The primary objective of such this project is to achieve an optimal level of control of occupant comfort while minimizing energy use. Monitoring temperature, pressure, humidity occupancy, and flow rates are key functions of modern building control systems.
Course material msp430-for_automatic_controlBhukya Mangu
This document provides an overview of a course on microcontrollers for power electronics applications. The course covers the following topics:
1. An introduction to the MSP430 microcontroller family, including its architecture, peripheral devices, and development tools.
2. Details on basic peripheral devices of MSP430 like the clock system, watchdog timer, and digital input/output ports.
3. How to use timers, analog-to-digital converters and interrupts to build a simplified closed-loop control system with MSP430 for applications like switching power supplies.
4. Appendices providing background information on topics like boost converters and PID controller tuning.
The course aims to teach participants how to use the M
This document discusses embedded systems. It defines a system as a set of components that work together according to fixed rules or programs. It then provides examples of systems like watches and washing machines. The document outlines the typical components of an embedded system including hardware like processors, memory, and I/O devices, as well as application software and an optional real-time operating system. It classifies embedded systems as small, medium, or sophisticated based on their complexity and components. Finally, it describes various types of processors commonly used in embedded systems like microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, and application-specific integrated circuits.
Thiết kế đồng hồ thời gian thực sử dụng DS1307, hiển thị trên 6 Led 7 thanh v...Thư Viện Số
Thiết kế đồng hồ thời gian thực sử dụng DS1307, hiển thị trên 6 Led 7 thanh với các chế độ: Hiển thị thời gian, cài đặt giờ và cài đặt báo thức
Download tại: http://thuvienso.vn/luan-van/thiet-ke-dong-ho-thoi-gian-thuc-su-dung-ds130-hien-thi-tren-led-thanh-voi-cac-che-do-hien-thi-thoi-gian-cai-dat-gio-va-cai-dat-bao-thuc.154.html
This document contains the contents page for Electronics For You magazine from January 2000 to November 2000. It lists the construction projects and circuit ideas featured in each monthly issue. The construction projects include items like a microprocessor-controlled transistor lead identifier, PC-based speed monitoring system, and PC-to-PC communication using infrared/laser beam. The circuit ideas cover a range of electronics from a multipurpose circuit for telephones to an automatic speed controller for fans and coolers.
This document discusses hardware architectures for consumer electronics and embedded systems. It describes requirements like multimedia playback and USB connectivity. It also covers topics like file systems, flash memory, bus-based performance analysis, and memory aspect ratios. Functional requirements include multimedia playback, data storage and management, and communication interfaces. Non-functional requirements typically involve battery life. File systems like FAT can be used for flash storage in these systems. Performance is affected not just by the CPU but also factors like bus bandwidth and memory access ratios.
Sự phát triển của máy vi tính đã làm gia tăng một cách mạnh mẽ các ứng dụng của XỬ LÝ TÍN HIỆU SỐ (Digital Signal Proccessing). Xu hướng này đã được tăng cường bởi sự phát triển đồng thời của thuật toán số (Numerical Algorithms) cho xử lý tín hiệu số. Hiện nay, xử lý tín hiệu số đã trở nên một ứng dụng cơ bản cho kỹ thuật mạch tích hợp hiện đại với các chip có thể lập trình ở tốc độ cao. Vì vậy, xử lý tín hiệu số được ứng dụng trong nhiều lĩnh vực khác nhau như:
• Xử lý tín hiệu âm thanh: nhận dạng tiếng nói/ người nói; tổng hợp tiếng nói, biến văn bản thành tiếng nói; kỹ thuật âm thanh số ;…
• Xử lý ảnh: thu nhận và khôi phục ảnh; làm nổi đường biên; lọc nhiễu; nhận dạng; mắt người máy; hoạt hình; các kỹ xảo về hình ảnh; bản đồ;…
• Viễn thông: xử lý tín hiệu thoại và tín hiệu hình; truyền dữ liệu; khử xuyên kênh; fax; truyền hình số; …
• Thiết bị đo lường và điều khiển: phân tích phổ; đo lường địa chấn; điều khiển vị trí và tốc độ; điều khiển tự động;…
• Quân sự: truyền thông bảo mật; xử lý tín hiệu rada, sonar; dẫn đường tên lửa;…
• Y học: não đồ; điện tim; chụp X quang; chụp CT (Computed Tomography Scans); nội soi;…
Course material msp430-for_automatic_controlBhukya Mangu
This document provides an overview of a course on microcontrollers for power electronics applications. The course covers the following topics:
1. An introduction to the MSP430 microcontroller family, including its architecture, peripheral devices, and development tools.
2. Details on basic peripheral devices of MSP430 like the clock system, watchdog timer, and digital input/output ports.
3. How to use timers, analog-to-digital converters and interrupts to build a simplified closed-loop control system with MSP430 for applications like switching power supplies.
4. Appendices providing background information on topics like boost converters and PID controller tuning.
The course aims to teach participants how to use the M
This document discusses embedded systems. It defines a system as a set of components that work together according to fixed rules or programs. It then provides examples of systems like watches and washing machines. The document outlines the typical components of an embedded system including hardware like processors, memory, and I/O devices, as well as application software and an optional real-time operating system. It classifies embedded systems as small, medium, or sophisticated based on their complexity and components. Finally, it describes various types of processors commonly used in embedded systems like microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, and application-specific integrated circuits.
Thiết kế đồng hồ thời gian thực sử dụng DS1307, hiển thị trên 6 Led 7 thanh v...Thư Viện Số
Thiết kế đồng hồ thời gian thực sử dụng DS1307, hiển thị trên 6 Led 7 thanh với các chế độ: Hiển thị thời gian, cài đặt giờ và cài đặt báo thức
Download tại: http://thuvienso.vn/luan-van/thiet-ke-dong-ho-thoi-gian-thuc-su-dung-ds130-hien-thi-tren-led-thanh-voi-cac-che-do-hien-thi-thoi-gian-cai-dat-gio-va-cai-dat-bao-thuc.154.html
This document contains the contents page for Electronics For You magazine from January 2000 to November 2000. It lists the construction projects and circuit ideas featured in each monthly issue. The construction projects include items like a microprocessor-controlled transistor lead identifier, PC-based speed monitoring system, and PC-to-PC communication using infrared/laser beam. The circuit ideas cover a range of electronics from a multipurpose circuit for telephones to an automatic speed controller for fans and coolers.
This document discusses hardware architectures for consumer electronics and embedded systems. It describes requirements like multimedia playback and USB connectivity. It also covers topics like file systems, flash memory, bus-based performance analysis, and memory aspect ratios. Functional requirements include multimedia playback, data storage and management, and communication interfaces. Non-functional requirements typically involve battery life. File systems like FAT can be used for flash storage in these systems. Performance is affected not just by the CPU but also factors like bus bandwidth and memory access ratios.
