The document discusses the history and development of animation. It describes early pioneers like Joseph Plateau who created the phenakistoscope in 1832, and William Horner who invented the zoetrope in 1834. Later innovators included Emile Reynaud who created the praxinoscope in 1877, Eadweard Muybridge's pioneering work in motion photography, and Thomas Edison's kinetoscope in the 1890s. Major animation developers mentioned were the Lumiere Brothers, Wills O'Brien, Ray Harryhausen, Jan Svankmajer, the Brothers Quay, Tim Burton, and Aardman Animations.

1. Development Of Animation

2. Pioneers:
• Joseph Plateau (phenakoscope)
• He was the first person to demonstrate the
illusion of a moving image. To do this he used
counter rotating disks with repeating drawn
images in small increments of motion on one
and regularly spaced slits in the other. He
called this device of 1832 the
phenakistoscope.
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3. William Horner (zoetrope)
• He modern invention of the Zoetrope under
the name Daedaleum in 1834.
• he was a schoolmaster, headmaster and
school keeper, proficient in classics as well as
mathematics, who wrote extensively on
functional equations, number theory and
approximation theory, but also on optics. His
contribution to approximation theory is
honored in the designation Horner’s method.
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4. Emile Reynaud
(praxinoscope)
• The Praxinoscope was an animation
device, the successor to the Zoetrope. It
was invented in France in 1877 by
Charles-Emile Reynaud.
• Like the Zoetrope the Praxinoscope
uses images and mirrors to make it look
like the images are moving in one
smooth movement.
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5. Edward Muybridge
• was an English photographer important
for his pioneering work in photographic
studies of motion, and early work in
motion-picture projection.
• He adopted the name Eadweard
Muybridge, believing it to be the original
Anglo-Saxon form of his name.
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6. Edison (kinetoscope)
• On April 14, 1894, the first commercial
exhibition of motion pictures in history
was given in New York City, using ten
Kinetoscopes.
• In 1895, Edison introduced the
Kinetophone, which joined the
Kinetoscope with a Cylinder
Phonograph.
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7. Lumiere Brothers
• The Lumiere brothers, Auguste Marie
Louis Nicolas 19 October 1862,
Besancon, France.
• Louis Jean 5 October 1864, Besancon,
France.
• 6 June 1948, are credited to be first
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8. George Pal
• George Pal May 2, 1980) was a Hungarian-
born American animator and film producer,
principally associated with the science fiction
genre.
• He was nominated for Academy Awards (in
the category Best short subjects, Cartoon) no
less than seven consecutive years (1942-
1948) and received an honorary award in
1944.
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9. Developers
• Wills O’brien:
• Wills Harold O'Brien March 2, 1886 November
8, 1962 was an American motion picture
special effects and stop-motion animation
pioneer, who according to ASIFA-Hollywood;
”he was responsible for some of the best-
known images in cinema history.
• best remembered for his work on The Lost
World (1925), King Kong(1933) and Mighty
Joe Young (1949), for which he won the 1950
Academy Award for Best Visual Effects

10. Ray Harryhausen
• Raymond Frederick “Ray” Harryhausen
(June 29, 1920 - May 7, 2013) was an
American visual effects creator, writer,
and producer who created a form of
stop-motion model animation known as
"Dynamation”.
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11. Jan Svankmajer
• Jan Svankmajer (born 4 September
1934) is a Czech filmmaker and artist
whose work spans several media.
• He is a self-labeled surrealist known for
his animations and features.
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12. Contemporary Work
• The Brothers Quay:
• Stephen and Timothy Quay born June 17,
1947 are American identical twin brothers
better known as the Brothers Quay or Quay
Brothers.
• The Quay Brothers reside and work in
Engalnd, having moved there in 1969 to study
at the Royal College of Art, London.
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13. Tim Burton
• Timothy Walter “Tim” Burton born August 25,
1958) is an American film director, producer,
artist, writer, poet and stop motion artist.
• Burton is known for using recurring
collaborators on his works; among them are
Johnny Depp, who has become a close friend
of Burton since their first film together.
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14. Aardman
• Aardman Animations, Ltd., also known as
Aardman Studios, or simply as Aardman, is a
British animation studio based in Bristol,
United Kingdom.
• The studio is known for films made using
stop-motion clay animation techniques,
particularly those featuring Platicine
characters Wallace and Gromit. It entered the
computer animation market with Flushed
Away (2006).
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