The Detection and Identification of Infectious Agents Innovation Platform aims to encourage the development, uptake and adoption of clinically useful and commercially viable diagnostics for detecting infectious agents in humans and animals. The Technology Strategy Board launched the platform in 2008 and will invest up to £50 million over five years, together with additional funding from government departments like the Department of Health. More rapid and accurate diagnosis of infectious diseases can lead to targeted treatments that reduce the social and economic impact of diseases and create opportunities for UK industry.
The UK is at the forefront of the global pharmaceutical industry. As well as developing new medicines for many diseases, the pharmaceutical industry in the UK provides many other benefits to the British economy, including income, employment, expertise and major investment.
These slides offer a useful, referenced resource for members and visitors to our website who wish to share the story about the value of medicines. They complement existing resources available on the ABPI website and will be updated regularly as the ABPI updates other data and content.
The UK is at the forefront of the global pharmaceutical industry. As well as developing new medicines for many diseases, the pharmaceutical industry in the UK provides many other benefits to the British economy, including income, employment, expertise and major investment.
Trailblazing scientists who are the backbone of our industry. These are the people that discover the molecules and develop the medicines to tackle the toughest diseases we face in society.
The future of healthcare is an exciting one. With innovations in genomics, healthcare data, advanced therapies and innovative technologies, our industry will continue to progress and provide hope to people so they can live longer, healthier and productive lives.
Medicines and vaccines have helped deliver improvements in patient health. History shows us the great advances we have made - today we continue to see the potential to eradicate disease and improve health outcomes when we invest in science and adopt and use new medicines.
The way we bring new medicines to life is changing. Regulators, scientists and healthcare professionals are working together to ensure access to new medicines and other therapies is accelerated.
The UK is at the forefront of the global pharmaceutical industry. As well as developing new medicines for many diseases, the pharmaceutical industry in the UK provides many other benefits to the British economy, including income, employment, expertise and major investment.
These slides offer a useful, referenced resource for members and visitors to our website who wish to share the story about the value of medicines. They complement existing resources available on the ABPI website and will be updated regularly as the ABPI updates other data and content.
The UK is at the forefront of the global pharmaceutical industry. As well as developing new medicines for many diseases, the pharmaceutical industry in the UK provides many other benefits to the British economy, including income, employment, expertise and major investment.
Trailblazing scientists who are the backbone of our industry. These are the people that discover the molecules and develop the medicines to tackle the toughest diseases we face in society.
The future of healthcare is an exciting one. With innovations in genomics, healthcare data, advanced therapies and innovative technologies, our industry will continue to progress and provide hope to people so they can live longer, healthier and productive lives.
Medicines and vaccines have helped deliver improvements in patient health. History shows us the great advances we have made - today we continue to see the potential to eradicate disease and improve health outcomes when we invest in science and adopt and use new medicines.
The way we bring new medicines to life is changing. Regulators, scientists and healthcare professionals are working together to ensure access to new medicines and other therapies is accelerated.
Delivered by Mr David Gallagher, IPHA President, at the IPHA Annual Meeting 2010 during the Session entitled "Ensuring the best health outcomes for Irish patients while securing value for money".
Ομιλία - Παρουσίαση: “The Value of Innovation to Patients & Health Systems”
Clare Hague PhD, Therapy Area Market Access Leader for Hematology, Janssen EMEA Region
Ομιλία-Παρουσίαση: Agata Jakoncic, Διευθύνουσα Σύμβουλος, MSD Ελλάδας, Κύπρου & Μάλτας
Τίτλος Ομιλίας: «Health Innovation is a prerequisite for sustainable health care systems»
Johanna Takkinen: Operational Collaboration on EU-wide Zoonotic and Foodborne...THL
Ms. Johanna Takkinen, Head of Food and Waterborne Diseases and Zoonoses Programme, ECDC, at One Health Security Conference, 14-15 Oct 2019, THL, Helsinki
Fact sheet presenting the life sciences industry in the Quebec City region. Produced by Quebec International. http://quebecinternational.ca/key-industries/
mHealth Israel_Rambam Health Care Campus_Miki HalberthalLevi Shapiro
Presentation by Miki Halberthal, CEO, Rambam Health Care Campus, for the mHealth Israel community, May, 2020. Includes Rambam financials, sector growth, innovation into practice, ingredients of success, overview of Rambam Innovation Hub, tech transfer, bio bank, clinical research, clinical trials, medtech, CoVID response, etc
Μάκης Παπαταξιάρχης - 6th Clinical Research ConferenceStarttech Ventures
Ομιλία: Μάκης Παπαταξιάρχης, Διευθύνων Σύμβουλος Janssen Ελλάδος, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Πρόεδρος του PhRMA Innovation Forum, Πρόεδρος του AmCham Pharmaceutical Committee
EVI and Hilleman Laboratories announce partnership to assess a new vaccine ag...hillemanlabs
Funding from European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP) will allow testing of a novel whole-cell inactivated oral vaccine in clinical trials in Europe and Africa.
