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Design Considerations for Large Format Tile
The document provides comprehensive guidelines for the design and installation of large format tile (LFT), emphasizing standards and best practices regarding tile categories, grout joint width, bonding patterns, and substrate requirements. It includes specific ANSI codes and recommendations for various tile sizes and installation methods to minimize lippage and ensure quality. Additionally, it outlines installer qualifications necessary for handling gauged porcelain tiles and panels, highlighting the importance of training and certification in ensuring successful tile installation.
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Design Considerations for Large Format Tile
- 1. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR LARGEFORMAT TILE INTERNATIONAL MASONRY INSTITUTE Codes & Standards Tile Categories Grout Joint Width Bonding Patterns Gauged Porcelain Tile/Panels (GPT) Lippage & Lighting Substrates, General Req’ts Substrate Flatness Setting Materials & Coverage Large Format Tile (LFT) Movement Joints Coefficient of Friction (COF) Sustainability Installer Qualifications Installation Methods
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- 5. Large Format Tile ▪Any side ≥ 15”
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- 7. 3 ft. Blue CrossBuilding, Philadelphia
- 8. Warpage Lippage Bonding pattern Substratetolerance Coverage Grout joint width Large Format Tile, Issues
- 9. Gauged Porcelain Tile& Gauged Porcelain Tile Panels INTERNATIONAL MASONRY INSTITUTE
- 11. ANSI A137.3 American National StandardSpecification for Gauged Porcelain Tile and Gauged Porcelain Tile Panels / Slabs ANSI A137.3 ANSI A108.19 Interior Installation of Gauged Porcelain Tile and Gauged Porcelain Tile Panels by the Thin- Bed Method bonded with Modified Dry-Set Cement Mortar ANSI A108 .19 New ANSI Standards
- 12. Standard porcelain tile 3mm (1/8 in.) to 5.5 mm (7/32 in.) GPT ANSI A137.3 ANSI A137.1 Gauged Porcelain Tile (GPT) 7 mm (9/32 in.) to 14 mm (9/16 in.)
- 13. Back side oftile showing mesh reinforcement Gauged Porcelain Tile (GPT)
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- 16. Crate is 124”long x 44” wide; 84” fork length required Material Handling
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- 21. Grout Joint Width Groutjoint width is a function of: ▪ ANSI-established minimums ▪ Tile’s facial dimension tolerance (range of tile sizes) ▪ Tile’s edge warpage
- 22. ▪ 12” x12” porcelain tile, rectified ▪ What is the minimum grout joint width? 12” ? Grout Joint Width
- 23. 4.3.8 Grout jointsize: To accommodate the range in facial dimensions of the tile supplied for a specific project, the actual grout joint size may, of necessity, vary from the grout joint size specified. The actual grout joint size shall be at least three times the actual variation of facial dimensions of the tile supplied. In no circumstance shall the grout joint be less than 1/16 in. ANSI A108.02.4.3.8 ANSI Minimum
- 24. ANSI A108.02.4.3.8 4.3.8 Groutjoint size: To accommodate the range in facial dimensions of the tile supplied for a specific project, the actual grout joint size may, of necessity, vary from the grout joint size specified. The actual grout joint size shall be at least three times the actual variation of facial dimensions of the tile supplied. In no circumstance shall the grout joint be less than 1/16 in. Facial Dimensions
- 25. 12” x 12”(nom.) Porcelain tile, rectified ▪ Dimension can vary ± .25% or .03 in. ▪ Allowable variation = 12 in. x .0025 = .03 in = approx. 1/32 in. ▪ 1/32 in. plus or minus = 1/16 in. allowable variation Facial Dimensions ▪ Min. grout joint width = 3 x 1/16 in. = 3/16 in.
