Abstract A tsunami can be referred to series of water waves initiated by the dislocation of a large quantity of water, usually in ocean or a large lake. Tsunamis obliterate not only human population but all other species. There are many factors that have potential to cause a tsunami like Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions (including explosions of underwater nuclear devices), landslides, meteorite impacts and other disturbances above or below water. With the preface of modern science and computer technology, the field of Artificial Intelligence is screening a definite efficacy in all continuum of life. There are certain ways to predict such disasters and design different kinds of early warning systems. These can be predicted on the basis of climatic conditions and several other parameters. One such concept that is working as a boom in the fields of environmental science and policy is fuzzy logic. As fuzzy logic can be widely stated as working with the vague, imprecise data and the linguistic terms. So, this methodology can be successfully applied in the field of tsunami warning as the influence of different parameters that cause tsunami is different and can be said as vague. In this work, a fuzzy system has been developed to declare the occurrence of tsunami in terms of linguistic parameters rare_tsunami, advisory_tsunami and warning by taking the tsunami characteristics earthquake magnitude, volcanic eruption index, landslide and height of waves in deep ocean. Fuzzy rule base is generated and the results are compared with an IEEE research paper. Keywords: tsunami, tsunami warning system, design of tsunami warning system, Fuzzy logic, tsunami early warning system
This document summarizes a research paper that explores vulnerability assessment and transportation modeling after cyclones in Kendrapada, India. It begins with an abstract that discusses examining coping strategies of coastal villagers after a cyclone using household surveys. It then discusses developing a systematic approach for risk modeling and disaster management of transportation systems in the context of cyclones. The paper aims to account for changes in post-cyclone travel demand and assess reliability of reaching transportation systems. It studies 262 villages within 10km of the coast in Kendrapada, a highly cyclone prone area of India. The paper presents a methodology with 3 stages: 1) determining vulnerability indices as probabilities of non-zero casualties based on factors like hazards, exposure, and adaptive capacity
The document discusses tsunami warning systems. It provides details on:
1) How tsunami warning systems detect tsunamis using networks of seismic stations, sea level monitoring stations like tide gauges and DART buoys, and issue warnings.
2) The two main types of warning systems - international systems that cover ocean basins and national systems that provide very quick, localized warnings.
3) How seismic data, tide gauge data and DART buoy data are used to detect tsunamis, characterize earthquake sources, monitor tsunami progress, and issue or cancel warnings.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on tsunami warning systems. It discusses how tsunami warning systems work using networks of sensors like seismometers, tidal gauges, and DART buoys. DART buoys in particular detect tsunamis by measuring small changes in deep ocean water levels. Data from these sensors is communicated to warning centers to analyze earthquake data and issue tsunami warnings. The document also outlines advantages like early warning but also challenges like high costs of operating these sensor networks.
The document describes a tsunami warning system, explaining that tsunamis are large ocean waves usually caused by undersea earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or landslides. The system uses seismometers to detect earthquakes, tide gauges to measure changes in sea level, and NOAA and DART stations that can detect tsunamis, allowing warnings to be issued to protect coastal areas from potential damage from an approaching tsunami.
- The document describes an intelligent fuzzy-based tsunami warning system that uses fuzzy logic to predict tsunamis based on various parameters.
- The system takes 5 inputs - earthquake magnitude, focal depth, volcanic eruption index, landslide, and deep ocean wave height. It uses these to output a tsunami alert level of rare, advisory, or warning.
- Membership functions and fuzzy rules are defined for the inputs and output. Simulations show the system can correctly predict the alert level based on given input parameter values, in line with historical data analysis.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a system to detect uncontrolled crowd motion behavior using computer vision techniques. The system analyzes surveillance videos from mass gatherings using a holistic approach, where the crowd is treated as a single entity rather than tracking individuals. Optical flow is computed using the Lucas-Kanade method to estimate velocities across subsections of video frames. Congested areas where crowd movement is slow or stopped can be identified based on low optical flow magnitudes. The system was developed using MATLAB and could help security personnel monitor crowds and prevent disasters by detecting dangerous crowd conditions. Future work may include using multiple camera views and improved tracking techniques.
IRJET- Predicting the Rainfall of Ghana using the Grey Prediction Model G...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that uses the Grey Prediction Model GM(1,1) and the Grey Verhulst Model (GVM) to predict rainfall patterns in Ghana from 2017 to 2024. The study analyzes rainfall variability data from 2009 to 2016 to establish forecasting models. The models will help support decision-making and planning in agriculture and hydrology by identifying future rainfall variability and improving understanding of its impact. The document provides background on Ghana's agricultural sector and dependence on rainfall, and the significance of accurately predicting rainfall patterns. It also reviews literature on grey system theory, uncertain systems, and the applications and methods of the GM(1,1) and Grey Verhulst models.
This document summarizes a research paper that explores vulnerability assessment and transportation modeling after cyclones in Kendrapada, India. It begins with an abstract that discusses examining coping strategies of coastal villagers after a cyclone using household surveys. It then discusses developing a systematic approach for risk modeling and disaster management of transportation systems in the context of cyclones. The paper aims to account for changes in post-cyclone travel demand and assess reliability of reaching transportation systems. It studies 262 villages within 10km of the coast in Kendrapada, a highly cyclone prone area of India. The paper presents a methodology with 3 stages: 1) determining vulnerability indices as probabilities of non-zero casualties based on factors like hazards, exposure, and adaptive capacity
The document discusses tsunami warning systems. It provides details on:
1) How tsunami warning systems detect tsunamis using networks of seismic stations, sea level monitoring stations like tide gauges and DART buoys, and issue warnings.
2) The two main types of warning systems - international systems that cover ocean basins and national systems that provide very quick, localized warnings.
3) How seismic data, tide gauge data and DART buoy data are used to detect tsunamis, characterize earthquake sources, monitor tsunami progress, and issue or cancel warnings.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on tsunami warning systems. It discusses how tsunami warning systems work using networks of sensors like seismometers, tidal gauges, and DART buoys. DART buoys in particular detect tsunamis by measuring small changes in deep ocean water levels. Data from these sensors is communicated to warning centers to analyze earthquake data and issue tsunami warnings. The document also outlines advantages like early warning but also challenges like high costs of operating these sensor networks.
The document describes a tsunami warning system, explaining that tsunamis are large ocean waves usually caused by undersea earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or landslides. The system uses seismometers to detect earthquakes, tide gauges to measure changes in sea level, and NOAA and DART stations that can detect tsunamis, allowing warnings to be issued to protect coastal areas from potential damage from an approaching tsunami.
- The document describes an intelligent fuzzy-based tsunami warning system that uses fuzzy logic to predict tsunamis based on various parameters.
- The system takes 5 inputs - earthquake magnitude, focal depth, volcanic eruption index, landslide, and deep ocean wave height. It uses these to output a tsunami alert level of rare, advisory, or warning.
