAs include hypertension, diabetes, high lipids, age, smoking, alcohol, and cardiac diseases. Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), or mini strokes, are short-lived and resolved attacks with similar symptoms to CVAs. Symptoms of a CVA can include weakness, tingling, confusion, reduced movement, slurred speech, headache, dizziness
Pituitary gland
The pituitary gland is a pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain that is protected by the sella turcica bone. It has three lobes and produces several important hormones, including growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and others. These hormones regulate functions such as growth, blood pressure, pregnancy, breast milk production, sex organ functions, and thyroid gland function.
More from Jignesh Vora (20)
Recently uploaded
Ketone bodies and metabolism-biochemistry
This slide consists of all the topics of ketone . This can be used for exam purpose for writing about Diabetic keto acidosis etc . Thank you
How to choose the best dermatologists in Indore.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principles
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
REGULATION FOR COMBINATION PRODUCTS AND MEDICAL DEVICES.pptx
It includes regulation of combination products and medical devices. FDA and industry liaisons.
Pharmacology of 5-hydroxytryptamine and Antagonist
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
NARCOTICS- POLICY AND PROCEDURES FOR ITS USE
This document outlines policies and procedures for handling narcotic and controlled drugs in NABH accredited hospitals.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdf
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptx
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
June 2024 Oncology Cartoons By Dr Kanhu Charan Patro
une 2024 Oncology Cartoons By Dr Kanhu Charan Patro
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.Efficacy of Avartana Sneha in Ayurveda
Avartana Sneha is a unique method of Preparation of Sneha Kalpana in Ayurveda, mainly it is indicated for the Vataja rogas.
Demystifying Fallopian Tube Blockage- Grading the Differences and Implication...
Fallopian tube blockage may cause female infertility. For treatment, herbal medicine Fuyan Pill can be a solution.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Top Travel Vaccinations in Manchester
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Recently uploaded (20)
REGULATION FOR COMBINATION PRODUCTS AND MEDICAL DEVICES.pptx
REGULATION FOR COMBINATION PRODUCTS AND MEDICAL DEVICES.pptx
Pharmacology of 5-hydroxytryptamine and Antagonist
Pharmacology of 5-hydroxytryptamine and Antagonist
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdf
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdf
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
Vestibulocochlear Nerve by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Vestibulocochlear Nerve by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
June 2024 Oncology Cartoons By Dr Kanhu Charan Patro
June 2024 Oncology Cartoons By Dr Kanhu Charan Patro
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
Demystifying Fallopian Tube Blockage- Grading the Differences and Implication...
Demystifying Fallopian Tube Blockage- Grading the Differences and Implication...
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
Diabetes
- 2. Symptoms-1 • Thirst due to increased amount of glu. In urine which lead to dehydration • Fatigue & lethagy [ carb-glu-glu need insulin to transport it to cells.if glu cant transported to cell then cells starve ,so] • Urine sugar + [ unutilized glu is excreated in urine] • Blurred vision [ due to fluctuation of bl sugar]
- 3. Symptoms-2 • wt despite of appetite [due to insulin glu is not utilized. so body’s need of energy breakdown protein & fat. So muscle wasting happens which leads to wt. • Insulin is anabolic hormone that encourages storage of fat & muscle. So when it is wt • NV due to bl sugar • T & N due to ischemia and neuropathy
- 4. Causes • Absent or insufficiency of insulin by beta cells of pancreas • Inability of cells to use insulin.[insulin resistance] by cells of muscles and fat tissues • Obesity ,Hyglycemic diet • Lack of exercise , stress • Hereditary ,genetics
- 5. Types • Type-1 :IDDM [juvenile , autoimmune] • Type-2 :NIDDM • Gestastional diabetes [temporary during pregnancy] • Secondary DM: Ch.panceratitis, trauma, surg. removal of pancreas, acromegaly[ incresed GH] , cushings syndrome[ increased cortisol by adrenal gland] • Rx: steroids, rx of Hiv