Delivered by Mr David Gallagher, IPHA President, at the IPHA Annual Meeting 2010 during the Session entitled "Ensuring the best health outcomes for Irish patients while securing value for money".
Ομιλία - Παρουσίαση: “The Value of Innovation to Patients & Health Systems”
Clare Hague PhD, Therapy Area Market Access Leader for Hematology, Janssen EMEA Region
Ομιλία-Παρουσίαση: Agata Jakoncic, Διευθύνουσα Σύμβουλος, MSD Ελλάδας, Κύπρου & Μάλτας
Τίτλος Ομιλίας: «Health Innovation is a prerequisite for sustainable health care systems»
Johanna Takkinen: Operational Collaboration on EU-wide Zoonotic and Foodborne...THL
Ms. Johanna Takkinen, Head of Food and Waterborne Diseases and Zoonoses Programme, ECDC, at One Health Security Conference, 14-15 Oct 2019, THL, Helsinki
Fact sheet presenting the life sciences industry in the Quebec City region. Produced by Quebec International. http://quebecinternational.ca/key-industries/
mHealth Israel_Rambam Health Care Campus_Miki HalberthalLevi Shapiro
Presentation by Miki Halberthal, CEO, Rambam Health Care Campus, for the mHealth Israel community, May, 2020. Includes Rambam financials, sector growth, innovation into practice, ingredients of success, overview of Rambam Innovation Hub, tech transfer, bio bank, clinical research, clinical trials, medtech, CoVID response, etc
Μάκης Παπαταξιάρχης - 6th Clinical Research ConferenceStarttech Ventures
Ομιλία: Μάκης Παπαταξιάρχης, Διευθύνων Σύμβουλος Janssen Ελλάδος, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Πρόεδρος του PhRMA Innovation Forum, Πρόεδρος του AmCham Pharmaceutical Committee
EVI and Hilleman Laboratories announce partnership to assess a new vaccine ag...hillemanlabs
Funding from European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP) will allow testing of a novel whole-cell inactivated oral vaccine in clinical trials in Europe and Africa.
Presentation on the Access and Delivery Partnership by Tenu Avafia, 3 April 2014.
The presentation covered:
-Impact of NTDs, TB and Malaria on development outcomes;
-Dual challenges of Innovation and Access;
-Government of Japan and UNDP Partnership: Addressing innovation & Access
-Access and Delivery Partnership: strengthening capacity across the health system
Africa CDC, FIND partner to build capacity for COVID-19 rapid diagnostic test...SABC News
The Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND) and the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) have announced a new partnership to build capacity in readiness for the introduction of new, high-quality antigen rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for COVID-19 that are anticipated to become available soon
Healthy Savings. Medical Technology and the Economic Burden of DiseaseRevital (Tali) Hirsch
As America ages and sedentary lifestyles and unhealthy diets become more common, experts agree the nation is suffering a sharp rise in the prevalence of chronic disease. As the 21st century unfolds, technology – in the form of advanced diagnostic and therapeutic devices -- can meet the need for early detection and more effective management of illness. Some researchers, however, have questioned whether the overall benefit of technical advances outweighs the costs -- a question this report definitively answers.
Accordingly, researchers at the Milken Institute undertook a comprehensive, quantitative documentation of medical technology's impact on the economic burden of disease. The study also projects how future innovation in this sector would affect the health care system and the larger economy -- a positive benefit of more than $23 billion a year for the United States.
The study takes a systematic approach to documenting the full costs and broader economic benefits of health care investments by examining innovations pertaining to four prevalent causes of disability and death: heart disease, diabetes, colorectal cancer, and musculoskeletal disease. The report considers therapeutics and diagnostic devices that are widely used and have substantially affected the lives of patients as well as the overall U.S. economy. Among the 10 devices or device-based procedures studied are pacemakers, insulin infusion pumps, colonoscopies, and joint replacement surgery.