- Membership functions and fuzzy rules are defined for the inputs and output. Simulations show the system can correctly predict the alert level based on given input parameter values, in line with historical data analysis.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a system to detect uncontrolled crowd motion behavior using computer vision techniques. The system analyzes surveillance videos from mass gatherings using a holistic approach, where the crowd is treated as a single entity rather than tracking individuals. Optical flow is computed using the Lucas-Kanade method to estimate velocities across subsections of video frames. Congested areas where crowd movement is slow or stopped can be identified based on low optical flow magnitudes. The system was developed using MATLAB and could help security personnel monitor crowds and prevent disasters by detecting dangerous crowd conditions. Future work may include using multiple camera views and improved tracking techniques.
IRJET- Predicting the Rainfall of Ghana using the Grey Prediction Model G...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that uses the Grey Prediction Model GM(1,1) and the Grey Verhulst Model (GVM) to predict rainfall patterns in Ghana from 2017 to 2024. The study analyzes rainfall variability data from 2009 to 2016 to establish forecasting models. The models will help support decision-making and planning in agriculture and hydrology by identifying future rainfall variability and improving understanding of its impact. The document provides background on Ghana's agricultural sector and dependence on rainfall, and the significance of accurately predicting rainfall patterns. It also reviews literature on grey system theory, uncertain systems, and the applications and methods of the GM(1,1) and Grey Verhulst models.
IRJET- A Study on Flood Control System Introducing Storage TankIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on introducing underground storage tanks to control floods. The study aims to reduce the detrimental effects of floods by storing flood water in tanks. These tanks would be constructed using proper design procedures. During times of drought, the stored water could be used for purposes like agriculture, vegetation growth, fish production, hydropower generation, and more. The flood control method aims to minimize flood impacts by promoting coordinated management of water and related resources. Underground tanks located in flood-prone areas could help maintain environmental balance by reusing stored water after floods recede.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The definition and extraction of actionable anomalous discords, i.e. pattern outliers, is a challenging
problem in data analysis. It raises the crucial issue of identifying criteria that would render a discord
more insightful than another one. In this paper, we propose an approach to address this by
introducing the concept of prominent discord. The core idea behind this new concept is to identify
dependencies among discords of varying lengths. How can we identify a discord that would be
prominent? We propose an ordering relation, that ranks discords, and we seek a set of prominent
discords with respect to this ordering. Our contributions are threefold 1) a formal definition,
ordering relation and methods to derive prominent discords based on Matrix Profile techniques,2)
their evaluation over large contextual climate data, covering 110 years of monthly data, and 3) a
comparison of an exact method based on STOMP and an approximate approach that is based on
SCRIMP++ to compute the prominent discords and study the tradeoff optimality/CPU. The
approach is generic and its pertinence shown over historical climate data.
APPLICATION OF MATRIX PROFILE TECHNIQUES TO DETECT INSIGHTFUL DISCORDS IN CLI...ijscai
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new approach to detect prominent discords, or anomalous patterns, in large climate data time series. The approach introduces the concept of a prominent discord, which is the most significant discord found across different window sizes that all start at the same position. It presents methods to compute prominent discords exactly using STOMP or approximately using SCRIMP++. The approach is applied to over 100 years of monthly climate impact runoff data to detect insightful discords. It compares the exact and approximate methods and explores the tradeoff between accuracy and computational efficiency.
Accident Analysis Models And Methods Guidance For Safety ProfessionalsLeslie Schulte
This document provides an overview of accident analysis models and methods. It discusses three categories of analysis techniques: sequential, epidemiological, and systemic. Sequential techniques view accidents as resulting from time-ordered causal events, but cannot adequately account for organizational and human factors. Epidemiological techniques were developed to consider organizational influences, and view accidents as stemming from latent failures within a system. More recently, systemic techniques have emerged that treat socio-technical systems holistically and focus on the interactions between system components. The document aims to inform readers on different analysis approaches and factors that influence model selection.
This document discusses human supervisory control in advanced manufacturing systems (AMS). It defines supervisory control as human operators programming and receiving information from a computer connected to controlled processes. The key functions of supervisory control are identified as plan, teach, monitor, intervene, and learn. Determinants of multitasking performance in AMS are discussed, including scheduling, switching, confusion, cooperation and limited processing resources. The multiple resources theory, which proposes three dimensions (stages, input modality, processing codes) along which resources can be allocated, is presented as explaining multitasking performance better than the single resource theory.
COMPARISON OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS AND FUZZY LOGIC APPROACHES FOR CRACK...ijaia
This paper proposes two algorithms of crack detection one using fuzzy logic (FL) and the other artificial neural networks (ANN). Since modal parameters are very sensitive to damages, the first three relative natural frequencies are used as three inputs and the corresponding relative crack location, relative crack depth are used as the two outputs in the algorithms. The three natural frequencies for an undamaged beam and different cases of damaged beam (Single crack at various locations with varying depths) were obtained by modelling and simulating the beams using a finite element based (FEM) software. Results concluded that both the approaches can be successfully employed in crack detection in a beam like structure but FL approach performed better in determining relative crack depth whereas ANN approach performed better in determining relative crack location. All the comparisons made in the study are based on the R2 values.
During the World War I ,II over fifty countries in the world today have been inherited a legacy of antipersonnel
landmines and unexploded ordnance (UXO) which represents a major threat to lives, and
hinders reconstruction and development efforts. Landmines have specific properties that make it harder to
detect .Therefore; these properties lead landmine detectors to become more complex. Many examples can
be found to address the increasing complexity of Landmines detection; unfortunately, these new techniques
are high of cost and need experts to deal with it. Many developing countries face financial difficulties to get
advanced technologies for detection landmines such as Robotic systems, this due to their high cost, use and
maintenance difficulties which makes them unaffordable to these countries. The safety of operators,
transportability, ease of maintenance and operation are the most factors that must take into consideration
to improve the applicability and effectiveness of landmines tracking systems.The aim of the study is to
proposed architecture of Intelligent Wireless Landmines Tracking System (IWLTS) with new decision
model based on fuzzy logic.To find an affordable, light and easy to use alternative which meet users’ needs
to protect and warn them from the risk of landmines during practice their lives, we suggested the design
and development of Fuzzy Inference Model for IWLTS using Smart Phone.Fuzzy model require three step
which are definitions of Linguistic Variable and fuzzy sets, determine fuzzy rules and the process of Fuzzy
Inference.Designed Fuzzy Inference Model gives both: Landmine risk value in percentage and alert to
avoid that risk.