- 6. Investigations • FBS [ 8 hrs minimum] desirable < 100 mg/dl if > 126 then repeat again. mg/dl • When FBS is between 100-126 .It is kn as IFG {Impaired fasting glucose} • RBS :> 200 mg/dl then DM • OGTT-oral glu tolerance test for gestastionl DM & PCOD [due to insulin resistance]
- 7. Investigation • HBA1c-glycosylaed Hb normal 4-6 % well controlled 6-7 % poor controlled > 8 % 6= 135 7=170 8=205 9=240 10=275 11=310 if pt is anemic then HBA1c is altered
- 8. Complications acute • Hypoglycemia • Dehydration • DKA-diabetic ketoacidosis • Coma and death chronic • Microvascular : eye, brain , kidneys, nerves • Macrovascular : heart and blood vessels [atherosclerosis-angina- stroke . leg pain-lack of blood-cludication ] • Diabetic retinopathy • Diabetic nephropathy • Diabetic neuropathy
- 9. Hypoglycemia Due to higher dose of insulin or OHAs vigorous exercise, starvation Symp: dizziness, confusion, wkness, tremors, palpitation If not treated – coma, seizures, brain death[ < 40 mg/dl] Rx glycogen inj [im]
- 10. DKA-diabetic ketoacidosis • Insulin decreased – breakdown of protein & fat –ketosis –blood becomes acidic-DKA • Shock –coma –death • Symp: nv ,abd pain • Can be caused due to trauma and stress which require more insulin
- 11. retinopathy • Bl vessels in back of eyes causes leakage of protein and bl in retina and also cause small aneurysms • Bleeding fm bl vessels-retinal detachment & impaired vision • Retinopathy is cured by LASER by destroying and prevention of small aneurysms and brittle bl vessels
- 12. nephropathy • Due to leak of protein in urine • Rx is dialysis , kidney transplantation • ACEs • ARBs
- 13. neuropathy • T & N , burning, aching feet and lower limbs due to ischemias • When nerve damage causes complete sesnsation in feet ,pt may not aware of injury • Due to poor bl circulation-delayed healing-infection-ulcer- gangrene • ED • NV • Gastroparesis-delayed emptying of stomach • Wt loss • Diarrhoea • Rx : gabapentin, pregabaline, duloxetine
- 14. Rx • Sulfonylyreas-long acting – once a day increase insulin o/p by panrcreas older rx: chlorpropamide ,tolbutamide newer rx : glipizide , glimepiride ADRs : hypoglycemia
- 15. Rx • Meglitinides increase insulin o/p by pancreas hypoglycemia < sulfonylyreas eg. Repaglinide , nateglinide before meal with Metformin result
- 16. Rx • Biguanides : amount of glu produced by liver Metformin : does not insulin, so hypoglycemia does not happen. appetite so prevents wt gain CI : renal failure
- 17. Rx • Thiozolidinediones sensitivity of cells to insulin eg. Pioglitazone , rosiglitazone . Once a day ADRs : stroke, heart attack , myopathy fluid retention-wt gain-swelling-so spirolactone should be added CI : liver disease, heart failure [ EF < 40%] * Takes 6 wks to bl sugar and 12 wks for max benefit * # of distal bones of limbs benefits : HDL , TG
- 18. Rx • ACARBOSE : 25-100 mg thrice a day @beginning of meal absorption of carb by intestine HBA1c ADRs :abd pain,diarrhoea , gas
- 19. Rx • Pramlintide injectable PPBS control in DM-1 with insulin insulin fluctuation during day satiety- wt loss
- 20. Rx • Exenatide * slows release of glu fm liver * slows stomach emptying * inj [bf meal ] ADRs : hypoglycemia
- 21. DPP-IV inhibitors • 2 nd lline drugs • 1st line of drug is metformin • GLP-1 is broken down by DPP-IV . So DPP-IV inhibitors stop GLP-1 breakdown • Eg. Sitagliptin , saxagliptin, linogliptin • saxagliptin 5mg /day or 2.5 mg;day if GFR is < 50ml / min • adrs * pancreatitis
- 22. Combination therapy • Glipizide/ glicazide/ glimepiride +metformin • Pio/ rosi + metformin • Sitagliptin + metformin
- 23. Insulin • Very short acting: 5-15 min to 30-60 • Regular/short acting 30 min to 2-5 hrs • NPH/intermediate 1-2 hrs to 8-14 hrs • Lente/intermediate 1-2.5 hrs to 8-12 hrs • Ultralente/long acting 4-6 hrs to 10-18 hrs • Mode of delivery 1 Prefilled pens-300 units 2 insulin pumps-minimize hypoglycemia 3 Inhaled insulin-disappointed results 4 Transdermal patch- disappointed
- 24. Inhaled insulin - (Afrezza) • forvboyh type 1 or type 2 DM • rapid-acting insulin is taken before each meal, or soon after starting to eat • Afrezza won't replace the need for injected long-acting insulin for those who need it • Because it's inhaled, it's absorbed more quickly and in a different way. • "Afrezza is rapidly absorbed from the cells in the lungs [to the blood stream]