The aim of this paper is to study 4x4 Wallace tree multiplier. In high
performance processing units & computing systems, multiplication of two
binary numbers is primitive and most frequently used arithmetic operation.
Wallace tree multiplier is area efficient & high speed multiplier. This paper
presents design and verification of Wallace tree multiplier. Design is carried out
in Xilinx ISE Design Suite 14.7 using Verilog HDL and verification is carried
out in Questa Sim 10.4e using System Verilog HVL environment.
Design and implementation of high speed baugh wooley and modified booth multi...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Compare Efficiency of Different Multipliers Using Verilog Simulation & Modify...IJLT EMAS
Multipliers are the fundamental components in many
digital signal processing systems. Many important signal
processing systems are designed on VLSI platform as the
integration growing rapidly. The signal processing systems &
applications requires large computational capability, hence takes
considerable amount of energy. In the VLSI system design
performance, area and power consumption are three important
parameters, of which power consumption is the gets prime
importance. In today’s world, power consumption is very
important factor. The largest contribution to the power
consumption in multiplier is due to generation and reduction of
partial products. So it is very much important to know the
efficiency of different multipliers. This paper represents a
detailed comparison between array multiplier, Wallace
multiplier, Dadda multiplier, modified array multiplier on the
basis of speed, area, power consumption using verilog
simulation.
Design and implementation of high speed baugh wooley and modified booth multi...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Compare Efficiency of Different Multipliers Using Verilog Simulation & Modify...IJLT EMAS
Multipliers are the fundamental components in many
digital signal processing systems. Many important signal
processing systems are designed on VLSI platform as the
integration growing rapidly. The signal processing systems &
applications requires large computational capability, hence takes
considerable amount of energy. In the VLSI system design
performance, area and power consumption are three important
parameters, of which power consumption is the gets prime
importance. In today’s world, power consumption is very
important factor. The largest contribution to the power
consumption in multiplier is due to generation and reduction of
partial products. So it is very much important to know the
efficiency of different multipliers. This paper represents a
detailed comparison between array multiplier, Wallace
multiplier, Dadda multiplier, modified array multiplier on the
basis of speed, area, power consumption using verilog
simulation.
Seminar on Digital Multiplier(Booth Multiplier) Using VHDLNaseer LoneRider
This is my Mini project. It is very clear and has lots of animation in it. If you like to know about booth algorithm and VHDL this the perfect presentation. Download it and see as SLIDE SHOW. You will enjoy more of my work, Give blessings.
DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF DIFFERENT 8-BIT MULTIPLIERS USING VERILOG CODE BY SA...Saikiran Panjala
In this project, we compare the working of the four 8- bit multipliers like Wallace tree multiplier, Array multiplier, Baugh-Wooley multiplier and Vedic multiplier by simulating each of them separately. This is a very important criterion because in the fabrication of chips and the high-performance system requires components which are as small as possible.
If you any doubts regarding project.......then to a mail(saikiranpanjala@gmail.com)
Audio Version available in YouTube Link : www.youtube.com/Aksharam
subscribe the channel
Computer Architecture and Organization
V semester
Anna University
By
Babu M, Assistant Professor
Department of ECE
RMK College of Engineering and Technology
Chennai
RTL Verification and FPGA Implementation of 4x4 Vedic MultiplierMohd Esa
The objective of this paper is to study 4x4 Vedic multiplier.
Multiplication is an important fundamental function in arithmetic operations.
Vedic multiplier using Urdhva-Tiryagbyam sutra is predominant in
performance evaluation of parameters such as power, area & delay. This paper
presents design, verification and FPGA implementation of Vedic multiplier.
Verification is carried out in Questa Sim 10.4e using System Verilog HVL and
design is carried out in Xilinx ISE Design Suite 14.7 using Verilog HDL
environment
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Seminar on Digital Multiplier(Booth Multiplier) Using VHDLNaseer LoneRider
This is my Mini project. It is very clear and has lots of animation in it. If you like to know about booth algorithm and VHDL this the perfect presentation. Download it and see as SLIDE SHOW. You will enjoy more of my work, Give blessings.
DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF DIFFERENT 8-BIT MULTIPLIERS USING VERILOG CODE BY SA...Saikiran Panjala
In this project, we compare the working of the four 8- bit multipliers like Wallace tree multiplier, Array multiplier, Baugh-Wooley multiplier and Vedic multiplier by simulating each of them separately. This is a very important criterion because in the fabrication of chips and the high-performance system requires components which are as small as possible.