The data demonstrate that the use of medical technology brings considerable economic benefits. These are seen in both aggregate savings in treatment expenditures and prevention as well as the reduction of "indirect impact" through larger contributions to the economy.
1- MarketingBefore putting the product into the market, the prod.docxmonicafrancis71118
1- Marketing
Before putting the product into the market, the product goes through several stages. One of the most important stages is to determine the price of the product. After that, it will be studied by asking questions to customers and anticipate their requirements in terms of shape, colour phrases recorded on it. It can be applied using servery or interview the customer. Finally, the product needs to be promoting before it is been released, so electronic, and visual and audio can be used as advertising. However, in this experiment, we will focus only on the total cost of the product and then work on finding who develops the product….[9] [10].
1.1 Estimating of the total price.
For the antibiotic spray, it can be estimate the total price depend on the type of the material which were be used. Thus, the material in the table estimates the total price.
Material
Discerption
Brand/ manufacture
Price Ink VAT.
[1] Cefuroxime(as Cefuroxime sodium) 1.5 gram.
CEFUROXIME is a cephalosporin antibiotic. It is used to treat certain kinds of bacterial infections. It will not work for colds, flu, or other viral infections
£4.70
[2] Sterile Water (1000ml)
Single Bottle of Sterile Water (1000ml)
Baxter
£3.54
[3] 73.5 mg of sodium
Sodium Bicarbonate 2kg - Pharmaceutical Grade (Bicarb/Bicarbonate of Soda)
£6.49
[1] Metronidazole
Metronidazole 500mg/100ml infusion 100ml bags (A A H Pharmaceuticals Ltd)
£63.86
[4] Phosphatebuffer (pKa=7.2)
PBS405.1 Virtual PHOSPHATE BUFFERED SALINE pH 7.4 10X Liquid Concentrate, 1L
£22.75
[5] Brilliant Blue FCF
1 kilogram
£6-8
[6] 100ml Stainless Steel
Empty stainless bottle spray
£7-9
Total price
£118
2- Companies and industry
There are many companies interested to work on or collaborate for developing the antibiotic. Following, there are some of the companies, Charities and universities, which they work hardly to improve public health and more specifically in the development of antibiotics. Thus, the product will be a focuses for them and new idea that can be started to develop and prove its effectiveness. Then, it can be put in the market, which many people can take advantage of the ease and licences of the product.
2.1. GSK Company [13]
At GSK, they are at the forefront of researching new ways to tackle some of the world’s biggest healthcare challenges. So as antibiotic resistance grows, they are investing in new ways to fight infection.
Their approach is to make the most of their own expertise and experience, while at the same time forming complementary partnerships and alliances with others who bring different kinds of expertise. Their vision for the world, where everyone has access to the vaccines they need, depends on a steady supply of great ideas and brilliant science. They have much to offer and through collaboration, they can achieve so much more.
For example, more than 90% of the vaccines in their pipeline are being developed in partnership with others. They have a long track rec.
The Indian pharmaceutical industry is a key player in global healthcare, known for its cost-effective generics and innovative research. Moving forward, it aims to strengthen quality standards, embrace digitalization for efficiency, and expand access to essential medicines worldwide.
Transforming healthcare through innovation ISDM e-newsletter June 2019David Wortley
Transforming Healthcare Through Innovation – Our Dorset
AI in Healthcare Conference Salford
Medilink Diagnostics for Health and Wellbeing Seminar
Medtech Innovation Expo
EBME – Electronic and Biomedical Engineering Expo 2019
Virtual Reality Developments in Digital Medicine
2nd World Summit on Hospital & Healthcare Management 2019
Upcoming Events Calendar.
Welcome to the June 2019 edition of the ISDM E-Newsletter. This month I will be sharing information about an exciting integrated healthcare project in Dorset and reviewing a number of conferences, exhibitions and seminars I have recently attended, including the AI in Healthcare Conference which took place at the University of Salford Manchester in April, the Medilink Seminar at the Open University on Diagnostics for Health and Wellbeing and the Medtech Innovation Conference at the Birmingham NEC held in May. I will also share my thoughts and recent experiences of development in the use of virtual reality in digital medicine.
Healthcare, from Products to Solutions Exploring some of the latest initiativ...Alix Aubert
with high-level healthcare executives. Today, through Life Science Talks, we have decided to make some of this information available
to the professional community at large, provided it is non-confidential, of public interest, and likely to spark interesting partnerships in
the future.