- 26. ANSI A108.02.4.3.8.1 “For runningbond/brick joint patterns utilizing tiles (square or rectangular) with any side greater than 15 in., the grout joint shall be, on average, a minimum of 1/8 in. wide for rectified tiles and, on average, a minimum of 3/16 in. wide for calibrated (non-rectified) tiles. The grout joint width shall be increased over the minimum requirement by the amount of edge warpage on the longest edge of the actual tiles being installed.” LFT in Running Bond
- 27. 12” x 24”(nom.) Porcelain tile, rectified ▪ Grout joint width = 1/8 in. min., per ANSI A108.02.4.3.8.1 ▪ Per table, longest edge warpage = 24 in. x .0040 = .096 in. = 3/32 in. ▪ Min. grout joint width = 1/8 in. + 1/16 in. = approx. 3/16 in. ▪ Conclusion: Don’t use large format tile in running bond! ▪ But per table, maximum is .05 in., or 1/16 in. LFT in Running Bond
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- 29. No offset 50% offset 33%offset Bonding Patterns, Large Format Tile
- 30. 50% offset (runningbond) Bonding Patterns, Large Format Tile
- 31. 50% offset (runningbond) Bonding Patterns
- 32. 50% offset (runningbond) Bonding Patterns
- 33. 50% offset (runningbond) Bonding Patterns
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- 39. Lippage ▪ Lippage: Conditionwhere one edge of the tile is higher than the adjacent tile, giving the surface an uneven appearance. ▪ 1/32” – 1/16” lippage is acceptable, depending on grout joint width.
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- 41. Mechanical edge levelingsystem Lippage
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- 43. Mechanical edge levelingsystem Lippage
- 44. Overhead lighting nextto the wall creates harsh shadows, emphasizes lippage Lights moved just one ceiling panel (24”) from wall Locate light fixtures at least 24” away from the wall. Lippage & Lighting
- 45. Wall wash lightingaccentuates lippage, which may be in the acceptable range Lighting
- 46. ▪ It that’simpossible, insist that permanent lighting type be placed in the permanent lighting location prior to installing tile. ▪ Permanent lighting should be in place prior to tile installation. Construction Lighting
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- 48. ▪ Prep timereduced ▪ Thinner installation ▪ Limits deflection ▪ Can compensate for irregular substrate ▪ Generally 1¼” to 2½” thick Installation Methods Mortar Bed (Mud Bed) Thin-Set 3/32” - 1/4” after embedment Medium bed mortar may be 3/16” – 3/4” after embedment
- 49. Mortar Bed Methods(Mud Work)
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- 51. “…Mortars are designed asdirect bond adhesives and are not intended to be used in truing or leveling underlying substrates or the work of others.” ANSI A118.4.2.1 ANSI A118 Mortar for Large and Heavy Tile (LHT) “Medium Bed” is not a setting method
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- 53. Substrate Flatness ▪ Propercoverage The flatter the substrate, the easier it will be to achieve: ▪ Minimal lippage Acceptable flatness Unacceptable flatness ▪ Better bond
- 54. “For tiles withall edges shorter than 15 in., the maximum allowable variation is no more than 1/4 in. in 10 ft. and no more than 1/16 in. in 1 ft. from the required plane.” “For tiles with at least one edge 15 in. or longer, the maximum allowable variation is no more than 1/8 in. in 10 ft. and no more than 1/16 in. in 2 ft. from the required plane.” Standard size tile Large format tile (LFT) ANSI A108.02.4.1.4.3.4 Requirements for sub-floor surfaces and vertical surfaces to receive tile using one of the thin-set methods: Substrate Flatness
- 55. For tiles withall edges shorter than 15 in., the maximum allowable variation is no more than 1/4 in. in 10 ft. ANSI A108 Substrate Flatness For tiles with at least one edge 15 in. or longer, the maximum allowable variation is no more than 1/8 in. in 10 ft.