Sự phát triển của máy vi tính đã làm gia tăng một cách mạnh mẽ các ứng dụng của XỬ LÝ TÍN HIỆU SỐ (Digital Signal Proccessing). Xu hướng này đã được tăng cường bởi sự phát triển đồng thời của thuật toán số (Numerical Algorithms) cho xử lý tín hiệu số. Hiện nay, xử lý tín hiệu số đã trở nên một ứng dụng cơ bản cho kỹ thuật mạch tích hợp hiện đại với các chip có thể lập trình ở tốc độ cao. Vì vậy, xử lý tín hiệu số được ứng dụng trong nhiều lĩnh vực khác nhau như:
• Xử lý tín hiệu âm thanh: nhận dạng tiếng nói/ người nói; tổng hợp tiếng nói, biến văn bản thành tiếng nói; kỹ thuật âm thanh số ;…
• Xử lý ảnh: thu nhận và khôi phục ảnh; làm nổi đường biên; lọc nhiễu; nhận dạng; mắt người máy; hoạt hình; các kỹ xảo về hình ảnh; bản đồ;…
• Viễn thông: xử lý tín hiệu thoại và tín hiệu hình; truyền dữ liệu; khử xuyên kênh; fax; truyền hình số; …
• Thiết bị đo lường và điều khiển: phân tích phổ; đo lường địa chấn; điều khiển vị trí và tốc độ; điều khiển tự động;…
• Quân sự: truyền thông bảo mật; xử lý tín hiệu rada, sonar; dẫn đường tên lửa;…
• Y học: não đồ; điện tim; chụp X quang; chụp CT (Computed Tomography Scans); nội soi;…
Download luận văn nghiên cứu khoa học với đề tài: Chế tạo mạch com ảo dựa trên mạch phát triển Stm32f4-discovery, cho các bạn làm luận văn tham khảo
Nhận viết luận văn đại học, thạc sĩ trọn gói, chất lượng, LH ZALO=>0909232620
Tham khảo dịch vụ, bảng giá tại: https://baocaothuctap.net
A PLC is an industrial computer that performs discrete or sequential logic functions in a factory environment to control machines and processes. It was originally developed to replace mechanical relays, timers, and counters. PLCs are used successfully to execute complicated control operations in various industries like mining, oil and gas, glass, paper, cement manufacturing, and car manufacturing. PLCs offer advantages like reliability, flexibility, cost effectiveness, high speed, ease of maintenance, and ability to communicate with other computer systems. Their disadvantages include being proprietary, limited design options, and fixed control operations.
CUDA is a parallel computing platform and programming model developed by Nvidia that allows software developers and researchers to utilize GPUs for general purpose processing. CUDA allows developers to achieve up to 100x performance gains over CPU-only applications. CUDA works by having the CPU copy input data to GPU memory, executing a kernel program on the GPU that runs in parallel across many threads, and copying the results back to CPU memory. Key GPU memories that can be used in CUDA programs include shared memory for thread cooperation, textures for cached reads, and constants for read-only data.
DIGITAL VOLTMETER USING 8051 MICROCONTROLLERChirag Lakhani
This document describes the design of a digital voltmeter using an 8051 microcontroller. It includes the following key points:
- An analog to digital converter (ADC0804) is used to convert an analog input voltage to a digital signal that can be read by the microcontroller.
- The 8051 microcontroller then processes the digital signal from the ADC and displays the voltage reading on a liquid crystal display (LCD).
- The circuit diagram shows how the ADC, microcontroller, and LCD are interconnected. Key components include ports for input/output, a crystal oscillator, and voltage regulators.
- The document provides details on the pin configurations and functions of the 8051 microcontroller and ADC0804
This document provides an overview of embedded systems and the AVR microcontroller. It discusses how embedded systems combine hardware and software to perform tasks like processing and storing data. Examples of embedded systems include those used in biotechnology, telecom, military, automotive, and consumer electronics. It then describes the AVR microcontroller, its features, memory segments, pin descriptions, and how to interface it with hardware using Embedded C. Code examples are provided to blink LEDs and interface with 7-segment displays and LCDs.
Flash Bootloader Solutions For ECU Re-Programming: Embitel is expertise in providing solutions and services for Flash bootloader development and ECU re-programming in automotive industry.
Nhận viết luận văn Đại học , thạc sĩ - Zalo: 0917.193.864
Tham khảo bảng giá dịch vụ viết bài tại: vietbaocaothuctap.net
Download luận văn thạc sĩ ngành kĩ thuật với đề tài: Nghiên cứu thiết kế bộ điều khiển PID mờ, cho các bạn tham khảo làm đề tài nghiên cứu của mình
PowerPoint Presentation on the popular topic Multi Core Processors,History of multi core processors, comparison between single core and multi core processors, advantages and disadvantages of multi core processors.
An embedded system is a microprocessor-based computer hardware system designed to perform dedicated functions. Embedded systems can range from simple to complex, depending on the task. They are used in devices like digital watches, microwaves, vehicles, and aircraft. An embedded system consists of hardware, software, and mechanical components working together. The core of an embedded system can be a microprocessor, microcontroller, digital signal processor, or application-specific integrated circuit. Microcontrollers are commonly used in embedded systems due to their ability to perform single tasks with low clock frequencies that optimize interrupt latency.
Vehicle to Vehicle Communication using Bluetooth and GPS.Mayur Wadekar
This document is a project report on vehicle to vehicle wireless communication using Bluetooth and GPS. It describes a system developed by four students to enable vehicles to share location data with each other using onboard GPS receivers and Bluetooth transmitters. The system aims to improve road safety by allowing vehicles to be aware of other nearby vehicles' positions. The report outlines the objectives, methodology, system components, implementation, performance analysis and applications of the proposed vehicle communication system.
This presentation gives an overview of the PIC micro-controllers. Additionally, it describes the advantages, disadvantages and applications of these micro-controllers. It also explains real-world projects that are possible using the PIC micro-controllers.
IRJET- PLC Based Intelligent Control of SubstationIRJET Journal
This document describes a PLC-based intelligent control system for a substation. The system uses a PLC to continuously monitor voltage and current values in the substation. If the values exceed rated limits, the PLC will signal the contactor to trip the circuit breaker, protecting the equipment from faults. The system includes current and potential transformers to step voltages down before sending signals to the PLC for monitoring. This automated monitoring and protection system provides faster response times than previous electromechanical systems, improving safety and reliability.
This document describes an IOT-based industrial automation system that allows users to control industrial appliances and machines over the internet. An Arduino microcontroller processes user commands received via a WiFi module. The microcontroller then controls loads and a motor via relays. The system state is displayed on an LCD screen. The goal is to efficiently automate industry using an online GUI for remote control of devices. Key hardware components include a power supply, Arduino, WiFi module, relay driver, relays, and LCD display. The system provides efficient remote control of industry appliances and machines over the internet using IOT.
