This document discusses development across the lifespan from conception to death. It describes three main research designs used in developmental research: longitudinal design, cross-sectional design, and cross-sequential design. It also discusses the nature vs nurture debate and examines genetic and environmental influences on development. Key aspects of prenatal development are outlined including zygote formation, types of twins, and the germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods of prenatal growth. Physical and cognitive development in infancy and childhood are also summarized.

1. DEVELOPMENT
ACROSS THE
LIFE SPAN
I R I S H J A N E S U M I D O
1 S T Y E A R B S P S Y C H O L O G I S T

2. The scientific study of
changes that occur in
people as they age
from conception until
death

3. THREE
DEVELOPMENTAL
RESEARCH DESIGN

4. LONGITUDINAL
DESIGN
Compares different age
groups at one point in time

5. LONGITUDINAL
DESIGN
COHORT EFFECT
Impact on
development when a
group of people share
common time period
or life experience

6. CROSS-
SECTIONAL
DESIGN
Several different age
group of participant
are studied at one
particular point in time

7. CROSS-
SEQUENTIAL
DESIGN
Combination of
longitudinal and cross
sectional.
a study in which two or
more groups of
individuals of different
ages are directly
compared over a period
of time

8. NATURE VS.
NURTURE

9. NATURE
•Refers to the heredity, the influence of
inherited characteristic
•Examples: personality, physical
growth, intellectual growth and social
interaction

10. NURTURE
•Refers to the influence of the
environment
•Examples: parenting style, physical
surrounding, economic factors

11. BEHAVIORAL GENETICS
•the study of genetic and environmental
influences on behaviors.

12. BASIC BUILDING
BLOCKS OF
DEVELOPMENT

13. GENETICS
Science of heredity
How genes transmit human
characteristics and traits

14. DNA
(DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC
ACID
Double stranded and
shape like double helix
Consist of deoxyribose
sugar
Amines or bases

15. CHROMOSOMES
• Where genes are located
• Found in nucleus off a cell
• 46 chromosomes (23 from
each parents)
•Autosomes are the 22 pairs or
44 chromosomes
• The last pair are the sex
chromosomes
–XX FOR FEMALES
–XY FOR MALES

17. GENE
•Ordering sequences of amines
•Section of DNA having the same
arrangement of chemical events

18. DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE GENE
•Dominant- more active gene
•Recessive- less active gene

20. CHROMOSOMES DISORDER
DOWN
SYNDROME
occurs when
there is extra
chromosome in
the 21st pair

22. CHROMOSOMES DISORDER
KLINEFELTER
SYNDROME
(XXY)
occurs when
there is extra
chromosome in
23rd set of pair.

23. CHROMOSOMES DISORDER
TURNER’S
SYNDROME
occurs when the
X in 23rd pair is
missing

25. PRENATAL
DEVELOPMENT

27. ZYGOTE
Resulting cell

28. KINDS OF TWINS
• MONOZYGOTE (IDENTICAL)
–Two babies come from one fertilize egg
• DIZYGOTE (FRATERNAL)
–Where in a woman’s body may either release more
than one egg at a time or release an egg in a later
ovulation period after a woman has already
concieved one

29. ZYGOTES IN TWINS
MONOZYGOTIC TWINS DIZYGOTIC TWINS

30. CONJOINED TWIN
•Where the two
cell masses
remained
“stuck”

31. CONJOINED
TWIN
• Abby and Brittany Hensel

32. PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
GERMINAL PERIOD
• 2 week period
• Zygote continues diving and
moving toward the uterus
• The placenta and umbilical cord
also develop this time
• Cell differentiation is the process
that result in specialized cells for
all of the various parts of the

34. PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
EMBRYONIC PERIOD
• 2 weeks after
conception to 8
weeks
• The zygote now
become an embryo
• Pre-lim version of
various oragan
• Embryo is vulnerable

35. PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
FETAL PERIOD• 8 weeks to birth
• Developing organism now called fetus
• Organs continue to develop until become fully functional
• Miscarriages most likely occur in the first 3 months

36. INFANCY AND
CHILDHOOD
DEVELOPMENT

37. PHYSICAL
DEVELOPMENT
I N FA N C Y A N D C H I L D H O O D D E V E L O P M E N T

38. PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
• After birth body system start to function
• REFLEXES-an involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus
• MOTOR DEVELOPMENT- (birth to 2 years = rapid development)
– Raising head and chest. 2 to 4 months.
– Rolling over. 2 to 5 months.
– Sitting up with support. 4 to 6 months.
– Sitting up without support. 6 to 7 months.
– Crawling. 7 to 8 months.
– Walking. 8 to 18 months.
• BRAIN DEVELOPMENT- (birth to age 3 year)
– Extensive growth of neurons occur
– Involves in necessary loss of synaptic pruning to make way for functioning
connection and cells

39. COGNITIVE
DEVELOPMENT

41. •Piaget believed that children form mental
concepts or schemes as they experience new
situations and event
•Assimilation – children first try to understand
new things in terms of schemes they already
possess
•Accommodation- process of altering or
adjusting old schemes to fit new information and
experiences