If you any doubts regarding project.......then to a mail(saikiranpanjala@gmail.com)
Audio Version available in YouTube Link : www.youtube.com/Aksharam
subscribe the channel
Computer Architecture and Organization
V semester
Anna University
By
Babu M, Assistant Professor
Department of ECE
RMK College of Engineering and Technology
Chennai
RTL Verification and FPGA Implementation of 4x4 Vedic MultiplierMohd Esa
The objective of this paper is to study 4x4 Vedic multiplier.
Multiplication is an important fundamental function in arithmetic operations.
Vedic multiplier using Urdhva-Tiryagbyam sutra is predominant in
performance evaluation of parameters such as power, area & delay. This paper
presents design, verification and FPGA implementation of Vedic multiplier.
Verification is carried out in Questa Sim 10.4e using System Verilog HVL and
design is carried out in Xilinx ISE Design Suite 14.7 using Verilog HDL
environment
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Design and Analysis of a Conventional Wallace Multiplier in 180nm CMOS Techno...iosrjce
Multiplier is an important building block in many electronic system design. There are many available
methods and techniques for designing multipliers. Wallace multiplier is important and popular multiplier
architecture. In this paper, design and analysis of a conventional Wallace multiplier is presented by using
Cadence virtuoso in 180nm CMOS technology. Performance analysis in terms of power, delay, and power delay
product are performed for a 4-bit Wallace multiplier in 180nm CMOS technology. The power and delay of the
designed multiplier are 689.3µW and 50µs respectively.
An Implementation and Comparison of IO Expander on Zed Board and Spartan 3E f...IJEEE
A port expander is a computer hardware that allows more than one device to connect to a single port to a computer.A port expander can be any device to which one existing or onboard port will become two or more. It allows more devices of a particular port type to be utilized at the same time .The expander will connect to a single spot, but have multiple connections for devices.This paper includes the comparison between Xilinx design suit 12.4(on Spartan 3E) and vivado 2014.4( on zedboard).The comparison is shown with the help of an IO expander.The comparison is clear with the utilization of less number of LUTs and flip flops in vivado’s design summary.We can use C,C++ in vivado unlike Xilinx[1].The parameters like efficiency and speed are high in vivado and cost is low because of utilization of less number of LUTs.
VLSI ARCHITECTURE OF AN 8-BIT MULTIPLIER USING VEDIC MATHEMATICS IN 180NM TEC...P singh
A Multiplier is one of the key hardware blocks in most fast processing system which requires less power dissipation. A conventional multiplier consumes more power. This paper presents a low power 8 bit Vedic Multiplier (VM) based on Vertically & Crosswise method of Vedic mathematics, a general multiplication formulae equally applicable to all cases of multiplication. It is based on generating all partial products and their sum in one step. The implementation is done using cadence Virtuoso tool. The power dissipation of 8x8 bit Vedic multiplier obtained after synthesis is compared with conventional multipliers such as Wallace tree and array multipliers and found that the proposed Vedic multiplier circuit seems to have better performance in terms of power dissipation.
Implementation and Performance Analysis of a Vedic Multiplier Using Tanner ED...ijsrd.com
high density, VLSI chips have led to rapid and innovative development in low power design during the recent years .The need for low power design is becoming a major issue in high performance digital systems such as microprocessor, digital signal processor and other applications. For these applications, Multiplier is the major core block. Based on the Multiplier design, an efficient processor is designed. Power and area efficient multiplier using CMOS logic circuits for applications in various digital signal processors is designed. This multiplier is implemented using Vedic multiplication algorithms mainly the "UrdhvaTriyakBhyam sutra., which is the most generalized one Vedic multiplication algorithm [1] . A multiplier is a very important element in almost all the processors and contributes substantially to the total power consumption of the system. The novel point is the efficient use of Vedic algorithm (sutras) that reduces the number of computational steps considerably compared with any conventional method . The schematic for this multiplier is designed using TANNER TOOL. Paper presents a systematic design methodology for this improved performance digital multiplier based on Vedic mathematics.