Download luận văn nghiên cứu khoa học với đề tài: Chế tạo mạch com ảo dựa trên mạch phát triển Stm32f4-discovery, cho các bạn làm luận văn tham khảo
Nhận viết luận văn đại học, thạc sĩ trọn gói, chất lượng, LH ZALO=>0909232620
Tham khảo dịch vụ, bảng giá tại: https://baocaothuctap.net
A PLC is an industrial computer that performs discrete or sequential logic functions in a factory environment to control machines and processes. It was originally developed to replace mechanical relays, timers, and counters. PLCs are used successfully to execute complicated control operations in various industries like mining, oil and gas, glass, paper, cement manufacturing, and car manufacturing. PLCs offer advantages like reliability, flexibility, cost effectiveness, high speed, ease of maintenance, and ability to communicate with other computer systems. Their disadvantages include being proprietary, limited design options, and fixed control operations.
CUDA is a parallel computing platform and programming model developed by Nvidia that allows software developers and researchers to utilize GPUs for general purpose processing. CUDA allows developers to achieve up to 100x performance gains over CPU-only applications. CUDA works by having the CPU copy input data to GPU memory, executing a kernel program on the GPU that runs in parallel across many threads, and copying the results back to CPU memory. Key GPU memories that can be used in CUDA programs include shared memory for thread cooperation, textures for cached reads, and constants for read-only data.
DIGITAL VOLTMETER USING 8051 MICROCONTROLLERChirag Lakhani
This document describes the design of a digital voltmeter using an 8051 microcontroller. It includes the following key points:
- An analog to digital converter (ADC0804) is used to convert an analog input voltage to a digital signal that can be read by the microcontroller.
- The 8051 microcontroller then processes the digital signal from the ADC and displays the voltage reading on a liquid crystal display (LCD).
- The circuit diagram shows how the ADC, microcontroller, and LCD are interconnected. Key components include ports for input/output, a crystal oscillator, and voltage regulators.
- The document provides details on the pin configurations and functions of the 8051 microcontroller and ADC0804
This document provides an overview of embedded systems and the AVR microcontroller. It discusses how embedded systems combine hardware and software to perform tasks like processing and storing data. Examples of embedded systems include those used in biotechnology, telecom, military, automotive, and consumer electronics. It then describes the AVR microcontroller, its features, memory segments, pin descriptions, and how to interface it with hardware using Embedded C. Code examples are provided to blink LEDs and interface with 7-segment displays and LCDs.
Flash Bootloader Solutions For ECU Re-Programming: Embitel is expertise in providing solutions and services for Flash bootloader development and ECU re-programming in automotive industry.
Nhận viết luận văn Đại học , thạc sĩ - Zalo: 0917.193.864
Tham khảo bảng giá dịch vụ viết bài tại: vietbaocaothuctap.net
Download luận văn thạc sĩ ngành kĩ thuật với đề tài: Nghiên cứu thiết kế bộ điều khiển PID mờ, cho các bạn tham khảo làm đề tài nghiên cứu của mình
PowerPoint Presentation on the popular topic Multi Core Processors,History of multi core processors, comparison between single core and multi core processors, advantages and disadvantages of multi core processors.
An embedded system is a microprocessor-based computer hardware system designed to perform dedicated functions. Embedded systems can range from simple to complex, depending on the task. They are used in devices like digital watches, microwaves, vehicles, and aircraft. An embedded system consists of hardware, software, and mechanical components working together. The core of an embedded system can be a microprocessor, microcontroller, digital signal processor, or application-specific integrated circuit. Microcontrollers are commonly used in embedded systems due to their ability to perform single tasks with low clock frequencies that optimize interrupt latency.
Vehicle to Vehicle Communication using Bluetooth and GPS.Mayur Wadekar
This document is a project report on vehicle to vehicle wireless communication using Bluetooth and GPS. It describes a system developed by four students to enable vehicles to share location data with each other using onboard GPS receivers and Bluetooth transmitters. The system aims to improve road safety by allowing vehicles to be aware of other nearby vehicles' positions. The report outlines the objectives, methodology, system components, implementation, performance analysis and applications of the proposed vehicle communication system.
This presentation gives an overview of the PIC micro-controllers. Additionally, it describes the advantages, disadvantages and applications of these micro-controllers. It also explains real-world projects that are possible using the PIC micro-controllers.
IRJET- PLC Based Intelligent Control of SubstationIRJET Journal
This document describes a PLC-based intelligent control system for a substation. The system uses a PLC to continuously monitor voltage and current values in the substation. If the values exceed rated limits, the PLC will signal the contactor to trip the circuit breaker, protecting the equipment from faults. The system includes current and potential transformers to step voltages down before sending signals to the PLC for monitoring. This automated monitoring and protection system provides faster response times than previous electromechanical systems, improving safety and reliability.
This document describes an IOT-based industrial automation system that allows users to control industrial appliances and machines over the internet. An Arduino microcontroller processes user commands received via a WiFi module. The microcontroller then controls loads and a motor via relays. The system state is displayed on an LCD screen. The goal is to efficiently automate industry using an online GUI for remote control of devices. Key hardware components include a power supply, Arduino, WiFi module, relay driver, relays, and LCD display. The system provides efficient remote control of industry appliances and machines over the internet using IOT.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Handicapped Assistance Device for Controlling Electrical Appliances Jamuna R - Assistant Professor,
Abhinai S - UG scholar,
Jhananadhan SP - UG scholar,
Department of ECE,
SNS College of Engineering, Coimbatore, India
This document describes a proposed Smart Power Information/Management System (Smartlet) that aims to reduce consumer power usage through monitoring and control of individual electrical outlets. The system allows users to view power consumption data of connected appliances and remotely control outlet power states. It is designed to educate users about high-power devices and encourage more efficient habits through awareness of energy usage and costs. The system aims to meet criteria such as low power consumption, economic feasibility, social acceptability, and integration with existing infrastructure to ensure it saves more energy than it uses.
This project uses X Bee wireless modules to control devices remotely with feedback. The transmitter unit takes input from switches and sends commands via an X Bee module. The receiver unit receives the commands via its X Bee module and controls devices like relays. The status of devices is displayed on an LCD. X Bee modules allow bidirectional wireless communication and are configured using AT commands to control devices remotely over short ranges.
