The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC) was a Bronze Age civilisation in the northwestern regions of South Asia, lasting from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE, and in its mature form from 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE.
Together with ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, it was one of three early civilisations of the Near East and South Asia.
It flourished in the basins of the Indus River, which flows through the length of Pakistan, and along a system of perennial, mostly monsoon-fed, rivers that once coursed in the vicinity of the seasonal Ghaggar-Hakra river in northwest India and eastern Pakistan.
It was named after the city of Harappa and the city of Mohenjo-Daro were important centers.
Phases of Harappan Civilization; Town planning system; Important cities of Indus Valley Civilization: Harappa & Mohenjodaro; Economic life; Decline of Civilization..
Phases of Harappan Civilization; Town planning system; Important cities of Indus Valley Civilization: Harappa & Mohenjodaro; Economic life; Decline of Civilization..
ANCIENT INDIAN ARCHITECTURE -INDUSVALLEY CIVILIZATION AND VEDIC AGENajiaSyefa
history of indian architecture - indusvalley civilization , the vedic age , timeline of evolution of religion in india and how it affected the architecture of the ancient india.
History of Architecture - Vedic and Buddhist ArchitectureSachith Pagidi
Indus valley civilization and its introduction to the planning
Buddhist architecture stupas, vihara halls, chaitya halls, sthambas, and its way to temple architecture and evolution.
1.3 Town Planning in Indus valley civilization Sachin PatiL
Necessity scope principles of Town Planning,
Present status of town planning in India,
Contribution of town planners in modern era,
Sir Patrick Geddes,
Sir Ebenezer Howard,
Clarence stein,
Sir Patrick Abercrombie,
Le Corbusier,
Architectural detail about Indus valley civilization which is also also called as Harappan civilization and it is mainly known for Mohenjo - Daro and Harappan civilization.
Urban Renewal and conservation of Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu
Heritage background, places of importance, cultural background, land use and activities with respect to heritage conservation
Indus valley civilisation | Detail Analysis | Early civilisation MDZAFARHASIB
Here you will learn about the Indus valley civilisation in a very lucid language which will help you to get the details of this civilisation .
*** want video on this topic click below
(PART - 1)
https://youtu.be/TS8VYGpMmtU
(PART -2 )
https://youtu.be/MNS3Ly7_0Wg
ANCIENT INDIAN ARCHITECTURE -INDUSVALLEY CIVILIZATION AND VEDIC AGENajiaSyefa
history of indian architecture - indusvalley civilization , the vedic age , timeline of evolution of religion in india and how it affected the architecture of the ancient india.
History of Architecture - Vedic and Buddhist ArchitectureSachith Pagidi
Indus valley civilization and its introduction to the planning
Buddhist architecture stupas, vihara halls, chaitya halls, sthambas, and its way to temple architecture and evolution.
1.3 Town Planning in Indus valley civilization Sachin PatiL
Necessity scope principles of Town Planning,
Present status of town planning in India,
Contribution of town planners in modern era,
Sir Patrick Geddes,
Sir Ebenezer Howard,
Clarence stein,
Sir Patrick Abercrombie,
Le Corbusier,
Architectural detail about Indus valley civilization which is also also called as Harappan civilization and it is mainly known for Mohenjo - Daro and Harappan civilization.
Urban Renewal and conservation of Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu
Heritage background, places of importance, cultural background, land use and activities with respect to heritage conservation
Indus valley civilisation | Detail Analysis | Early civilisation MDZAFARHASIB
Here you will learn about the Indus valley civilisation in a very lucid language which will help you to get the details of this civilisation .
*** want video on this topic click below
(PART - 1)
https://youtu.be/TS8VYGpMmtU
(PART -2 )
https://youtu.be/MNS3Ly7_0Wg
a 5 min presentation on Indus Valley civilization discussing its history, some geographical details, the lifestyle, religous beliefs and livelihood of the people.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
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Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
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Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
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CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
2. INTRODUCTION
• Early civilization in India developed
in the Indus river valley from 3000
to 1500 B.C.
• This was one of the world's first
great urban civilization which
flourished in the vast Indus valley
river plains and adjacent regions.
• It was named after the city of
Harappa and the city of Mohenjo-
Daro were important centers.
• The Harappa culture existed along
the Indus river.
3. History
• Indus valley civilization was a Bronze age civilization.