Implemenation of Vedic Multiplier Using Reversible Gates csandit
With DSP applications evolving continuously, there is continuous need for improved multipliers which are faster and power efficient. Reversible logic is a new and promising field which addresses the problem of power dissipation. It has been shown to consume zero power theoretically. Vedic mathematics techniques have always proven to be fast and efficient for solving various problems. Therefore, in this paper we implement Urdhva Tiryagbhyam algorithm using reversible logic thereby addressing two important issues – speed and power consumption of implementation of multipliers. In this work, the design of 4x4 Vedic multiplier is optimized by reducing the number of logic gates, constant inputs, and garbage outputs. This multiplier can find its application in various fields like convolution, filter applications, cryptography, and communication.
Design and Implementation of Multiplier Using Kcm and Vedic Mathematics by Us...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
EFFICIENT IMPLEMENTATION OF 16-BIT MULTIPLIER-ACCUMULATOR USING RADIX-2 MODIF...VLSICS Design
In this paper, we propose a new multiplier-and-accumulator (MAC) architecture for low power and high speed arithmetic. High speed and low power MAC units are required for applications of digital signal processing like Fast Fourier Transform, Finite Impulse Response filters, convolution etc. For improving the speed and reducing the dynamic power, there is a need to reduce the glitches (1 to 0 transition) and spikes (0 to 1 transition). Adder designed using spurious power suppression technique (SPST) avoids the unwanted glitches and spikes, thus minimizing the switching power dissipation and hence the dynamic power. Radix -2 modified booth algorithm reduces the number of partial products to half by grouping of bits from the multiplier term, which improves the speed. The proposed radix-2 modified Booth algorithm
MAC with SPST gives a factor of 5 less delay and 7% less power consumption as compared to array MAC
Verilog Implementation of an Efficient Multiplier Using Vedic MathematicsIJERA Editor
In this paper, the design of a 16x16 Vedic multiplier has been proposed using the 16 bit Modified Carry Select Adder and 16 bit Kogge Stone Adder. The Modified Carry Select Adder incorporates the Binary to Excess -1 Converter (BEC) and is known to be the fastest adder as compared to all the conventional adders. The design is implemented using the Verilog Hardware Description Language and tested using the Modelsim simulator. The code is synthesized using the Virtex-7 family with the XC7VX330T device. The Vedic multiplier has applications in Digital Signal Processing, Microprocessors, FIR filters and communication systems. This paper presents a comparison of the results of 16x16 Vedic multiplier using Modified Carry Select Adder and 16x16 Vedic Multiplier using Kogge Stone Adder. The results show that 16x16 Vedic Multiplier using Modified Carry Select Adder is more efficient and has less time delay as compared to the 16x16 Vedic Multiplier using Kogge Stone Adder.
Similar to Design and Verification of 4 X 4 Wallace Tree Multiplier (20)
This is collection of First Dozen of papers published by Mohd Esa
Mohd Esa, completed M.E. (Power Electronics systems) from Muffakham Jah College of Engineering and Technology, Banjarahills, Hyderabad in 2018. He received his B.E degree from Osmania University, Hyderabad. He was awarded gold medal twice for standing first in B.E. III/IV and B.E. IV/IV from Matrusri Engineering College, Sayeedabad, Hyderabad. He has published 12 research papers in various journals and conferences. He is Member of International Association of Engineers (IAENG), Hong Kong. His research of interests includes Multi level inverters and Multipliers. He is currently working as Junior Research Fellow.
The name MATLAB stands for MATrix LABoratory.MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing.
It integrates computation, visualization, and programming environment. Furthermore, MATLAB is a modern programming language environment: it has sophisticated data structures, contains built-in editing and debugging tools, and supports object-oriented programming.
These factor make MATLAB an excellent tool for teaching and research.
Mohd Esa, completed M.E. (Power Electronics systems) from Muffakham Jah College of Engineering and Technology, Banjarahills, Hyderabad in 2018. He received his B.E degree from Osmania University, Hyderabad. He was awarded gold medal twice for standing first in B.E. III/IV and B.E. IV/IV from Matrusri Engineering College, Sayeedabad, Hyderabad. He has published 10 research papers in various journals and conferences. He is Member of International Association of Engineers (IAENG), Hong Kong. His research of interests includes Multi level inverters and electric drives. He is currently working as Junior Research Fellow.