IRJET- Monitoring and Protection of Distribution Transformer using GSM ModuleIRJET Journal
This document presents a monitoring and protection system for distribution transformers using GSM technology. The system continuously monitors transformer parameters like load current, voltage, oil level, and ambient temperature using sensors. If any abnormalities are detected, an alert message with the parameter values and location is sent to the monitoring center via GSM and GPS modules integrated with a microcontroller. This real-time monitoring system can help identify problems early to prevent failures and save costs compared to manual monitoring. The system design includes components like a power supply, microcontroller, LCD display, fault indicator, MAX232 for RS232 conversion, relay, and GSM modem to send SMS alerts.
unit 4 smartsensors and application.pptxAanshuSingh3
This document discusses smart sensors and their applications. It defines smart sensors as sensors that can perform ranging, calibration, and decision making for communication when combined with interface electronics. It describes the key components of smart sensors including primary sensors, excitation, amplification, filters, converters, compensation, information coding/processing, and data communication. It also discusses standards for smart sensor interfaces and gives examples of sensor applications in automobiles, homes, aerospace, manufacturing, and environmental monitoring.
Gsm based smart card information for lost atm cardsSomanchi Aditya
This document describes a project to design a system that automatically detects lost ATM cards and sends an alert message to a predefined phone number. The system uses a GSM modem connected to a PIC microcontroller. The microcontroller is connected to an LCD display, smart card reader, and other components. When a lost card is inserted, the microcontroller will send an SMS message via the GSM modem. The document provides details on the various hardware components used and how they interface with each other.
IRJET - Monitoring and Protection of Distribution Transformer using GSM ModuleIRJET Journal
This document presents a monitoring and protection system for distribution transformers using GSM and GPS technology. The system continuously monitors transformer parameters like load current, voltage, oil level, and ambient temperature using sensors. If any abnormalities are detected, an alert message with the parameter values and location is sent to the monitoring center via GSM and GPS modules. This allows problems to be identified early to prevent failures and save costs compared to manual monitoring. The system includes components like a power supply, microcontroller, LCD display, fault indicator, MAX232, relay, and GSM modem to monitor and send alerts on transformer faults.
This document describes a home automation system that allows control of appliances like lights and fans from an Android mobile phone using Bluetooth. The system uses an 8-bit microcontroller with Bluetooth module to wirelessly communicate with the mobile phone. Home appliances are connected to the microcontroller board, which receives on/off commands from a mobile app to control the appliances. Feedback is provided on the device status by lighting LEDs on the microcontroller board. The system provides a low-cost way to automate home devices using a mobile phone over Bluetooth wireless technology.
This document summarizes a student project report on developing a microcontroller-based traffic light controller. It describes using an AT89C51 microcontroller programmed to control LED traffic lights through four phases to regulate traffic flow at an intersection. The circuit diagram and hardware components are explained, including a power supply, microcontroller, LEDs, 7-segment display, and common cathode configuration. Software and timing of the four light phases are also outlined to coordinate traffic flow from four directions through the intersection.
This document describes a project to control electrical appliances in a home remotely using a microcontroller and PC. A microcontroller like the AT89S52 is used to interface with devices via relays and receive commands from a PC through an RS-232 serial connection. The MAX232 chip converts signals between the RS-232 and microcontroller levels. Based on commands from the PC, the microcontroller can turn appliances on and off and send back status updates. This allows remote control and monitoring of devices for applications like smart homes and industrial automation.
Report on Embedded Based Home security systemNIT srinagar
This document describes an embedded home security system that uses various sensors and components. The system uses an AT89S52 microcontroller along with an IR sensor, LCD display, GSM module, LEDs and other components. The IR sensor detects intruders and the GSM module sends alerts. It provides automated security monitoring and user authentication to prevent break-ins. The system is designed to be effective, practical and reasonably priced for home security.
IRJET- Implementation of Wireless Sensor in Coal Mine Safety System using ZigbeeIRJET Journal
This document describes a wireless sensor network system for monitoring coal mine safety using ZigBee technology. Sensors underground measure environmental conditions like temperature, gases, and fires and send this data via ZigBee transmitters to a microcontroller. The microcontroller displays the data and sends it to a ZigBee receiver above ground, which then sends the information to a PC. The system aims to improve safety monitoring, reduce accidents in coal mines, and address issues like lack of wireless range and infrastructure underground. Key components include temperature, gas, and fire sensors; a microcontroller; ZigBee modules; and alarms to warn workers of detected dangers.
Street light controlling using Microcontroller9989476539
This document describes a street light system that glows upon detecting vehicle movement. It uses a microcontroller, light sensors, and a driver IC to control street lights. When a vehicle is detected by the light sensors, the microcontroller turns on lights ahead of the vehicle. As the vehicle passes, the trailing lights are turned off to save energy. The system provides energy savings by only illuminating the necessary lights.
POWER CONSUMPTION DETECTING AND ALERTING SYSTEMIRJET Journal
This document describes a power consumption detecting and alerting system. The system continuously monitors home appliance power consumption and calculates unit usage to alert consumers when they are close to exceeding the current electricity rate slab. When the slab rate threshold is reached, auxiliary loads will automatically be cut off and a message will be sent to the consumer. The system aims to help consumers efficiently use power from the grid and maintain a low electricity bill. It uses components like a microcontroller, relays, LCD display, step-down transformer, buzzer, and potentiometer. The system works by measuring power usage, calculating units, and sending alerts via buzzer and messages if the slab rate is approached or exceeded to encourage reduced consumption.
This document describes a project on automatic wireless power grid control. It is submitted by three students and guided by an assistant professor. The project uses a microcontroller to wirelessly control different units of a power grid based on time using an RF transmitter and receiver. It explains the hardware components used, including a power supply, diode bridge, microcontroller, RF modules, relay driver, encoder, decoder and LCD display. Block diagrams and working are provided, along with advantages of automation and potential applications in hardware control systems.
This document describes a home automation system that allows control of appliances like TVs, fans, and lights from an Android mobile phone using Bluetooth. The system uses an 8-bit microcontroller board with an AT89S52 microcontroller and HC-05 Bluetooth module. The microcontroller is programmed to control electronic devices connected to its input/output ports based on commands received from an Android application via Bluetooth. Feedback on the devices' status is also provided using LED indicators connected to the microcontroller board. The system provides a low-cost and flexible way to automate home or office appliances remotely using a mobile phone.
Similar to Design of wireless sensor network for building management systems (20)
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptxGauravCar
What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
› ...
Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...
Design of wireless sensor network for building management systems
1. 1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Problem overview and motivation:
Is it possible to introduce wireless technology into building automation systems? If so,
how can it be done in a standardized way so that the least amount of effort is needed, both
in the wireless sensor network and in the building automation system?
1.2 Objective:
The primary objective of such a system is to achieve an optimal level of control of
occupant comfort while minimizing energy use. Monitoring temperature, pressure,
humidity occupancy and flow rates are key functions of modern building control systems.
A BMS has to be properly installed and commissioned for optimal operation and to realize
potential savings. Energy efficiency can be optimized by a combination of scheduling,
controlling temperature and using system economizer functions. Sensors out of calibration
can lead to enormous energy waste. Integration of other auxiliary functions such as fire
detection and suppression and security and occupancy detection can result in substantial
cost savings.