Analysis of Fall Detection Systems: A Reviewijtsrd
Since falls are a major public health problem among older people, the number of systems aimed at detecting them has increased dramatically over recent years. This work presents an extensive literature review of fall detection systems, including comparisons among various kinds of studies. It aims to serve as a reference for both clinicians and biomedical engineers planning or conducting field investigations. Challenges, issues and trends in fall detection have been identified after the reviewing work. The number of studies using context aware techniques is still increasing but there is a new trend towards the integration of fall detection into smart phones as well as the use of machine learning methods in the detection algorithm. We have also identified challenges regarding performance under real life conditions, usability, and user acceptance as well as issues related to power consumption, real time operations, sensing limitations, privacy and record of real life falls. Nikita Vidua | Prof. Avinash Sharma "Analysis of Fall Detection Systems: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29467.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/29467/analysis-of-fall-detection-systems-a-review/nikita-vidua
This document describes a proposed automated flood control system using wireless sensor networks. The system would use sensors to monitor water levels at various points, and a controller to automatically operate pumps and water channels based on the sensor readings and pre-programmed parameters. This closed-loop system would allow for real-time response to changing water levels to help prevent and reduce flooding in an area. The proposed system could help address the increasing problem of flooding in Nigeria and provide benefits over traditional open-loop control systems.
A DEVICE FOR AUTOMATIC DETECTION OF ELDERLY FALLSIRJET Journal
The document presents a device for automatically detecting falls in elderly individuals. It uses an accelerometer to measure changes in acceleration along three axes and determine body position. When a fall is detected based on acceleration thresholds, the GPS receiver pinpoints the location and a GSM modem sends a text message notification. The system aims to promptly detect falls to reduce injuries and allow for timely medical assistance. It discusses related work on fall detection techniques using sensors like accelerometers and pose estimation. The proposed system design uses an ESP WiFi controller, GPS and GSM modules, accelerometer, and other components to detect falls, track location, and alert caregivers via SMS. It aims to help elderly individuals live independently safely.
IRJET- Elderly Care-Taking and Fall Detection SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an elderly care and fall detection system presented in the International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology. The system uses wearable accelerometer sensors and a Raspberry Pi to detect falls in elderly individuals. It also includes a medication reminder system. The system was trained using an artificial neural network algorithm on fall data collected from accelerometers. It achieved 98% accuracy in detecting four types of falls: front, back, left, and right. The system aims to promptly detect falls in elderly to reduce injuries and notify caregivers in emergency situations. It seeks to improve elderly independent living by monitoring medication intake and detecting falls.
This document summarizes a research paper on a fall detection system using a tri-axial accelerometer for wireless body area networks. The system is designed to monitor elderly individuals and detect if they have fallen. If a fall is detected, it will automatically send an SMS message with the person's location via GPS to emergency contacts and services. The proposed system uses a tri-axial accelerometer and microcontroller to classify a person's posture and detect if they have fallen based on changes in angle and acceleration. It aims to address limitations of existing fall detection methods by utilizing widely available mobile phones and providing a small, comfortable device. If a fall is detected and emergency services are quickly contacted, it could help save lives by facilitating rapid medical response.
TOWARD ORGANIC COMPUTING APPROACH FOR CYBERNETIC RESPONSIVE ENVIRONMENTijasa
The developpment of the Internet of Things (IoT) concept revives Responsive Environments (RE) technologies. Nowadays, the idea of a permanent connection between physical and digital world is technologically possible. The capillar Internet relates to the Internet extension into daily appliances such as they become actors of Internet like any hu-man. The parallel development of Machine-to-Machine
communications and Arti cial Intelligence (AI) technics start a new area of cybernetic. This paper presents an approach for Cybernetic Organism (Cyborg) for RE based on Organic Computing (OC). In such approach, each appli-ance is a part of an autonomic system in order to control a physical environment.The underlying idea is that such systems must have self-x properties in order to adapt their behavior to
external disturbances with a high-degree of autonomy.
Emergent global patterns_of_ecosystem_structure_and_function_form_a_mechanist...Dr Lendy Spires
This document summarizes a new mechanistic general ecosystem model (GEM) called the Madingley Model. The model simulates ecological processes like primary production, eating, growth, reproduction and dispersal for individual organisms ranging in size from 10 mg to 150,000 kg across terrestrial and marine environments globally. Emergent properties observed at individual, community, ecosystem and global scales, such as trophic structure and body size distributions, generally agree with empirical data without direct constraints. The model provides novel predictions about relationships between net primary productivity, trophic chain length and herbivore pressure. It indicates ecologists now have sufficient information to build realistic global models of ecosystem structure and function to predict impacts of human pressures.
RAINFALL PREDICTION USING DATA MINING TECHNIQUES - A SURVEYcscpconf
The document discusses techniques for rainfall prediction using data mining. It provides an overview of various data mining techniques that have been used for rainfall forecasting, including neural networks and SARIMA (Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average) time series models. The document then describes applying both a multilayer perceptron neural network and SARIMA models to monthly rainfall data from regions in India to perform forecasting, and comparing the results of the two techniques.
Pneumatic stretcher chair device for paralysed patientseSAT Journals
Abstract In this age of nuclear families, the smaller number of available caregivers for paralyzed patients is a major problem. The shifting of such patients to a wheelchair is a delicate process and in most of the instances, two or more caregivers are required. This paper presents the design and fabrication of pneumatically powered stretcher-chair convertible device with movable support segments in an attempt to help such patients and caregivers. This helps the caregiver avoid heavy lifting situations that put their back at risk of injury. The caregiver can merely shift the patient from a bed on to the device while the device is in the form of a stretcher. Then the device can be converted into a chair and the wheels of the device provide mobility like a wheelchair. Most paralyzed patients develop pressure ulcers which add to their misery causing immense pain and irritation. Support surface pressure or the reaction pressure of the surface on which the patient’s body is supported has been identified as a major cause of pressure ulcer formation. In order to address this scenario, an idea of alternating pressure support surface has been implemented. This mechanism relieves support surface pressure on the patient’s body thus preventing/ prolonging pressure ulcer formation. It also exposes the body to more air so that perspiration on the patient’s skin evaporates better. Further, this mechanism acts as a body/ muscle stimulating mechanism. The alternating pressure support surface is also actuated by pneumatic power and controlled by an electronic timing circuit.
Keywords: Paralysis, Pressure ulcers, Pneumatics, Stretcher-chair, alternating pressure surface
This document describes the design and fabrication of a pneumatically powered stretcher-chair device intended to help caregivers transfer paralyzed patients between a bed and wheelchair. The device has movable support segments in the head and foot sections that are actuated by pneumatic cylinders to alternately apply pressure to the patient's body, preventing pressure ulcers. Calculations were done to select appropriate pneumatic cylinders and pressures to provide enough torque to move patient weight loads of up to 50kg. A prototype was fabricated with a steel frame, movable support segments, and two pneumatic cylinders operating at 5 bars of pressure each to power conversion between stretcher and chair configurations.
An overarching process to evaluate risks associated with infrastructure netwo...Infra Risk
International Conference Analysis and Management of Changing Risks for Natural Hazards. November 18-19, 2014, Padua, Italy.
‘An overarching process to evaluate risks associated with infrastructure networks due to natural hazards’ (extended abstract)
Hackl, J., Adey, B.T., Heitzler, M., Iosifescu, I., Hurni, L.