This white paper therefore condenses data drawn from a number of informative meetings with decision makers in the European
healthcare sector during 2013 and 2014. More specifically, it is the result of an edition of Life science Talks dedicated to this subject
and held in Paris, in May 2014.
The discussions at this event were admirably moderated by Silvia Ondategui Parra, partner at EY, and were punctuated by keynotes
from leading stakeholders in European healthcare: Emmanuel Gomez, CNAM-TS, Head of Disease Management Programmes; Dr Rick
Greville, ABPI, Director of Wales and International Affairs; Thierry Zylberberg, Orange, Head of Orange Healthcare; Miguel Bernabeu,
Alcon (Novartis), Global Head of Market Access, Pricing and HEOR; Yvoine McCourt, Air Liquide, Head of Home Healthcare
International Development; Olivier Croly, GE Healthcare IT, GM Europe. Again, we thank them for sharing their views, their concerns,
and for outlining their projects in Europe within our forum.
mHealth Israel_Medical Devices in Portugal_Rui Costa_GE HealthcareLevi Shapiro
Presentation about the Medical Device sector in Portugal by Rui Costa, General Manager- Portugal, GE Healthcare, for the mHealth Israel community, June 2, 2020. Includes current trends, sales data, key changes, challenges, reflections, transitions, collaborations, etc
EuroBioForum 2013 - Day 1 | Wolfgang EberleEuroBioForum
EuroBioForum 2013 2nd Annual Conference
27-28 May 2013 - Hilton Munich City, Munich, Germany
http://www.eurobioforum.eu/2013
=======================================
# NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES #
Belgium
Working across disciplines for our health benefit - From successful strategies for biotech and nanotech to Nanotech for Health in Flanders
Wolfgang Eberle
Funded Program Manager Life Science Technologies Imec
=======================================
http://www.eurobioforum.eu
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
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We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
2. 02 | Technology Strategy Board
Detection and Identification of Infectious Agents
Innovation Platform
What is an innovation platform?
Global society faces many challenges.
By applying technology and innovation we
can help to meet these challenges and, at
the same time, open up new opportunities
for business. Innovation platforms focus
on specific societal challenges where
Government is taking action through policy,
regulation, procurement or fiscal measures.
By improving co-ordination between the
key players from industry, academia and
Government, innovation platforms can
identify barriers to meeting the challenge,
map possible routes to overcoming the
barriers and align activities to support
innovative solutions.
The aim is to deliver a step change in the
ability of UK businesses to provide
solutions for the global marketplace, boost
UK economic performance, and provide
higher quality public services.
Why detection and identification
of infectious agents?
In a global setting the UK is faced with the
challenge of minimising the impact of
infectious disease threats. Worldwide
infectious diseases account for over a fifth
of human deaths and a quarter of
morbidity and can cross the globe in
hours. Diagnostic testing accounts for only
1-2% of government healthcare
expenditure worldwide, yet influences
60-70% of healthcare decisions.
Infectious diseases are a constant threat to
the health and wealth of the nation. In the
UK approximately 10% of all deaths and
4% of all hospital admissions are attributed
to infectious diseases, and 35% of GP
consultations (50% in children) are due to
an infection. Hospital-acquired infections
cost the NHS around £1bn each year and
taking into account loss of national
productivity and payment of sickness
benefit, the cost is considerably higher.
Animal diseases can be equally costly and
serious. The 2001 outbreak of foot and
mouth disease cost the UK about £7bn
and bovine tuberculosis, the largest
endemic animal health issue in Great
Britain, cost the taxpayer around £80m in
2007-08 for surveillance, research, testing
and compensation.
Background to the DIIA
Innovation Platform
In April 2006, the UK Government
published the results from the Foresight
study on the detection and identification of
infectious diseases. The study was based
on findings from over 350 experts and
identified technological capabilities that
could improve disease control over the
next 10-25 years and beyond. There was
broad consensus that this work should
be taken forward, which led to the
development of this innovation platform.
Drivers for growth
and market trends
In 2009, the global in vitro diagnostics (IVD)
market generated US$38,762m in revenue
and this is expected to reach US$50,379m
in 2014. Point-of-care diagnostics has been
estimated to be 12% of the market with a
market audit of UK clinical sales for IVD,
both to the NHS and private healthcare
sector, being estimated at £676m.
Point-of-care tests should form part of a
toolkit of diagnostic products and
capabilities available to help the diagnosis
and management of patients and animals.