1.3 Basics:
Complete autonomous control of an entire facility is the goal that any modern
automation system attempts to achieve. The distributed control system - the computer
networking of electronic devices designed to monitor and control the mechanical, security,
fire, lighting, HVAC and humidity control, and ventilation systems in a building or across
several campuses.
The Building Automation System (BAS) core functionality is to keep building
climate within a specified range, light rooms based on an occupancy schedule, monitor
2. 2
performance and device failures in all systems and provide malfunction alarms.
Automation systems reduce building energy and maintenance costs compared to a non-
controlled building. Typically they are financed through energy and insurance savings and
other savings associated with pre-emptive maintenance and quick detection of issues.
A building controlled by a BAS is often referred to as an intelligent building or
"smart building". Commercial and industrial buildings have historically relied on robust
proven protocols like BACnet.
Almost all multi-story green buildings are designed to accommodate a BAS for the
energy, air and water conservation characteristics. The electrical device demand response
is a typical function of a BAS, as is the more sophisticated ventilation and humidity
monitoring required of "tight" insulated buildings. Most green buildings also use as many
low-power DC devices as possible, typically integrated with power over Ethernet wiring,
so by definition always accessible to a BAS through the Ethernet connectivity. Even a
Passivhaus design intended to consume no net energy whatsoever will typically require a
BAS to manage heat capture, shading and venting, and scheduling device use.
Fig 1.1 A simple example of building automation system
3. 3
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
Literature Survey:
A Survey on an Efficient IOT Based Smart building proposes an efficient
implementation for IoT for monitoring and automation system and it uses portable devices
as a user interface.
Portable devices can communicate with the home automation network through an
Internet gate, employing low power communication protocols like Zigbee, Wi-Fi, etc.
This also describes how to provide a fully smart environment and condition
monitoring by various sensors like Temperature, Humidity, Light, and Level for providing
necessary data to automatic detection and resolution of any problem in the devices.
The goal of this master thesis is to investigate if it is possible to make a successful
integration of interconnecting wireless sensor network technology into building
automation systems. For the integration to be successful the solution should be designed
and constructed in a standardized way. The key points with making a standardized
integration are that the solution will fit into, and make use of, existing infrastructure;
provide data exchange in a vendor-independent way, and increase the potential of
expanding the solution to other functional domains such as security, light control, and fire
alarms. The solution should make use of standardized communication protocols or at least
be able to communicate with standardized communication protocols. The thesis should end
up in a measurable proof of concept design and implementation of a wireless sensor
networking node with building automation capabilities.
4. 4
CHAPTER 3
BLOCK DIAGRAM & FLOW CHART
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM
Main Station:
Fig 3.1 Block diagram of the transmitter
Receiversection:
Fig 3.2 Block diagram of the receiver
5V
Node
MCU
RF
5V Power
Supply
RF
Arduino
DHT 11 Sensor
DC Fan
LED
LDR
Smoke Sensor
Android application
6. 6
CHAPTER 4
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
4.1 Hardware Components:
Hardware components are
1. Arduino Nano
2. Power Supply
3. LDR
4. DC Fan
5. DHT 11 Sensor
6. LED
7. Smoke Sensor
8. Node MCU
9. RF Module
7. 7
4.1.1 Arduino Nano:
Fig 4.1 Arduino Nano
The Arduino microcontroller is an easy to use yet powerful single board computer
that has gained considerable traction in the hobby and professional market. The Arduino is
open-source, which means the hardware is reasonably priced and development software is
free. Arduino nano differs from other Arduino as it very small so it suitable for small-sized
projects and it supports breadboards so it can be plugged with other components in only
one breadboard.
8. 8
Table 4.1 Specifications
In the Arduino Nano 2.x version, it still used ATmega168 microcontroller while
the Arduino Nano 3.x version already used ATmega328 microcontroller. ATmega168 is
a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR® enhanced RISC
architecture.
Microcontroller Atmel ATmega168 or ATmega328
OperatingVoltage (logiclevel) 5 V
Input Voltage(recommended) 7-12 V
Digital I/O Pins 6-20 V
Analog Input Pins 14 (of which6 provide PWMoutput)
Dc CurrentPer I/O Pins 8
Flash Memory 40 mA
SRAM 16 KB (ATmega168) or 32 KB (ATmega328) of
which 2 KB usedby bootloader
EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega168) or 2 KB (ATmega328)
Clock Speed 16 MHz
Dimensions 0.73” x 1.70”
Length 45 mm
Width 18 mm
Weight 5 g
9. 9
Fig 4.2 Arduino Nano Pin Configuration
The Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) IN PINS 7,8,13,14 AND 15
Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) is a synchronous serial data protocol used by
microcontrollers for communicating with one or more peripheral devices quickly over short
distances. It can also be used for communication between two microcontrollers.
With an SPI connection, there is always one master device (usually a microcontroller)
that controls the peripheral devices. Typically, there are three lines common to all the
devices:
MISO (Master In Slave Out) - The Slave line for sending data to the master,
MOSI (Master Out Slave In) - The Master line for sending data to the peripherals,
SCK (Serial Clock) - The clock pulses which synchronize data transmission generated
by the master and one-line specific for every device:
10. 10
SS (Slave Select) - the pin on each device that the master can use to enable and disable
specific devices.
When a device's Slave Select pin is low, it communicates with the master. When it's
high, it ignores the master. This allows you to have multiple SPI devices sharing the same
MISO, MOSI, and CLK lines.
4.1.2 Power Supply:
The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply. The a.c. input
i.e., 230V from the mains supply is step down by the transformer to 12V and is fed to a
rectifier. The output obtained from the rectifier is a pulsating d.c voltage. So to get a pure
d.c voltage, the output voltage from the rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any a.c
components present even after rectification. Now, this voltage is given to a voltage
regulator to obtain a pure constant dc voltage.
4.1.3 Light Dependent Resistor:
LDRs or Light Dependent Resistors are very useful, especially in light/dark sensor
circuits. Normally the resistance of an LDR is very high, sometimes as high as 1,000,000
ohms, but when they are illuminated with light, the resistance drops dramatically.
Thus in this project, LDR plays an important role in switching on the lights based
on the intensity of light i.e., if the intensity of light is more (during daytime) the lights will
be in off condition. And if the intensity of light is less (during nights), the lights will be
switched on.
11. 11
Fig 4.3 LDR
This is an example of a light sensor circuit: When the light level is low the resistance
of the LDR is high. This prevents current from flowing to the base of the transistors.
Consequently, the LED does not light. However, when light shines onto the LDR its
resistance falls and current flows into the base of the first transistor and then the second
transistor. The LED glows. The preset resistor can be turned up or down to increase or
decrease resistance, in this way it can make the circuit more or less sensitive.