This document discusses a human activity recognition system using machine learning techniques. It provides an overview of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and long short-term memory (LSTM) networks for human activity recognition using data from sensors like accelerometers. CNNs use spatial correlations to process data through convolutional and pooling layers, while LSTMs are useful for processing large datasets and retaining memory of previous data due to their gated structure. The document compares CNNs and LSTMs, discusses relevant literature, and machine learning algorithms that can be used like K-nearest neighbors, support vector machines, and random forests. The goal is to classify human activities in real-time using supervised learning techniques and sensor data.
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
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IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The definition and extraction of actionable anomalous discords, i.e. pattern outliers, is a challenging
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dependencies among discords of varying lengths. How can we identify a discord that would be
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This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new approach to detect prominent discords, or anomalous patterns, in large climate data time series. The approach introduces the concept of a prominent discord, which is the most significant discord found across different window sizes that all start at the same position. It presents methods to compute prominent discords exactly using STOMP or approximately using SCRIMP++. The approach is applied to over 100 years of monthly climate impact runoff data to detect insightful discords. It compares the exact and approximate methods and explores the tradeoff between accuracy and computational efficiency.
Accident Analysis Models And Methods Guidance For Safety ProfessionalsLeslie Schulte
This document provides an overview of accident analysis models and methods. It discusses three categories of analysis techniques: sequential, epidemiological, and systemic. Sequential techniques view accidents as resulting from time-ordered causal events, but cannot adequately account for organizational and human factors. Epidemiological techniques were developed to consider organizational influences, and view accidents as stemming from latent failures within a system. More recently, systemic techniques have emerged that treat socio-technical systems holistically and focus on the interactions between system components. The document aims to inform readers on different analysis approaches and factors that influence model selection.
This document discusses human supervisory control in advanced manufacturing systems (AMS). It defines supervisory control as human operators programming and receiving information from a computer connected to controlled processes. The key functions of supervisory control are identified as plan, teach, monitor, intervene, and learn. Determinants of multitasking performance in AMS are discussed, including scheduling, switching, confusion, cooperation and limited processing resources. The multiple resources theory, which proposes three dimensions (stages, input modality, processing codes) along which resources can be allocated, is presented as explaining multitasking performance better than the single resource theory.
COMPARISON OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS AND FUZZY LOGIC APPROACHES FOR CRACK...ijaia
This paper proposes two algorithms of crack detection one using fuzzy logic (FL) and the other artificial neural networks (ANN). Since modal parameters are very sensitive to damages, the first three relative natural frequencies are used as three inputs and the corresponding relative crack location, relative crack depth are used as the two outputs in the algorithms. The three natural frequencies for an undamaged beam and different cases of damaged beam (Single crack at various locations with varying depths) were obtained by modelling and simulating the beams using a finite element based (FEM) software. Results concluded that both the approaches can be successfully employed in crack detection in a beam like structure but FL approach performed better in determining relative crack depth whereas ANN approach performed better in determining relative crack location. All the comparisons made in the study are based on the R2 values.
During the World War I ,II over fifty countries in the world today have been inherited a legacy of antipersonnel
landmines and unexploded ordnance (UXO) which represents a major threat to lives, and
hinders reconstruction and development efforts. Landmines have specific properties that make it harder to
detect .Therefore; these properties lead landmine detectors to become more complex. Many examples can
be found to address the increasing complexity of Landmines detection; unfortunately, these new techniques
are high of cost and need experts to deal with it. Many developing countries face financial difficulties to get
advanced technologies for detection landmines such as Robotic systems, this due to their high cost, use and
maintenance difficulties which makes them unaffordable to these countries. The safety of operators,
transportability, ease of maintenance and operation are the most factors that must take into consideration
to improve the applicability and effectiveness of landmines tracking systems.The aim of the study is to
proposed architecture of Intelligent Wireless Landmines Tracking System (IWLTS) with new decision
model based on fuzzy logic.To find an affordable, light and easy to use alternative which meet users’ needs
to protect and warn them from the risk of landmines during practice their lives, we suggested the design
and development of Fuzzy Inference Model for IWLTS using Smart Phone.Fuzzy model require three step
which are definitions of Linguistic Variable and fuzzy sets, determine fuzzy rules and the process of Fuzzy
Inference.Designed Fuzzy Inference Model gives both: Landmine risk value in percentage and alert to
avoid that risk.
Analysis of Fall Detection Systems: A Reviewijtsrd
Since falls are a major public health problem among older people, the number of systems aimed at detecting them has increased dramatically over recent years. This work presents an extensive literature review of fall detection systems, including comparisons among various kinds of studies. It aims to serve as a reference for both clinicians and biomedical engineers planning or conducting field investigations. Challenges, issues and trends in fall detection have been identified after the reviewing work. The number of studies using context aware techniques is still increasing but there is a new trend towards the integration of fall detection into smart phones as well as the use of machine learning methods in the detection algorithm. We have also identified challenges regarding performance under real life conditions, usability, and user acceptance as well as issues related to power consumption, real time operations, sensing limitations, privacy and record of real life falls. Nikita Vidua | Prof. Avinash Sharma "Analysis of Fall Detection Systems: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29467.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/29467/analysis-of-fall-detection-systems-a-review/nikita-vidua
This document describes a proposed automated flood control system using wireless sensor networks. The system would use sensors to monitor water levels at various points, and a controller to automatically operate pumps and water channels based on the sensor readings and pre-programmed parameters. This closed-loop system would allow for real-time response to changing water levels to help prevent and reduce flooding in an area. The proposed system could help address the increasing problem of flooding in Nigeria and provide benefits over traditional open-loop control systems.
A DEVICE FOR AUTOMATIC DETECTION OF ELDERLY FALLSIRJET Journal
The document presents a device for automatically detecting falls in elderly individuals. It uses an accelerometer to measure changes in acceleration along three axes and determine body position. When a fall is detected based on acceleration thresholds, the GPS receiver pinpoints the location and a GSM modem sends a text message notification. The system aims to promptly detect falls to reduce injuries and allow for timely medical assistance. It discusses related work on fall detection techniques using sensors like accelerometers and pose estimation. The proposed system design uses an ESP WiFi controller, GPS and GSM modules, accelerometer, and other components to detect falls, track location, and alert caregivers via SMS. It aims to help elderly individuals live independently safely.
IRJET- Elderly Care-Taking and Fall Detection SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an elderly care and fall detection system presented in the International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology. The system uses wearable accelerometer sensors and a Raspberry Pi to detect falls in elderly individuals. It also includes a medication reminder system. The system was trained using an artificial neural network algorithm on fall data collected from accelerometers. It achieved 98% accuracy in detecting four types of falls: front, back, left, and right. The system aims to promptly detect falls in elderly to reduce injuries and notify caregivers in emergency situations. It seeks to improve elderly independent living by monitoring medication intake and detecting falls.