• Their disappearance remains a mystery due to no traces of war were evident.
• The Indus Civilization was dependent on agriculture and grew a variety of crops -
from wheat and barely to dates and vegetables.
• Trading with the Sumerian civilization could have progressed along the Arabian
sea and the Persian gulf.
4. CITIES
MOHENJO-DARO
• To the north is the citadel or raised
area . In Mohenjo-Daro , citadel is
built on an architectural platform
about 45 feet above the plain.
HARAPPA
• At the upper side of valley, another
city was situated named harappa.
The civilization is also called
harappa civilization.
5. Harappa- The Merchant City
• Two cities have ruins of the major cities
Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro.
• The advanced civilization that flourished
for hundreds of years in these cities is
called Harappa or Indus
civilization(2300-1700 B.C.)
• It was 10-20 times larger than
Mesopotamia and Egypt.
• Agriculture along with cattle rearing was
the base of the Harappa economy.
• The irrigation was carried on a small
scale by drawing water from wells or by
diverting river water into channels.
6. TOWN PLANNING
• The most interesting urban feature
of Harappa is its town planning.
• The Citadel might have
administrative centre and were
constructed on mud brick
platform.
• The residential buildings are built
in the lower town on eastern side.
• Their social classes were the ruling
class who lived inside the citadels -
the farmers and traders lived
outside the citadels.
• Houses was cool because of thick
walls, walls were covered with
mud plaster.
Ceremonial
ground
Citadel
Bailey
Reservoirs
Lower part
7. • The streets intersect each other at
right angles.
• Streets in grid systems are 30 feet
wide.
• It divided the city in in several
residential blocks.
• The drainage system of harappans
were elaborate and well laid out.
• Every house had drains, which
opened into the street drains, lanes
separate rows of houses.
• These drains were covered with
bricks or stone slabs, which were be
removed for cleaning.
8. Architecture
• Houses were either one or two story
high, with rooms built around a
courtyard.
• The houses were built of sun baked or
burned mud bricks.
• There was no window in the walls along
the ground level.
• The main entrance does not give a
direct view of the interior.
• These houses were provided with
private wells, kitchens and bathing
platforms.
• The careful structure of these cities
showed that this civilization had a well
organised government.
9. Trade
• The Indus valley civilization traded
extensively with Mesopotamia.
• They traded copper, lumber, and various
luxury goods for sumerian textiles and
food.
• Much of the trade was by ship through
the Persian gulf , which lis between
present day Saudi Arabia and Iran.
• Traded intensively in gold, spices, cloth
and copper.
• First to grow cotton and produce cloth.
10. Culture And Religion
• No temples or religions have
been found, just animals images
and some evidence of a mother
goddess of fertility.
• Harappa cities appears uniform
in culture, no social division.
• Their religion was polytheism,
they worshipped many gods
some of which were animals like
bulls.
• Priests closely linked to rulers in
Harappa civilization.
11. Writing
• They had writing system of 300
symbols , but scientist cannot
decode it.
• We cannot read the writing which
were written on bricks and seals.
• They did not use paper or clay
tablets.
• It believed that the Indus valley
people may have also written on
palm leaves or cloth but no
evidence of this has survived.
12. GRANARY
• Another structure were located is
Granary.
• It consists of several rectangular
blocks for storing grains.
• The Granary was well ventilated
and was possible to fill grain in
from outside.
• It was divided into 27
compartments in three rows.
• It has the row of circular brick
platforms, were used for threshing
grains.
13. MOHENJO DARO • It was one of the largest settlements of
the ancient Indus Valley Civilization.
• It flourished between 2600 and 1900
BCE.
• It was one of the world's earliest
major cities, contemporaneous with the
civilizations of ancient Egypt.
• It is located west of the Indus River.
• It was the most advanced city of its time,
with remarkably sophisticated civil
engineering and urban planning.
• The covered is estimated at 300 hectares.
• Mohenjo-Daro was built in a short period
of time, with the water supply system and
wells being first planned constructions.
14. • Mohenjo-Daro has a planned
layout with rectilinear buildings
arranged on a grid plan.
• Its provision of public buildings
and facilities, suggests a high level
of social organization.
• The city is divided into two parts,
the so-called Citadel and the
Lower City.
• The Citadel – a mud-brick mound
around 12 meters (39 ft) high – is
known to have supported public
baths, a large residential
structure designed to house
about 5,000 citizens, and two
large assembly halls.