4.1.4 Driver Circuit Fan:
Digital systems and microcontroller pins lack sufficient current to drive the circuits
like relays, buzzer circuits, DC fans, etc. While these circuits require around 10milli amps
to be operated, the microcontroller’s pin can provide a maximum of 1-2milli amps current.
For this reason, a driver such as a power transistor is placed in between the microcontroller
and the device.
The operation of this circuit is as follows:
The input to the base of the transistor is applied from the microcontroller port pin
P1.0. The transistor will be switched on when the base to emitter voltage is greater than
0.7V (cut-in voltage). Thus when the voltage applied to the pin P1.0 is high i.e., P1.0=1
(>0.7V), the transistor will be switched on and thus the fan will be ON.
12. 12
When the voltage at the pin P1.0 is low i.e., P1.0=0 (<0.7V) the transistor will be
in off state and the fan will be OFF. Thus the transistor acts as a current driver to operate
the fan accordingly.
Fig 4.4 DC Fan
4.1.5 DHT 11 Sensor:
DHT11 Temperature & Humidity Sensor features a temperature & humidity sensor
complex with a calibrated digital signal output. By using the exclusive digital-signal-
acquisition technique and temperature & humidity sensing technology, it ensures high
reliability and excellent long-term stability. This sensor includes a resistive-type humidity
measurement component and an NTC temperature measurement component, and connects
to a high-performance 8-bit microcontroller, offering excellent quality, fast response, anti-
interference ability, and cost-effectiveness.
Fig 4.5 DHT 11 Sensor
13. 13
Each DHT11 element is strictly calibrated in the laboratory that is extremely
accurate on humidity calibration. The calibration coefficients are stored as programs in the
OTP memory, which are used by the sensor’s internal signal detecting process. The single-
wire serial interface makes system integration quick and easy. Its small size, low power
consumption, and up-to-20 meter signal transmission making it the best choice for various
applications, including those most demanding ones. The component is a 4-pin single row
pin package. It is convenient to connect and special packages can be provided according to
users’ request.
4.1.6 LED:
Fig 4.6 LED
The most important requirement that a light source has to meet to serve
communication purposes is the ability to be switched on and off repeatedly in very short
intervals. By utilizing the advantage of fast switching characteristics of LED‟s compared
with the conventional lightning, the LED illumination is used as a communication source.
Since the illumination exists everywhere, it is expected that the LED illumination device
will act as a lighting device and a communication transmitter simultaneously everywhere
shortly.
14. 14
Typically, red, green, and blue LEDs emit a band of spectrum, depending on the
material system. The white LED draws much attention to the illumination devices.
Comparing the LED illumination with the conventional illumination such as fluorescent
lamps and 14 incandescent bulbs, the LED illumination has many advantages such as high
efficiency, environment-friendly manufacturing, design flexibility, long lifetime, and
better spectrum performance.
LEDs emit light when energy levels change in the semiconductor diode. This shift
in energy generates photons, some of which are emitted as light. The specific wavelength
of the light depends on the difference in energy levels as well as the type of semiconductor
material used to form the LED chip.
The solid-state design allows LEDs to withstand shock, vibration, frequent
switching i.e; electrical on and off a shockand environmental i.e; mechanical shocks
extremes without compromising their famous long life typically 100,000 hours or more.
The basic LED consists of a semiconductor diode chip mounted in the reflector cup of a
lead frame that is connected to electrical (wire bond) wires and then encased in a solid
epoxy lens. The architecture of the LED is shown in Fig.
Fig 4.7 LED Architecture
15. 15
4.1.7 Smoke Detector:
Fig 4.8 Smoke Detector
The H21A1, H21A2 and H21A3 consist of a gallium arsenide infrared emitting
diode coupled with a silicon phototransistor in a plastic housing. The packaging system is
designed to optimize the mechanical resolution, coupling efficiency, ambient light
rejection, cost and reliability. The gap in the housing provides a means of interrupting the
signal with an opaque material, switching the output from an “ON” to an “OFF” state.
Features:
• Opaque housing
• Low cost
• .035” apertures
• High IC(ON)
1. Derate power dissipation linearly 1.33 mW/°C above 25°C.
2. RMA flux is recommended.
3. Methanol or isopropyl alcohols are recommended as cleaning agents.
4. Soldering iron tip 1/16” (1.6mm) minimum from the housing.
16. 16
This sensor is used to detect any fire accidents. Whenever a fire accident occurs
some smoke is generated. This sensor detests that smoke and gives the response to the
microcontroller. The arrangement of this sensor in our sensor board is as shown below.
Fig 4.9 Arrangement of Sensor in Sensor Board
4.1.8 Node MCU:
NodeMCU is an open-source IoT platform. It includes firmware that runs on the
ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Espressif Systems, and hardware which is based on the ESP-12
module. The term “NodeMCU” by default refers to the firmware rather than the DevKit.
The firmware uses the Lua scripting language. It is based on the eLua project and built on
the Espressif Non-OS SDK for ESP8266. It uses many open source projects, such as lua-
cjson, and spiffs.
Fig 4.10 Node MCU
17. 17
Specifications:
Breadboard Friendly
Light Weight and small size.
3.3V operated, can be USB powered.
Uses wireless protocol 802.11b/g/n.
Built-in wireless connectivity capabilities.
Built-in PCB antenna on the ESP-12E chip.
Capable of PWM, I2C, SPI, UART, 1-wire, 1 analog pin.
Uses a CP2102 USB Serial Communication interface module.
Arduino IDE compatible (extension board manager required).
Supports Lua (alike node.js) and Arduino C programming language.
Fig 4.11 Node MCU Pin Configuration
18. 18
Pin Functions:
Pin numbers in the Arduino IDE correspond directly to the ESP8266 GPIO pin
numbers. pinMode, digitalRead, and digitalWrite functions work as usual, so to read
GPIO2, call digitalRead(2) or its alias name digitalRead(D10).
At startup, pins are configured as INPUT. Digital pins 0-15 can
be INPUT, OUTPUT or INPUT_PULLUP. Pin 16 can
be INPUT, OUTPUT or INPUT_PULLDOWN_16 and is connected to the build-in LED.
It can be addressed with digitalRead(D0), digitalRead(16) or digitalRead
(LED_BUILDIN).
Pins may also serve other functions, like Serial, I2C, SPI. These functions are
normally activated by the corresponding library. The diagram above shows the pin
mapping for the popular ESP8266 NodeMcu module.
Pin interrupts are supported through attachInterrupt, functions. Interrupts may be
attached to any GPIO pin, except GPIO16. Standard Arduino interrupt types are
supported: CHANGE, RISING, FALLING.
Reserved Pins:
GPIO pins 6—11 are not shown on this diagram because they are used to connect
flash memory 'chips on most modules. Trying to use these pins as IOs will likely cause the
program to crash.
Note that some boards and modules (ESP-12ED, NodeMCU 1.0) also break out
pins 9 and 11. These may be used as IO if flash chip works in DIO mode (as opposed to
QIO, which is the default one).