Study and Simulation of Seven Level - Ten Switch Inverter TopologyMohd Esa
Compared to conventional two-level inverter, multilevel inverter
performance is high because of their reduced harmonic distortion, less
electromagnetic interference, reduced common mode voltage and higher dc link
voltages. However complex pulse width modulation control, balancing of
capacitor voltages & increased number of switches are main drawbacks of
multilevel inverter.This paper focuses on study and simulation of single phase
seven level inverter topology using only ten switches. This paper also presents
two different control techniques for seven level-ten switch inverter topology.Rload
is connected to inverter and simulation is performed using
MATLAB/Simulink Software.
In recent research, there has been an extensive increase in interest to multilevel power
conversion. The introduction of new inverter topologies & unique modulation
techniques was involved in recent research studies. However, the most commonly
used multi-level inverter topologies are multi-cell inverter [1], diode clamped inverter
[2]-[5] and capacitor clamped inverter [6]. Some applications for these inverters
include industrial drives, flexible ac transmission systems [7], traction applications in
the transport industry and grid integration of non-conventional energy sources.
The seven level-ten switch topology is a symmetrical topology since the values of
all voltage sources are the same. However, there are several asymmetrical topologies
that need voltage sources of different values. This asymmetry results in the need of dc
voltage sources having a specific relation between them and also the difference in
rating of the semiconductor switches. This paper, presents study and simulation of a
new multilevel inverter topology named reversing voltage (RV) [8]. This topology
requires less number of components compared to conventional topologies. It is also
more efficient since the inverter has a component which operates the switching power
devices at line frequency. Therefore, there is no need for all switches to work in high
frequency which leads to simpler and more reliable control of the inverter. Two
different control techniques are used in this paper to drive the inverter .The simulation
results of the seven level-ten switch inverter topology are presented.
Harmonic Analysis of Three level Flying Capacitor InverterMohd Esa
The aim of this paper is to determine the Total harmonic distortion (THD) of three phase three level flying capacitor inverter fed star connected R-L load. The modulation Techniques used is Phase Disposition Sinusoidal pulse width modulation (PD-SPWM) and Phase Opposition Disposition Sinusoidal pulse width modulation (POD-SPWM).The Modulation index is varied to analyze its effect on Current THD and Voltage THD.This paper also presents the comparison of PD-SPWM and POD-SPWM controlled Flying capacitor Inverter in terms of THD. The simulation result shows that PD-SPWM has better performance when compared to POD-SPWM. The simulation of circuit is done by using MATLAB/Simulink.
THD analysis of SPWM & THPWM Controlled Three phase Voltage Source InverterMohd Esa
The aim of this paper is to determine the Total harmonic distortion (THD) of three phase voltage source inverter (VSI) fed R-L load. The modulation Techniques used is Sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) and third harmonic pulse width modulation (THPWM). The Carrier frequency is varied to analyze its effect on Current THD and Voltage THD.This paper also presents the comparison of SPWM and THPWM controlled Inverter in terms of THD. The simulation result shows THPWM has better performance when compared to SPWM. The simulation of circuit is done by using MATLAB/Simulink.
Common Mode Voltage reduction in Diode Clamped MLI using Alternative Phase Op...Mohd Esa
The main objective of this paper is to reduce the Common Mode Voltage (CMV) in the Diode Clamped Multilevel Inverter (DCMLI).Three phase Y-connected RL load is connected to DCMLI. The common mode voltage exists between neutral point of Y-connected load and system ground.CMV causes premature failure of bearings of induction motor and is essential to reduce. In this paper, Alternative Phase Opposition Disposition SPWM technique is used to reduce common mode voltage. Two level, five level, seven level and nine level DCMLI are compared in terms of THD and CMV.The effect of a passive LC filter on THD was studied. The simulation of circuit is carried out by using MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation result portrays reduction in THD and CMV by using APOD-SPWM controlled higher level Inverters.
CMV analysis of 5-level Cascaded H-Bridge MLI with equal and unequal DC sourc...Mohd Esa
This paper, investigates the Common Mode Voltage (CMV)between neutral point of the star connected RL load and system ground.CMV also known as zero sequence voltage results in adverse effects like bearing currents, shaft voltages and electromagnetic interference.CMV also causes premature failure of bearings of induction motor and is necessary to reduce. In this paper, Variable Frequency Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (VFSPWM) techniques are used to investigate CMV in Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter (CHB-MLI). Comparison of 5-level CHB-MLI with equal and unequal DC sources in terms of CMV is also presented. Simulation of circuit is carried out in MATLAB environment.