This document summarizes a research paper on a fall detection system using a tri-axial accelerometer for wireless body area networks. The system is designed to monitor elderly individuals and detect if they have fallen. If a fall is detected, it will automatically send an SMS message with the person's location via GPS to emergency contacts and services. The proposed system uses a tri-axial accelerometer and microcontroller to classify a person's posture and detect if they have fallen based on changes in angle and acceleration. It aims to address limitations of existing fall detection methods by utilizing widely available mobile phones and providing a small, comfortable device. If a fall is detected and emergency services are quickly contacted, it could help save lives by facilitating rapid medical response.
TOWARD ORGANIC COMPUTING APPROACH FOR CYBERNETIC RESPONSIVE ENVIRONMENTijasa
The developpment of the Internet of Things (IoT) concept revives Responsive Environments (RE) technologies. Nowadays, the idea of a permanent connection between physical and digital world is technologically possible. The capillar Internet relates to the Internet extension into daily appliances such as they become actors of Internet like any hu-man. The parallel development of Machine-to-Machine
communications and Arti cial Intelligence (AI) technics start a new area of cybernetic. This paper presents an approach for Cybernetic Organism (Cyborg) for RE based on Organic Computing (OC). In such approach, each appli-ance is a part of an autonomic system in order to control a physical environment.The underlying idea is that such systems must have self-x properties in order to adapt their behavior to
external disturbances with a high-degree of autonomy.
Emergent global patterns_of_ecosystem_structure_and_function_form_a_mechanist...Dr Lendy Spires
This document summarizes a new mechanistic general ecosystem model (GEM) called the Madingley Model. The model simulates ecological processes like primary production, eating, growth, reproduction and dispersal for individual organisms ranging in size from 10 mg to 150,000 kg across terrestrial and marine environments globally. Emergent properties observed at individual, community, ecosystem and global scales, such as trophic structure and body size distributions, generally agree with empirical data without direct constraints. The model provides novel predictions about relationships between net primary productivity, trophic chain length and herbivore pressure. It indicates ecologists now have sufficient information to build realistic global models of ecosystem structure and function to predict impacts of human pressures.
RAINFALL PREDICTION USING DATA MINING TECHNIQUES - A SURVEYcscpconf
The document discusses techniques for rainfall prediction using data mining. It provides an overview of various data mining techniques that have been used for rainfall forecasting, including neural networks and SARIMA (Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average) time series models. The document then describes applying both a multilayer perceptron neural network and SARIMA models to monthly rainfall data from regions in India to perform forecasting, and comparing the results of the two techniques.
Pneumatic stretcher chair device for paralysed patientseSAT Journals
Abstract In this age of nuclear families, the smaller number of available caregivers for paralyzed patients is a major problem. The shifting of such patients to a wheelchair is a delicate process and in most of the instances, two or more caregivers are required. This paper presents the design and fabrication of pneumatically powered stretcher-chair convertible device with movable support segments in an attempt to help such patients and caregivers. This helps the caregiver avoid heavy lifting situations that put their back at risk of injury. The caregiver can merely shift the patient from a bed on to the device while the device is in the form of a stretcher. Then the device can be converted into a chair and the wheels of the device provide mobility like a wheelchair. Most paralyzed patients develop pressure ulcers which add to their misery causing immense pain and irritation. Support surface pressure or the reaction pressure of the surface on which the patient’s body is supported has been identified as a major cause of pressure ulcer formation. In order to address this scenario, an idea of alternating pressure support surface has been implemented. This mechanism relieves support surface pressure on the patient’s body thus preventing/ prolonging pressure ulcer formation. It also exposes the body to more air so that perspiration on the patient’s skin evaporates better. Further, this mechanism acts as a body/ muscle stimulating mechanism. The alternating pressure support surface is also actuated by pneumatic power and controlled by an electronic timing circuit.
Keywords: Paralysis, Pressure ulcers, Pneumatics, Stretcher-chair, alternating pressure surface
This document describes the design and fabrication of a pneumatically powered stretcher-chair device intended to help caregivers transfer paralyzed patients between a bed and wheelchair. The device has movable support segments in the head and foot sections that are actuated by pneumatic cylinders to alternately apply pressure to the patient's body, preventing pressure ulcers. Calculations were done to select appropriate pneumatic cylinders and pressures to provide enough torque to move patient weight loads of up to 50kg. A prototype was fabricated with a steel frame, movable support segments, and two pneumatic cylinders operating at 5 bars of pressure each to power conversion between stretcher and chair configurations.
An overarching process to evaluate risks associated with infrastructure netwo...Infra Risk
International Conference Analysis and Management of Changing Risks for Natural Hazards. November 18-19, 2014, Padua, Italy.
‘An overarching process to evaluate risks associated with infrastructure networks due to natural hazards’ (extended abstract)
Hackl, J., Adey, B.T., Heitzler, M., Iosifescu, I., Hurni, L.
This document discusses a human activity recognition system using machine learning techniques. It provides an overview of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and long short-term memory (LSTM) networks for human activity recognition using data from sensors like accelerometers. CNNs use spatial correlations to process data through convolutional and pooling layers, while LSTMs are useful for processing large datasets and retaining memory of previous data due to their gated structure. The document compares CNNs and LSTMs, discusses relevant literature, and machine learning algorithms that can be used like K-nearest neighbors, support vector machines, and random forests. The goal is to classify human activities in real-time using supervised learning techniques and sensor data.
Similar to Design and implementation of a fuzzy based tsunami warning system (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on stabilizing expansive black cotton soil with the natural inorganic stabilizer RBI-81. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of RBI-81 on the soil's engineering properties. The tests showed that with 2% RBI-81 and 28 days of curing, the unconfined compressive strength increased by around 250% and the CBR value improved by approximately 400% compared to the untreated soil. Overall, the study found that RBI-81 effectively improved the strength properties of the black cotton soil and its suitability as a soil stabilizer was supported.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on the influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with a chemical stabilizer. Laboratory tests were conducted on locally available loamy soil treated with a patented polymer liquid stabilizer and compacted at four different energy levels. The study found that increasing the compaction effort increased the density of both untreated and treated soil, but the rate of increase was lower for stabilized soil. Treating the soil with the stabilizer improved its unconfined compressive strength and resilient modulus, and reduced accumulated plastic strain, with these properties further improved by higher compaction efforts. The stabilized soil exhibited strength and performance benefits compared to the untreated soil.
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
This document describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) to meet the information needs of various government departments related to water management in a state. The HIS consists of a hydrological database coupled with tools for collecting and analyzing spatial and non-spatial water resources data. It also incorporates a hydrological model to indirectly assess water balance components over space and time. A web-based GIS portal was created to allow users to access and visualize the hydrological data, as well as outputs from the SWAT hydrological model. The framework is intended to facilitate integrated water resources planning and management across different administrative levels.