15. • Some houses include rooms that appear to have been set aside for
bathing, and one building had an underground furnace, possibly for
heated bathing.
• The city had a central marketplace, with a large central well.
• Individual households or groups of households obtained their water
from smaller wells.
16. Fortifications
• Mohenjo-Daro had no series of city walls,
but was fortified with guard towers to the
west and defensive fortifications to the
south.
• Considering these fortifications and the
structure of other major Indus valley cities
like Harappa, it is postulated that
Mohenjo-Daro was an administrative
center.
• Both Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro share
relatively the same architectural layout
• They were generally not heavily fortified
like other Indus Valley sites.
• It is obvious from the identical city layouts
of all Indus sites that there was some kind
of political or administrative centrality, but
the extent and functioning of an
administrative center remains unclear.
17. GREAT BATH
• The Great Bath is one of the well-known
structures among the ruins of the ancient Indus
Valley Civilization at Mohenjo-Daro in Sindh,
Pakistan.
• It was found in 1926 during archaeological
excavations.
• Archaeological evidence indicates that the Great
Bath was built in the 3rd millennium BCE.
• It is called the "earliest public water tank of the
ancient world".
• It measures 11.88 × 7.01 metres, and has a
maximum depth of 2.43 metres.
18. Notable artifacts
• Numerous objects found in excavation include seated and standing figures,
copper and stone tools, carved seals, balance-scales and weights, gold
and jewellery, and children's toys.
• Many bronze and copper pieces, such as figurines and bowls, have been
recovered from the site,
• It shows that the inhabitants of Mohenjo-Daro understood how to utilize
the lost wax technique.
• The furnaces found at the site are believed to have been used for copper
works and melting the metals as opposed to smelting.
19. Mother Goddess Idol
• The fertility and motherhood aspects
on display on the idols is represented
by the female genitalia inferring that
such figurines are offerings to the
goddess, as opposed to the typical
understanding of them being idols
representing the goddess's likeness.
• Because of the figurines being unique
in terms of hairstyles, body
proportions, as well as head-dresses
and jewelry, there are theories as to
who these figurines actually represent.
• Shereen Ratnagar theorizes that their
uniqueness and dispersed discovery
throughout the site that they could be
figurines of ordinary household
women, who commissioned these
pieces to be used in rituals or healing
ceremonies to help individual women.
20. Dancing Girl
• It was a bronze statue dubbed as "Dancing
Girl", 10.5 centimetres (4.1 in) high and
about 4,500 years old.
• It was found in 'HR area' of Mohenjo-daro
in 1926.
• It is now in the National Museum, New
Delhi.
• The statue led to two important
discoveries about the civilization:
1. first, that they knew metal blending,
casting and other sophisticated
methods of working with ore, and
2. secondly that entertainment, especially
dance, was part of the culture.
21. Priest-King
• In 1927, a seated male soapstone figure was
found in a building with unusually ornamental
brickwork and a wall-niche.
• There is no evidence
that priests or monarchs ruled Mohenjo-daro,
archaeologists dubbed this dignified figure a
"Priest-King.“
• The sculpture is 17.5 centimetres (6.9 in) tall,
• It shows a neatly bearded man with pierced
earlobes and a fillet around his head, his hair is
combed back.
22. Pashupati seal
• A seal discovered at the site
bears the image of a seated,
cross-legged and possibly figure
surrounded by animals.
• The figure has been interpreted
by some scholars as a yogi, and
by others as a three-headed
"proto-Shiva" as "Lord of
Animals".
23. DECLINE OF INDUS VALLEY
CIVILIZATION
• The Indus Valley
Civilization was caused by
climatic change.
• Some experts believe the
drying of the Saraswati River,
which began around 1900
BCE, was the main cause for
climate change, while others
conclude that a great flood .
• The decline is not known,
through excavations it is clear
that the fall of the Harappan
Civilization occurred between
1800 BC to 1700 BC.
24. • There was a fall in the average rainfall in
the cities leading to the formation of
desert-like condition.
• This led to the decline in agriculture on
which most of the trade was dependent.
• People of the Indus Valley started shifting
to some other location leading to the
decline in the entire civilization.
• It is commonly believed that
the Aryans were the next settlers.
• They were skilled fighters, so their attack
might have led to the destruction of the
Harappan Civilization.