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Dholavira civilzation
- 2. INTRODUCTION • Dholavira's location is on the Tropic of Cancer. • It is one of the five largest Harappan sites and most prominent archaeological sites in India belonging to the Indus Valley Civilization. • More 4000years ago,Dholavira was the one of the laregest cities of its time. It was one of the oldest in occupation over 1200years ago. Location: Khadirbet, Kutch District, Gujarat Area: 47 ha (120 acres) Periods: Harappa 1 to Harappa 5
- 3. • Dholavira was occupied from 3rd millennium BCE to the 2nd millennium BCE which is from about 2650 BCE to 1450 BCE. • A model city which is remarkable for its exquisite planning,monumental structures,aesthetic architecture,amazing water harvesting system and a variety of funerary architecture. • The paper account give an account of hydro engineering that manifest in structures of the Harappa at Dholavira.
- 4. MAIN FEATURES • The salient component of the cityscape consisted of a bipartite ‘citadel’,a middle town and a lower town,two stadia,an annexe,a series of reservoirs all set in within a enormous running on all four sides.Interestingly inside the city there was an intricate system of fortifications. • The city was configured like a parallelogram boldly outlined by massive walls with there longer axis is from east to west. • Dholavira also had monumental structures,a sophisticated drainage and gateways and it was a well planned town.
- 5. CITY PLANNING • On the basis of relative location planning,defences and architecture,the three main divisions are ‘citadel’,’middle town’,and ‘lower town’. • The citadel at Dholavera,unlike its counter parts at Mohenjo-Daro,Harappa and Kalibangan but like that banawali which was laid out in the south of city. • Like Kalibangan and Surkotada it has two conjoined subdivisions as castle and bailey located on the east and west respectively , both are fortified ones. • At the height of habitation the city was surrounded by enormous walls measuring 15-18mts in thickness.
- 8. OTHER STRUCTURES AND OBJECTS • A huge circular structure on the site is believed to be a grave or memorial, although it contained no skeletons or other human remains. • The structure consists of ten radial mud-brick walls built in the shape of a spoked wheel. A soft sandstone sculpture of a male with phallus erectus but head and feet below ankle truncated was found in the passageway of the eastern gate.[ Many funerary structures have been found (although all but one were devoid of skeletons),[as well as pottery pieces, terra cotta seals, bangles, rings, beads, and intaglio engravings. • A regular house at Dholavira consist of four rooms,a spacious courtyard,bathroom and also a kitchen.
- 10. SIGN BOARD • One of the most significant discoveries at Dholavira was made in one of the side rooms of the northern gateway of the city, and is generally known as the Dholavira Signboard. • The Harappans had arranged and set pieces of the mineral gypsum to form ten large symbols or letters on a big wooden board. • At some point, the board fell flat on its face. The wood decayed, but the arrangement of the letters survived. The letters of the signboard are comparable to large bricks that were used in nearby walls.
- 11. • Each sign is about 37 cm (15 in) high and the board on which letters were inscribed was about 3 m (9.8 ft) long. • The inscription was found on the northern gate way. • The inscription is one of the longest in the Indus script, with one symbol appearing four times, and this and its large size and public nature make it a key piece of evidence cited by scholars arguing that the Indus script represents full literacy. • A four sign inscription with large letters on a sand stone is also found at this site, considered first of such inscription on sand stone at any of Harappan sites.
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