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes an experimental study that tested circular concrete-filled steel tube columns with varying parameters. 45 specimens were tested with different fiber percentages (0-2%), tube diameter-to-wall-thickness ratios (D/t from 15-25), and length-to-diameter (L/d) ratios (from 2.97-7.04). The results found that columns filled with fiber-reinforced concrete exhibited higher stiffness, equal ductility, and enhanced energy absorption compared to those filled with plain concrete. The load carrying capacity increased with fiber content up to 1.5% but not at 2.0%. The analytical predictions of failure load closely matched the experimental values.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
This document evaluates the operational efficiency of an urban road network in Tiruchirappalli, India using travel time reliability measures. Traffic volume and travel times were collected using video data from 8-10 AM on various roads. Average travel times, 95th percentile travel times, and buffer time indexes were calculated to assess reliability. Non-motorized vehicles were found to most impact reliability on one road. A relationship between buffer time index and traffic volume was developed. Finally, a travel time model was created and validated based on length, speed, and volume.
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study that used remote sensing and GIS techniques to estimate morphometric parameters and runoff for the Yagachi catchment area in India over a 10-year period. Morphometric analysis was conducted to understand the hydrological response at the micro-watershed level. Daily runoff was estimated using the SCS curve number model. The results showed a positive correlation between rainfall and runoff. Land use/land cover changes between 2001-2010 were found to impact estimated runoff amounts. Remote sensing approaches provided an effective means to model runoff for this large, ungauged area.
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoring
Design and implementation of a fuzzy based tsunami warning system
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A FUZZY BASED TSUNAMI
WARNING SYSTEM
Twinkle Tayal1
, Prema KV2
1
M.Tech 2nd
year, 2
HOD, CSE, FET, Mody University of Science and Technology, Rajasthan, India
Abstract
A tsunami can be referred to series of water waves initiated by the dislocation of a large quantity of water, usually in ocean or a large
lake. Tsunamis obliterate not only human population but all other species. There are many factors that have potential to cause a
tsunami like Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions (including explosions of underwater nuclear devices),
landslides, meteorite impacts and other disturbances above or below water. With the preface of modern science and computer
technology, the field of Artificial Intelligence is screening a definite efficacy in all continuum of life. There are certain ways to predict
such disasters and design different kinds of early warning systems. These can be predicted on the basis of climatic conditions and
several other parameters. One such concept that is working as a boom in the fields of environmental science and policy is fuzzy logic.
As fuzzy logic can be widely stated as working with the vague, imprecise data and the linguistic terms. So, this methodology can be
successfully applied in the field of tsunami warning as the influence of different parameters that cause tsunami is different and can be
said as vague. In this work, a fuzzy system has been developed to declare the occurrence of tsunami in terms of linguistic parameters
rare_tsunami, advisory_tsunami and warning by taking the tsunami characteristics earthquake magnitude, volcanic eruption index,
landslide and height of waves in deep ocean. Fuzzy rule base is generated and the results are compared with an IEEE research paper.
Keywords: tsunami, tsunami warning system, design of tsunami warning system, Fuzzy logic, tsunami early warning
system
----------------------------------------------------------------------***------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Tsunami is a Japanese word with the English interpretation,
“harbor wave”. It is represented by two characters, the first
character, "tsu," which means harbor, and the second one,
"nami" which means “wave”. A tsunami is a very long-
wavelength wave of water which is generated by abrupt or
sudden displacement of the seafloor or intrusion in the
standing water. Tsunami is sometimes called as “seismic sea
waves” by the scientific community and “tidal waves” by the
local public. Tsunami waves are different from the normal sea
waves in a way that the wavelength of tsunami is very long.
Originally they look like a briskly rising tide, and due to this
reason they are termed as tidal waves [1]. Though the impact
of tsunamis is limited to coastal areas, their devastating power
can be enormous and they can affect the entire ocean basins.
There are several many recorded tsunamis in the history that
caused destruction and were very ruinous. In addition to the
appalling human loss of life and damage to habitations and
infrastructure, the environment can be ruined by the impact of
the access of salt water into the agricultural lands. The
vegetation can be also badly influenced by the physical force
of the waves, and the depth of the resultant flooding as the
waves diminished [2]. There are several researches going on
to predict this natural hazard, so that, people can be warned
before. The effect of the natural hazard can’t be minimized,
but, if people warned earlier, it is possible to save many lives.
Several methods and algorithms are being used to predict the
tsunami. On such method that can be used is “fuzzy logic”.
The compelling reason for selection of fuzzy logic model in
this study is the natural fuzziness in the nature of tsunami and
the difference of influence of different causes of tsunami.
2. FUZZY LOGIC SYSTEM
In 1965, L.A. Zadeh laid the fundamentals of fuzzy set theory
[3] as a method to deal with the imprecision of practical
systems. Bellman and Zadeh write that “Much of the decision
making in the real world takes place in an environment in
which the goals, the constraints and the consequences of
possible actions are not known precisely” [4]. This
“imprecision” or “fuzziness” is the staple of fuzzy sets or
fuzzy logic applications. Fuzzy sets were anticipated as a
generalization of standard set theory. Partially as result of this
fact, fuzzy logic remained the preview of highly specialized
and mathematical journals for many years [5]. The concept
and application of fuzzy logic is becoming a tool of the
essence in dealing the issues of environmental science and
policy. It’s becoming a general practice to deal with the
linguistic terms. Fuzzy logic intention is to model human
thinking and reasoning and to relate the model to problems
according to the needs. When human solves problems, he
generally creates verbal rules such as “if <event realized> is
this, the <result> is that". Fuzzy logic tries to acquire these
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verbal rules and the ability to make decisions of humans to
machines/computers. It uses verbal variables and linguistic
terms along with verbal rules. Verbal rules and terms used in
human decision-making process are fuzzy inspite of precise.
Acquiring human logic system to computers/machines will
strengthen problem-solving ability of computers/machines.
Verbal terms and variables are expressed mathematically as
membership degrees and membership functions. Fuzzy
decision-making mechanisms use symbolic verbal phrases
rather than using numeric values. Transferring these symbolic
verbal phrases to computers is based on mathematics. This
mathematical basis is nothing but fuzzy logic. Systems that
use fuzzy logic are alternatives to the difficulty of
mathematical modelling of complex non-linear problems and
fuzzy logic meets mathematical modelling requirement of a
system and can produce effective results based on indefinite
verbal knowledge as humans. In fuzzy logic, information is
verbal phrases or can say linguistic terms such as big, small,
very, few etc. inspite of using numeric values. If a system’s
behaviour can be expressed by rules or requires very complex
non-linear processes, fuzzy logic approach can be applied in
that system [6].
2.1 Mamdani’s Fuzzy Inference Method
Mamdani's fuzzy inference method is the most widely seen
fuzzy methodology. It was among the first control systems
built using fuzzy set theory. It was proposed in 1975 by
Ebrahim Mamdani as an effort to control a steam engine and
boiler combination by synthesizing a set of linguistic control
rules achieved from skilled human operators. Mamdani's
attempt was based on Lotfi Zadeh's 1973 paper on fuzzy
algorithms for complex systems and decision processes.