They are important when rapid diagnosis
and early treatment intervention are
The Detection and Identification of
Infectious Agents Innovation
Platform aims to encourage the
development, uptake and adoption
of clinically useful, commercially
viable diagnostics for the detection
and identification of infectious
agents in humans and animals.
The Technology Strategy Board
launched the Detection and
Identification of Infectious Agents
(DIIA) Innovation Platform in
October 2008 and will invest up to
£50m in activities over five years
together with additional funding
from government departments,
particularly the Department of Health
(DH) which will invest up to £5m,
and the research councils.
More rapid and accurate diagnosis
of infectious diseases can lead to
targeted and more efficient
treatments with improved outcomes
that will reduce the social and
economic impact of infectious
agents and create opportunity and
wealth for UK industry.
3. Technology Strategy Board | 03
Detection and Identification of Infectious Agents
Innovation Platform
clinically relevant and can impact on the
mortality, morbidity, the economic burden
of disease and patient well-being.
There is currently a clear opportunity to
develop rapid diagnostic tests, including
point-of-care devices, and drivers of
growth in this sector include the following:
K restructuring and reform of the
healthcare system, including
emphasising personalised care,
improvements in quality and outcomes
and the need to reduce costs
K concern over the spread of infectious
diseases
K social pressure including the
changing expectations of patients
and healthcare professionals
K technology advancements
K growth in IVD markets particularly in the
Asia Pacific region, Brazil, India and China
K the need for point-of-care tests in
developing countries where lack of
infrastructure can make rapid near
patient testing attractive and sometimes
the only viable option.
The priorities
The Technology Strategy Board is working
closely with the DH and Department for
Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
(Defra) to prioritise which infectious agents
should be addressed and the type of
diagnostic device that is needed.
DH priorities in the DIIA programme
K tuberculosis
K sepsis
K antimicrobial resistance:
K hospital-acquired infections:
K MRSA
K Clostridium difficile
K extended spectrum beta
lactamase-producing bacteria
K community-acquired pneumonia
K antibiotic prescribing in primary care
(diagnostic tools to reduce the
inappropriate prescribing of antibiotics)
K sexually transmitted infections
K chlamydia
K gonorrhoea.
Defra’s priorities for animal health in the
first competition run by the Technology
Strategy Board (January 2010) were to
develop a rapid/point of sampling device
to detect the following notifiable infectious
agents in animals:
K foot and mouth disease virus
K swine vesicular disease virus
K Mycobacterium bovis (in live cattle only)
K bluetongue virus
K classical swine fever virus
K African swine fever virus
K avian influenza virus (H5 and H7).
We are working with Defra to decide
future disease and testing priority areas.
What we have done so far
The first DIIA competition opened in
January 2010 and over £12 million was
awarded to fund projects to develop
rapid/point-of-care devices and improve
their uptake in the human and animal
healthcare sectors.
This competition was split into three
different project types: feasibility studies,
fast-track projects and larger collaborative
R&D projects and covered the priority
areas of DH and Defra.
Health econometrics studies informed
the specifications for diagnostic devices.
The future
Subsequent competitions will continue to
address DH and Defra priorities with the next
competition expected to focus on sepsis.
Who are we working with?
Our business engagement continues to
encompass both diagnostic companies
and companies outside the classical life
science and biotechnology community.
We work with the knowledge transfer
networks (KTNs), in particular the
HealthTech and Medicines KTN that
delivers a programme of knowledge
transfer work packages to support the
DIIA Innovation Platform and to engage
all the players in this area, including
developing a DIIA special interest group.
Our steering group advises us on the
best ways to encourage the development,
uptake and adoption of clinically useful,
commercially viable diagnostics for the
detection of infectious agents in humans
and animals. The balance of representation
on the steering group favours business
and business organisations.
In addition, we collaborate with the British
In Vitro Diagnostics Association and
engage with other trade associations and
a variety of UK and international networks.
We liaise across the public sector
including with government departments,
the devolved administrations, research
councils, NHS, the National Institute for
Health and Clinical Excellence, agencies
involved in human and animal health from
national to regional/local level and others.
Defra together with the research councils
have further supported the DIIA
programme through organised fellowships
including a Defra/ Economic and Social
Research Council fellowship on attitudes
to the use of rapid/point-of-care devices
in the control of animal disease and a
Defra/ Engineering and Physical
Sciences Research Council fellowship
on secure storage and transmission/
collection of data from field-based rapid
diagnostic devices.
Detection and Identification of Infectious Agents
Innovation Platform