Vin, 3V3, GND:
Vin is the NodeMcu's voltage input that is connected to its internal voltage regulator
allowing an input voltage range of 4.75V to10V. It will be regulated to 3.3V. Alternatively,
an external voltage source of 3.3V can be directly connected to the Node MCU's 3V3 pins.
The 3V3 pin can be also a voltage source to other components such as LEDs. GND is the
common ground of the board.
19. 19
Analog Input:
ESP8266 has a single ADC channel available to users. It may be used either to read
voltage at ADC pin or to read module supply voltage (VCC).
To read external voltage applied to ADC pin, use analogRead(A0).
The input voltage range is 0 — 1.0V.
To read VCC voltage, use ESP.getVcc() while the ADC pin must be kept
unconnected. Additionally, the following line has to be added to the sketch:
ADC_MODE(ADC_VCC);
This line has to appear outside of any functions, for instance right after
the #include lines of your sketch.
Analog Output:
analogWrite(pin, value) enables software PWM on the given pin. PWM may be
used on pins 0 to 16. Call analogWrite(pin,0) to disable PWM on the pin. the value may be
in the range from 0 to PWMRANGE, which is equal to 1023 by default. A value of 0, 512
and 1023 sets the PWM duty cycle to 0%, 50% and 100%, respectively. Optionally, the
PWM range may be changed by calling analogWriteRange(new_range).
PWM frequency is 1kHz by default. Call analogWriteFreq(new_frequency) to
change the frequency. The unit representation is in [Hz].
4.1.9 RF Module:
An RF module is a small size electronic device, that is used to transmit or receive
radio signals between two devices. The main application of the RF module is an embedded
system to communicate with another device wirelessly. This communication may be
accomplished through radio frequency communication. For various applications, the
medium of choice is radiofrequency since it does not need a line of sight. The applications
of RF modules mainly involve in low volume and medium volume products for consumer
applications like wireless alarm systems, garage door openers, smart sensor applications,
wireless home automation systems, and industrial remote controls.
20. 20
Main requirements for RF communication are:
RF transmitter
RF receiver
RF transmitter:
An RF transmitter module is a small size PCB capable of transferring a radio wave and
modulating radio waves to carry data. RF transmitter modules are usually applied along
with a microcontroller, which will offer data to the module which can be transmitted. These
transmitters are usually subject to controlling requirements that command the maximum
acceptable transmitter power o/p, band edge and harmonics requirements.
RF Receiver
An RF receiver module takes the modulated RF signal to demodulate it. There are two
kinds of RF receiver modules, namely the super-regenerative receivers and super-
heterodyne receivers. Usually, super-regenerative modules are low power designs and low
cost using a series of amplifiers to remove modulated data from a carrier wave. These
modules vary, generally inaccurate as their operation of a frequency significantly with
power supply voltage and temperature. The main advantage of Superheterodyne receiver
modules is a high performance over super-regenerative. They offer increased stability and
accuracy over a large temperature and voltage range. This stability comes from a stable
crystal design which in turn leads to a relatively more expensive product.
Fig 4.12 RF Transmitter & Receiver
21. 21
RF transceiver module is used in a particular device where both the transmitter and
receiver housed in a single module. Such devices transmit and receive RF signals, so that
is named as RF Transceiver. RF Transceiver module design is made up of amplifiers, RF
Mixers, pads & other RF components using microstrip technology. The transmitter and
Receiver parts in the RF transceivers called RF Upconverter and RF Downconverter.
Applications of RF Transceiver:
RF transceiver module is used in wireless communication. The main application of
this transceiver is to make information in the form of data/voice/video apt to be
transmitted over the wireless medium.
The main intention of this device is to alter IF frequency to RF frequency and vice
versa.
RF transceiver module is used for radio transmission, satellite communication, for
television signal transmission, reception and in Wimax or WLAN, Zigbee or ITE
networks.
22. 22
CHAPTER 5
SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
5.1 SOFTWARE COMPONENTS:
Software components involved in this project are:
1. Arduino IDE compiler
2. MIT app inventor
5.1.1 Arduino IDE compiler:
Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and
software. Arduino boards can read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a
Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED,
publishing something online. You can tell your board what to do by sending a set of
instructions to the microcontroller on the board. To do so you use the Arduino
programming language (based on Wiring), and the Arduino Software (IDE), based on
Processing.
Over the years Arduino has been the brain of thousands of projects, from everyday objects
to complex scientific instruments. A worldwide community of makers - students,
hobbyists, artists, programmers, and professionals - has gathered around this open-source
platform, their contributions have added up to an incredible amount of accessible
knowledge that can be of great help to novices and experts alike.
Arduino was born at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute as an easy tool for fast
prototyping, aimed at students without a background in electronics and programming. As
soon as it reached a wider community, the Arduino board started changing to adapt to new
needs and challenges, differentiating its offer from simple 8-bit boards to products for IoT
23. 23
applications, wearable, 3D printing, and embedded environments. All Arduino boards are
completely open-source, empowering users to build them independently and eventually
adapt them to their particular needs. The software, too, is open-source, and it is growing
through the contributions of users worldwide.
Fig 5.1 Arduino IDE
Fig 5.2 Using Arduino IDE app
24. 24
The advantages of Arduino IDE application are
1. Inexpensive
2. The simple clear programming environment
3. extensible software and hardware
5.1.2 MIT App inventor:
MIT App Inventor lets you develop applications for Android phones using a web
browser and either the connected phone or an on-screen phone emulator. The MIT App
Inventor servers store your work and help you keep track of your projects.
Fig 5.3 Building blocks of MIT app inventor
25. 25
Fig 5.4 Architecture of MIT inventor app
You build apps by working with:
The App Inventor Designer, where you select the components for your app.
The App Inventor Blocks Editor, where you assemble program blocks that
specify how the components should behave. You assemble programs visually,
fitting pieces together like pieces of a puzzle.
Your app appears on the phone step-by-step as you add pieces to it, so you can test
your work as you build. If you don't have an Android phone, you can build your apps
using the Android emulator, software that runs on your computer and behaves just like
the phone.
The App Inventor development environment is supported for Mac OS X,
GNU/Linux, and Windows operating systems, and several popular Android phone
models. Applications created with App Inventor can be installed on any Android phone.
26. 26
Before you can use App Inventor, you need to set up your computer and install the App
Inventor.
Requirements to build an app:
1. Wi-Fi connection
2. Computer
3. Android device
To get the app:
1. It usually takes a few minutes to set up any app development environment. You
need not download anything to your computer.
2. On your phone or tablet, open the Google Play Store and find and install the MIT
AI2 Companion app. The Companion app is just an Android App that lets you test
the apps you build as you're building them.