Mamdani-type inference anticipates the output membership
functions to be fuzzy sets. After performing the aggregation
process, there is a fuzzy set for each output variable that needs
defuzzification. It can be build by using either command line
functions or with the graphical user interface (GUI) present in
the Matlab. In this study, we are using the Mamdani method
for the undeniable reasons as it is spontaneous, commonly
used, widely accepted and it is suited to system requiring
human intervention. In the present study, system is developed
by using the GUI tools, which basically consists of five editors
to build, edit and view the system, as shown in figure 1,
namely
Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) Editor – it is used for
handling the high-level issues for the system like
number of input and output variables and their
names.
Membership Function Editor- it is used for defining
the shapes of all the membership functions associated
with each variable.
Rule Editor- it is used to edit the list of rules that
defines the behavior of the system.
Rule Viewer- it is used to view the fuzzy inference
diagram. It is used to see which rules are active, or
how individual membership function shapes
influence the results.
Surface Viewer – it is used to view the dependency of
one of the outputs on any one or two of the inputs. It
generates and plots an output surface map for the
system [7].
Fig – 1: GUI editors in Mamdani fuzzy method [7]
3. TSUNAMI GENERATION
Fig-2: Causes of Tsunami [8]
As shown in figure 2, most of the oceanic tsunamis (up to 75%
of all historical cases) are generated by shallow-focus
earthquakes competent of transferring enough energy to the
overlying water column. The rest is divided between the
landslide (7%), volcanic (5%) and meteorological (2%)
tsunamis. Up to 10% of all the reported historical run-ups still
have unidentified sources. Some recent studies show that in
fact the fraction of tsunamigenic event where slide-generation
mechanism was indulged can be much higher (up to 30% of
all cases) [8].
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4. TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM
As discussed above, major causes of tsunami are earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions and landslides. So, in prediction or early
warning system, these can be used as the parameters. So, here
in this study along with these 3 parameters one more
parameter, i.e. height of water waves in the deep ocean is
taken.
4.1 Parameters Used
Basically, as according to the geologists the different causes of
tsunami can’t be put into a specific range for whole world.
The tsunami event triggers according to the place and the
according environmental conditions. But based on the
historical data of tsunami, the data ranges of the different
parameters can be evaluated. In the present study, the ranges
are evaluated from the actual existing historical database and
the information of tsunami provided by the organizations like
NOAA pacific tsunami warning centre, Japan meteorological
agency, UNESCO international tsunami information centre,
Wikipedia, Indian tsunami agency. All these parameters will
be treated as inputs in the fuzzy logic system that will be
designed by the help of fuzzy logic toolbox of Matlab. These
parameters can be defined as follows-
Earthquake- A series of vibrations or movements in
the earth's crust. Earthquakes that occur besides the
coastlines or anywhere underneath the oceans can
cause tsunami. The size of the tsunami is usually
depends on the size of the earthquake, with larger
earthquakes generates larger tsunami. It is measured
in Richter scale.
Landslides- Landslides moving into oceans, bays, or
lakes can also cause tsunami. Most such landslides
are generated by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions.
Volcanic eruption- Volcanoes that occur along
coastal zones, like in Japan and island arcs
throughout the world, can cause several impacts that
can become a reason of a tsunami. Explosive
eruptions can speedily emplace pyroclastic flows into
the water, landslides and debris avalanches generated
by eruptions can rapidly move into water, and
collapse of volcanoes to form calderas can suddenly
displace the water. Measured in VEI (Volcanic
Explosivity Index) which varies from 0 to 8.
Height of waves in deep ocean- height of tsunami
waves in Deep Ocean is very less, not more than
4meters due to decreases level of potential energy.
The height of waves keeps on increasing as waves
reach at the shore [9].
5. METHODOLOGY
Fuzzy system for tsunami warning system can be designed by
applying following procedure in the Matlab Fuzzy Logic
Toolbox:
Inspect the problem to be solved and select the input
and output variables. In this study, input variables
used are magnitude of earthquake, volcanic eruption,
landslide and height of waves and output variable
used is alert_type.
Deciding the fuzzy inference rules. This generally
depends on human experience and trial-and-error.
The interference rule is selected based on the degree
of match and the results of the standards by the
organizations like NOAA pacific tsunami warning
centre, Japan meteorological agency, UNESCO
international tsunami information centre, Wikipedia,
Indian tsunami agency. The values are rounded off to
fit linguistic terms.
Fuzzy membership functions for all the inputs and
the output. Fuzziness in a fuzzy set is illustrated by
its membership functions. It distinguishes the element
in the set, if it is discrete or continuous. This includes
determining the position, shape as well as overlap
between the adjacent membership function, as these
are major factors in determining the performance of
the fuzzy logic. In defining membership function,
different geometric shapes such as triangular,
trapezoidal, or curved etc are used. The selection
depends upon the one’s knowledge and
understanding of the process. In this study, we are
considering trapezoidal membership function as it is
most commonly used shape and moreover, it is best
describing the current problem.
Performing fuzzy inference based on the inference
method. Smoothness of the final control surface is
determined by the inference and defuzzification
methods.
Choose a defuzzification method. Defuzzification
means the fuzzy to crisp conversions. As the output
through the fuzzy system is also fuzzy. So, it needs to
be converted into a crisp value to use it practically.
Different methods are used for defuzzifying the fuzzy
output functions, like, Centroid method, weighted
average method, Centre of sums, Centre of largest
area and so on. Most commonly used method is
centroid method, which is being used in this study.
Precisely, a fuzzy decision is the outcome of weighing the
facts and its importance in the same way that humans make
decisions. Fuzzy logic imitates human like thinking where the
human can figure out an imprecise inference from a collection
of imprecise premises [7].
5.1 Input/ Output Membership Functions
There are 4 inputs in this system. Each input is described by
using the different membership functions such as low,
moderate and extreme as according to their ranges. The output
alert_type is described by the membership functions
rare_alert, advisory_alert and warning_alert. The output of
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system will be rare_alert if no tsunami is likely to occur,
advisory_alert if there may be chances of tsunami in near
future and warning_alert if tsunami is definite and can be
destructive. These functions represent a degree of a binary
value, 1 being the highest and 0 being the lowest. All the
inputs and output are described by using trapezoidal
membership function. It will create uniformity in the system.
All the membership functions are shown in the following
figures
Fig-3: Fuzzy Model for tsunami warning system
Based on the information gathered, the ranges to be used as
the membership values in the fuzzy system can collectively be
described in the table 1 below which are used in defining the
membership functions.
Table 1: Ranges of Different Input
Using these ranges, the tsunami alert type can be predicted.
Also, the output membership values used in the fuzzy system
is 12-point scale of tsunami intensity was proposed in 2001 by
Gerassimos Papadopoulos and Fumihiko Imamura. The
tsunami scale is arranged according to a tsunami's effects on
humans (a), effects on objects including boats (b), and damage
to buildings (c) [10]. Based on these 12 points, the output
membership values are grouped as follows-
Rare tsunami alert- 0-7
Advisory tsunami alert-7-10
Major Tsunami warning- 10-12
If rare is the alert output from the system then, there is nothing
to worry about. Tsunami will not occur.