INVESTIGATION OF COMMON MODE VOLTAGE IN 5-LEVEL DIODE CLAMPED MLI USING CARRI...Mohd Esa
The main aim of this paper is to investigate the Common Mode Voltage (CMV) and Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) in five level Diode Clamped Inverter using Carrier based SPWM techniques. The common mode voltage exists between neutral point of star connected load and system ground. Various Carrier based SPWM techniques used to analyze CMV and THD in this paper are Phase Disposition (PD) strategy, Phase Opposition Disposition (POD) strategy, Alternative Phase Opposition Disposition (APOD) strategy, Carrier Overlap Phase Disposition (COPD) Strategy, Carrier Overlap Phase Opposition Disposition (COPOD) strategy and Carrier Overlap Alternative Phase Opposition Disposition (COAPOD) strategy.RL load is connected to inverter circuit for analysis purpose and Simulation is performed using MATLAB/Simulink Software.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdf
Design and Verification of 4 X 4 Wallace Tree Multiplier
1. Design and Verification of 4 X 4 Wallace Tree
Multiplier
Mohd Esa and Konasagar Achyut
Abstract. The aim of this paper is to study 4x4 Wallace tree multiplier. In high
performance processing units & computing systems, multiplication of two
binary numbers is primitive and most frequently used arithmetic operation.
Wallace tree multiplier is area efficient & high speed multiplier. This paper
presents design and verification of Wallace tree multiplier. Design is carried out
in Xilinx ISE Design Suite 14.7 using Verilog HDL and verification is carried
out in Questa Sim 10.4e using System Verilog HVL environment.
Keywords: Wallace Multiplier, HVL, HDL, RTL.
1 Introduction
echnology is growing rapidly and being developed since years, today human is
totally dependent on technology over the entire range of things. All these
things which are manufactured and brought to market has its own
disadvantages & advantages with its scaled reliability, product designers keep the
three metaphoric terms constantly in the vision and improve them year by year: Area,
Speed and Power. This paper is the entirety of the multiplication done in digital
electronics by means of binary system.
Binary arithmetic consists of subtraction, multiplication, addition & division.
This paper is all about designing and verifying the functionality of Wallace tree
multiplier. A binary number system has only 1 and 0 as digits. Multipliers play a
necessary role in today’s digital signal processing and various other applications.
Wallace tree multiplier is structured hardware implementation of digital circuit which
multiplies two integers as formulated by Chris Wallace, an Australian computer
scientist in 1964. The prominent components used in this multiplier are:
(a) Full Adder:
Combinational logic is a concept in which two or more input states describe one or
more output states. Design of a full adder [1], First, we must create a truth table
showing the various input and output values for all the possible cases. Fig.1 shows the
logical diagram having three inputs A, B, Cin and two outputs, Sum and Cout. There
are eight possible cases for three inputs, and for each case the desired output values
are listed. For example the case A = T, B = F and Cin = T. The full adder must add
these three bits to produce a sum of F and a carry (Cout) of T [2]. Two half adders and
T
The International journal of analytical and experimental modal analysis
Volume XI, Issue X, October/2019
ISSN NO: 0886-9367
Page No:655
2. OR gate can be combined to make a full adder as shown in fig.1. Table 1 shows that
there are four cases where sum is to be a T and four cases where sum is F [3].
Table 1.Full adder truth table
Input Output
A B Cin Sum Cout
F F F F F
F T F T F
T F F T F
T T F F T
F F T T F
F T T F T
T F T F T
T T T T T
Fig. 1. Logic diagram of full adder
(b) Half Adder:
Full adder operates on three inputs to produce a sum and a carry output. In some
cases, a circuit is needed that will perform addition of only two input bits, to produce
a sum and a carry output.
Table 2.Half adder truth table
Input Output
A B Sum Cout
F F F F
T T F T
T F T F
F T T F Fig. 2. Logic diagram of half adder
An example would be the addition of LSB position of two binary numbers where
there is no carry input to be added. A special logic circuit can be designed to take two
input bits, A & B, and to produce sum and carry (Cout) outputs. This circuit is called
half adder whose task is similar to that of a full adder except that it functions on only
two bits. The simplest half adder design includes an XOR gate for sum and an AND
gate for Cout. The input variables of half adder are called augend and addend bits.