3. Back in your computer's browser (Chrome, Firefox or Safari), open app inventor
by going to ai2.appinventor.mit.edu. Create a new project. The project name
should be typed without any spaces.
4. In the top menu, click on 'Connect' and 'Connect to Companion'. A QR code will
appear. Scan this QR code with the MIT AI2 Companion. The app should be seen
now.
Steps to build an android app:
Step 1: DESIGNER:: How your app looks
Step 2: BLOCKS:: How your app behaves
Step 3: TEST:: Testing while you are building
Step 4: BUILD:: Building your first app
27. 27
Step 1 : DESIGNER: How your app looks:
Design the App's User Interface by arranging both on- and off-screen components.
Fig 5.5 DESIGNER: How your app looks
Step 2: BLOCKS: How your app behaves:
Program the app's behaviour by putting blocks together.
Fig 5.6 BLOCKS: How your app behaves
28. 28
Step 3: TEST: Testing while you are building:
MIT App Inventor Companion App
Same Wi-fi
Fig 5.7 TEST: Testing while you are building
Step 4: BUILD:: Building your first app:
Start new project, like project New, from scratch
Import project (.aia-file) form a repository
Gallery
Import project (.aia-file) form my computer
Export and share your app in an executable (.apk-file) form that can be installed
on a device
Required options are to be chosen to appropriate components used in the project.
29. 29
CHAPTER 6
WORKING PRINCIPLE
In this project, we used Arduino Uno ATMEGA 358 microcontroller to which a
2.4 GHz radio frequency wireless module has been serially attached. Using this, the system
will monitor light using a Light Dependent Sensor (LDR), humidity using the DHT11
sensor, smoke using MQ2 sensor and temperature using a temperature sensor. All the
sensor's values are continuously monitored and transmitted to the base station through the
RF module. This section will control the fan and light of the building based on the sensor's
threshold values.
On the base station, a NODE MCU ESP32 Wi-Fi Enabled controller is used and
connected to our mobile phone 4g hotspot. An RF module receiver is connected to the
serial to this module that will receive the data from the transmitter section and upload the
data to the server and can be used to control the devices. Using MIT App inventor an
android app is designed, which will connect to the central server that is used to view the
building parameters and also can control the light and fan from anywhere in the world
using IoT protocol.
30. 30
CHAPTER 7
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
This chapter explains how components are interfaced with each other using a schematic
diagram.
Fig 7.1 Schematic Diagram of the Transmitter
32. 32
CHAPTER 8
RESULT
In our project, we designed and implemented an application of building
automation with different sensors. All these sensor's values are continuously monitored
and transmitted from the main station to the base station. The base station prosses the
information received from the main station and uploads the data to the server.
Using MIT app inventor, we created an android app that is connected to the
central server and is used to view the building parameters and to control the light and fan
from anywhere.
Fig 8.1 Result
34. 34
CHAPTER 9
ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS
Any commercial building is expensive to operate and maintain. Heating, ventilation,
and air conditioning (HVAC), as well as lighting, make up 59% of commercial building
energy costs. Energy usage can be cut by 40% by using the latest, more advanced HVAC
and lighting controls. Thus, operating costs for older buildings can be lowered by
retrofitting equipment and controls. However, the cost of rewiring is often prohibitive.
That’s where wireless sensor networks (WSNs) can help. The further advantages are as
follows.
9.1 Advantages:
Fewer electricity bills:
As the amount of energy being consumed is reduced, the amount of electricity
associated with that energy consumed will also be decreased. This results in the saving of
both energy and electricity since the equipment is only operated when and where needed.
Easy Installation:
Adding a WSN to an existing building can lead to a double-digit percentage
decrease in operating costs over a period of years. Not only do energy costs decline
significantly, but wiring costs and hassles become a thing of the past.
Safety and Security:
Safety and security are the other benefits of a wireless sensor network. Wireless
sensor network systems are incredible in security, thereby ensuring the safety of the people
residing in the building.
35. 35
Comfort:
By more closely monitoring temperature, humidity, and ventilation, environmental
control helps improve comfort level depending on the number of people involved. One
study indicated a 3% increase in employee productivity when optimizing the comfort level.
9.2 Applications:
In a wireless sensor network, there are device sensors wirelesses capable of sending
information to another sensor device in a mesh network, however, most applications just
involve the delivery of data and information from each sensor device to a central data
collection point. Emerging wireless sensor technology promises to enable enhanced
conditions monitoring in and around buildings, not only because of the ease and the low
cost by which the sensors can be deployed, but also due to the true self-reconfiguration of
a system without any rewiring that becomes possible as ever didn’t before.
They play an important role in the flexibility and self-reconfiguration systems.
Wireless sensors could be placed on critical pieces of equipment in buildings to help detect
and diagnose faults. Some of the applications are listed below.
Fire/Smoke Detection and Alarm:
In hazardous situations such as fires, deployment of wireless sensors could provide more
information about the conditions within and around a building for first responders.
Energy Information Management:
An energy management information system (EMIS) is a performance management system
that enables individuals and organizations to plan, make decisions and take effective
actions to manage energy use and costs.
36. 36
Flood Management Assistance:
Sensors collect data from multiple sources such as rain gutters, sewer systems and pump
stations, to monitor fluctuations in water levels and water quality. If an alert triggers,
having a network camera in proximity to visually verify the situation helps responders
determine the best course of action.
Lighting systems:
Smart lighting is to cover the automation of lamp responses, such as dimming or on/off
control to enhance user comfort and save energy. An ambient light sensor (ALS) can be
used to detect the amount of natural light available, allowing a lamp's output to be adjusted
accordingly.
Parking Assistance:
Working in conjunction with weight sensors network cameras can count vehicles coming
into and leaving a lot or garage and verify when the facility has reached capacity. License
plate recognition and video analytics can be used to ascertain that a vehicle entering a
reserved parking space doesn’t match the credentials and vehicle attributes in the database.
37. 37
CHAPTER 10
CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE
10.1 Conclusion:
This project demonstrated how wireless sensors and actuators can be integrated into
the existing Building Management System framework. An integrative architecture that can
be combined with legacy systems will allow the deployment of future systems, provided
that power for perimeter sensor nodes can be scavenged, or battery life extended into
multiple years, meaning that these networks will have to be rigorously energy efficient.
Our results are preliminary and further experimentation is required to successfully validate
our hypothesis of the benefit of using an ad hoc multiple sensor architecture that provides
a benefit of higher energy conservation and added thermal comfort.
10.2 Future Scope:
It is important that any further work in developing the technology core in the field of
sensor networks is done keeping in mind the potential users of these networks, and what
their needs are. This project is based on Wi-Fi but can be further continued by adding
advanced technologies like Zigbee and GSM. Low-power design should be the mantra at
all levels, be it hardware or software. Especially, in a field like BMS, where control and
monitoring networks already exist, any change in the status quo will only come about if
there are obvious benefits in bringing about the change.