- 56. ANSI A108 Substrate Flatness Required plane Fortiles with at least one edge 15 in. or longer, the maximum allowable variation is no more than 1/16 in. in 1 ft. from the required plane. For tiles with at least one edge 15 in. or longer, the maximum allowable variation is no more than 1/16 in. in 2 ft. from the required plane. Required plane
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- 59. Self-leveling underlayment (SLU) Trowel appliedpatch (flash patch) Substrate Flatness
- 60. Division 3 (FFmethod) vs. Division 9 (10 ft. straightedge method) Substrate Flatness
- 61. Division 3, Concrete ▪Concrete floors must comply with a floor flatness (FF) tolerance based on the ASTM E1155 Standard Test Method to Determine Floor Flatness and Floor Levelness Numbers - FF of 20 is conventional - FF of 35 is flat - FF of 60 is superflat - per ACI 117-06, is suitable for thin-bed tile installations - however, FF of 35 will often have areas that do not meet the required flatness for tile Substrate Flatness
- 62. Limitations of ASTME1155 (FF method) ▪ Measurement taken within 72 hours of concrete placement - Before concrete curling and shrinkage ▪ No measurement taken at construction, isolation, or control joints. ▪ No measurement taken at column blockouts. ▪ No measurement taken within 2 feet of perimeter of slab. Substrate Flatness
- 63. CONCRETE IS FLAT WHENCAST IN PLACE CONCRETE IS FLAT WHEN CAST IN PLACE BUT CURLS AND SHRINKS AS IT SETS ▪ Most curling is caused by shrinkage as the concrete dries ▪ As the slab top shrinks, the bottom doesn’t, and the slab curls ▪ Possible remedy: place more reinforcement at the top of the slab Substrate Flatness
- 64. Straightedge Method Tile contractorchecks individual areas with a 10-ft straightedge ▪ 1/4 in. in 10 ft. for standard tile ▪ 1/8 in. in 10 ft. for LFT ▪ Often, floors that meet FF of 35 will have areas that do not meet these criteria. Substrate Flatness
- 65. Unless subfloor prepis required by the spec, or a bid allowance is included, tile contractor assumes a suitably flat floor will be provided. TCNA Handbook “Project specifications shall include a specific and separate requirement to bring the subsurface into compliance if a thin-bed method is specified but subfloor does not meet the flatness requirements.” Substrate Flatness
- 66. “As tile sizeincreases, the effect of substrate irregularities is compounded. When specifying tile with any edge longer than 15”, consider specifying a recessed substrate and a mortar bed (thick-set) installation method to minimize lippage that results when a thin-bed method is specified but subfloor flatness requirements are not met.” TCNA Handbook Substrate Flatness
- 67. “…Mortars are designed asdirect bond adhesives and are not intended to be used in truing or leveling underlying substrates or the work of others.” ANSI A118.4.2.1 Substrate Flatness
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- 71. “Journeyman Tile LayersApprenticeship Programs… Contractors that employ union Journeymen Tile Setters can be found through the Union Locals that list their signatory contractors, primarily the Bricklayer and Allied Craftworkers (BAC)… “Every aspect of a tile installation relies on the tile contracting company and its installers.” “The following non-profit programs are well-established and recognized by the Handbook Committee: “Tile Contractors’ Association of America (TCAA) Trowel of Excellence Program…” “IMI Contractor College… TCNA Handbook Language
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- 73. New in 2015: TCNA TCNAHandbook
- 74. 09 30 00Tiling
- 75. Hard Rock Casino,Northfield, OH Project Specification Example
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- 77. Qualified Labor inSpecifications
- 78. Qualified Labor inSpecifications
- 80. ACT-certified Installer Pass hands-on skillsassessment 3. Pass written exam based on TCNA & ANSI Standards 2. BAC Journeyman or certified by CTEF 1. ❖ IMI pre-apprenticeship ❖ 3-4 year BAC apprenticeship ❖ or CTI certification ❖ Orientation class ❖ Study materials provided ❖ Open-book test ❖ Minimum passing grade 84% ❖ Tests are widely available ❖ Judged by certified evaluator ❖ Judged on critical points ❖ Testing and criteria are consistent ❖ Certified in one or more skills ❖ Certification good for 3 years ❖ Credential is held by the installer STEPS TO BECOMING AN ACT-CERTIFIED INSTALLER
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- 92. ANSI A108.19 Installing Contractor 10.1Due to the unique material characteristics and unconventional installation techniques required of gauged porcelain tiles and gauged porcelain tile panels/slabs, this work requires installers who are equipped with the proper tools and have acquired sufficient product knowledge and installation experience through the completion of an Installer Qualification Program as listed in 10.2. 10.2 Installer Qualification Programs 10.2.1 Installer certified by Advanced Certification for Tile Installers (ACT) program for Gauged Porcelain Tiles and Gauged Porcelain Tile Panels/Slabs. www.tilecertifications.com
- 93. INTERNATIONAL MASONRY INSTITUTE For presentation slides, scanQR code or visit http://goo.gl/bn2Dah This concludes The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems Course For presentation slides, scan QR code or visit https://goo.gl/DiYK8q DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR LARGE FORMAT TILE