With the emergence of Large Scale Integration, engineers are able to put
thousands of gates on a single chip. At this instance design process started getting
very difficult and engineers sensed the need to automate the process. Electronic
Design Automation (EDA) techniques began to emerge. Because of the complexity of
the circuits it wasn’t possible to verify these circuits on breadboard and analyse it
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3. accurately. Thus HDLs came into existence [4]. The Verilog Hardware description
Language (HDL) became the most extensively used language for hardware
description. Verification is intended to be fundamentally different activity than
design. This splitting has led to development of narrow focused language for
verification.
2 Wallace Tree Multiplier
The initial step is the formation of partial products by multiplying each bit from the
multiplier to same bit position of multiplicand. Secondly, groups of three adjacent
rows are collected. Each group of three rows is reduced by using half adders and full
adders.
Fig. 3. Operation of 4x4 Wallace Tree Multiplier
Half adders are used in each column where there are two bits whereas full adders are
used in each column where there are three bits, any single bit in column is passed to
next stage in the same column without any operation. This reduction procedure is
repeated in each successive stage until only two rows remain. In the final stage, the
remaining two rows are added. After completing all the three stages we get 8 bit of
output as shown in fig.5.
Fig.4.Block diagram of Wallace Tree Multiplier
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4. Fig. 5. Wallace Tree Multiplier using full and half adders
3 Design and Verification Results
Simulation provides an efficient way to analyze the design which can be easily
rectified by means of EDA tools. Fig.6 shows simulation waveforms of inputs as well
as output using Verilog HDL & Fig.7 shows RTL schematic of Wallace Multiplier.
Fig. 6. Simulation output of 4x4 Wallace Tree Multiplier (Using Verilog)
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5. Fig.7. RTL schematic of Wallace Tree Multiplier.
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6. Verification is carried out using object oriented programming concept in system
verilog hardware verification language and design is justified error free using
functional coverage. Fig. 9 shows the 100% functional coverage report for different
random inputs.
Fig.8. Verification of Wallace Tree Multiplier by generating random inputs
Fig.9.Coverage report of Wallace Tree Multiplier using SV environment
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7. 4 Conclusion
In this paper we have studied about multiplication of two 4-bit binary numbers using
Wallace Tree Multiplier. Wallace Tree Multiplier is designed by means of HDL.
After successful simulation of the required design it has been verified for its
functionality using HVL with functional coverage. From Fig.6 and Fig.8 it concludes
that design is meeting the expected result covering all the verification scenarios
explicitly.
References
1. Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L. Moss, “Digital Systems, Principles &
Applications,” Pearson Education, Inc., 2007, pp. 239-240.
2. Ms. Asha K A, Mr. Kunjan D. Shinde, “Analysis, Design and Implementation of Full
adder for Systolic Array Based Architectures – A VLSI Based Approach,” IOSR Journal
of VLSI and Signal Processing (IOSR-JVSP) Volume 6, Issue 3, Ver.1(May.-Jun. 2016),
pp. 74.
3. Shital Baghel, Pranay Kumar Rahi, Nishant Yadav, “CMOS Half Adder Design &
Simulation Using Different Foundry,” IJISET – International Journal of Innovative
Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 2 Issue 3, March 2015, pp. 195.
4. Samir Palnitkar, “Verilog HDL, A Guide to Digital Design and Synthesis, IEEE 1364-
2001 Compliant,” Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd., pp. 45-46.
Biographies
Mohd Esa completed M.E. (Power Electronics systems) from Muffakham
Jah College of Engineering and Technology, Banjarahills, Hyderabad in
2018. He received his B.E degree from Matrusri Engineering College,
Hyderabad in 2015. He was awarded gold medal twice for standing first
in B.E. III/IV and B.E. IV/IV from Matrusri Engineering College,
Sayeedabad, Hyderabad. He has published 10 research papers in various
journals and conferences.His research of interests includes Multi level
inverters and electric drives. He is trained VLSI Design Engineer.
Konasagar Achyut is trained in VLSI Front End RTL Design and
Verification, and he received his Bachelor of Technology degree in 2018,
Electronics & Computer Engineering from J.B. Institute of Engineering
& Technology, Hyderabad. Being devoted towards science and
technology, he is an active member in Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering (IEEE), United States and also in International
Association of Engineers (IAENG), Hong Kong. His area of interest lies
in IP verification, chip planning and FPGA designing.
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