If advisory is the alert, then tsunami may happen. General
people are advised to be in contact with the local organizations
and keep on hearing news.
If warning is the output, definite tsunami will be there.
General public is warned about the danger and advised to
move from the area. The situation can be devastating and
destructive.
The membership functions of inputs and output are as shown
in figures
Fig-4: Membership Function for input earthquake.
Fig- 5: Membership Function for input volcanic_eruption
Parameter Value
Earthquake 0 to 6.3 -> low
6.4 to 8 -> moderate
8.1 to 9.9 -> extreme
Volcanic eruption 0 to 0.8 ->
non_explosive
0.9 to 4 -> explosive
4.1 to 7.9 ->
extreme_explosive
Landslide 0 to 2.9 -> low
3 to 7 -> moderate
7.1 to 9.9 -> extreme
Height of waves in deep
ocean
0 to 3.9 -> dangerous
4 to 7.1 ->
may_be_tsunami
7.2 to 10 -> normal
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Fig-6: Membership Function for input height_in_deep_ocean
Fig-7: Membership Function for input landslide
Fig-8: Membership Function for output alert_type
5.2 Fuzzy Rules
Fuzzy rules play the most important part in the fuzzy system.
These rules can be decided on the basis of one’s knowledge or
understanding. As here, we are using the standardized data for
all the inputs; fuzzy rules are dependent on them. The fuzzy
rules basically are in the form of IF x then y. In the Matlab
Fuzzy Logic Toolbox, there is a rule editor to enter the rules
and edit them if required. 83 rules are used for the current
water quality estimator. The rule editor for our quality
estimator is shown in the figure 9.There are three formats in
which rules can be entered in the rule editor, that are either
verbose, which is being used in the current study, or symbolic
or indexed [7]. A rule is defined in the following way:
1. If (earthquake_mag is extreme) and (volcaniceruption is
non_explosive) and (height_in_deep"_water is tsunami) and
(landslide is low) then (output1 is warning_alert)
Fig-9: Rule Editor for Tsunami Warning System
5.3 Simulations
We have conducted a number of experiments by entering the
different values of the inputs and every time the system is
giving correct output as it was assumed according to our
acquired knowledge and information according to historical
databases. Rule viewer is used to enter your inputs and see
how each and every rule is behaving on your given input.
Finally, it gives one defuzzified crisp output based on the
method you had used. We are using centroid method in the
current study. For example, when we take input as [4 0.5 8 1].
According to us, the output should be rare_alert as all the
inputs are in the range when there is no possibility of tsunami.
When simulated from the system we have designed, the results
are coming to be as, shown in figure 10.
Fig-10: Rule Viewer for input described above
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Defuzzified value comes out to be 3.63, which is under the
rare_alert range. Surface viewer is also used to show the
output behavior with respect to the inputs. Basically, it works
well for 2 input and 1 output system. As number of inputs
increased, any two inputs can be selected as x and y axis and
the output can be mapped accordingly. Here, in the present
study as there are 4 inputs so according to the different inputs
on x and y axis, output alert_type can be mapped as shown in
the following figures below
Fig-11: Surface viewer with earthquake and volcanic_eruption
as inputs
Fig-12: Surface viewer with volcanic_eruption and landslide
as inputs
Fig-13: Surface viewer with volcanic_eruption and
height_in_deep_ocean as inputs
6. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
On conducting a number of experiments with different data
sets, each time we are getting the correct output. As when we
input the data as described above the result should be that alert
will be rare_alert. When applied, we are crisp output value as
3.63, which is under the range of rare. So, the result according
to the fuzzy model is also that alert will be rare_alert, no
tsunami is likely to occur. In the same way, for different inputs
we are getting correct results as expected.
We have compared our work with the work in the IEEE
research paper “Cherian, Carathedathu Mathew, Nivethitha
Jayaraj, and S. Ganesh Vaidyanathan, "Artificially Intelligent
Tsunami Early Warning System." In Computer Modeling and
Simulation (UKSim), 2010 12th International Conference on,
pp. 39-44. IEEE, 2010” [11]. In this paper, they have taken
only 2 parameters, but we have taken 4 number of inputs as
along with the earthquake, landslides and volcanic eruptions
are also causes tsunami in the several regions and many major
and devastating tsunamis due to volcanic eruptions and
landslides have recorded in the past. They had also
implemented the problem in the Matlab Fuzzy Logic Toolbox
as we have. We have taken standardized data according to the
well known authorities NOAA pacific tsunami warning centre,
Japan meteorological agency, UNESCO international tsunami
information centre, Wikipedia, Indian tsunami agency and
defined our membership functions for each input according to
the standard ranges. As they had taken 2 inputs, they are
using 12 rules to describe the system whereas we are using 83
rules to describe the system,. We have uniformity in our
system as we have described all the inputs by the trapezoidal
membership functions. They had divided the different
parameters into various no. of ranges, like for output they are
using 5 sets, where as we are taking 3 sets namely rare,
advisory and warning, which is more realistic situation and
easy to understand. Moreover, when compared with this
existing system, our system is found to be more capable and is
giving better results.
7. CONCLUSIONS
Fuzzy logic provides an alternative to represent linguistic and
subjective aspects of the real world in computing. The
intention behind the selection of fuzzy logic model in this
study is that system uses fuzzy logic model conveys valuable
and real results depending on the uncertain, vague, indecisive
and imprecise verbal knowledge just like logic of a human
being. Moreover, it takes long time to use the other methods
for such problem and by using fuzzy we can reach a general
solution by doing only limited number of experiments.
Mamdani has been designed in this study. The prediction
scheme presented here can be considered as a step towards
this natural hazard tsunami which results in destruction on a
high level. This can successfully be applied by taking other
parameters into consideration and moreover, in this study
general data has been evaluated from the historical database,
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this system can work more efficiently if data for a particular
area is used.
REFERENCES
[1]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami
[2]. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/tsunami/
[3]. L.A. Zadeh, “Fuzzy Sets,” in Information and Control,
vol. 8. New York: Academic Press, 1965, pp. 338-353.
[4]. R. E. Bellman and L. A. Zadeh, “Decision-making a fuzzy
environment,” Management Science, vol. 17, pp. 141-
164,1970.
[5]. K. Tomsovic and M.Y.Chow,” Tutorial on Fuzzy Logic
Applications in Power Systems” IEEE-PES winter meeting,
Singapore, 2000
[6]. Poongodi, M., Manjula, L., Pradeepkumar, S. and
Umadevi, M.(Dec 2011), Cancer prediction technique using
fuzzy logic, International journal of Current Research, Vol. 3,
Issue 11, pp. 333-336.
[7]. http://www.mathworks.in/help/fuzzy/building systems-
with-fuzzy-logic-toolbox-software.html#FP6300.
[8]. http://tsun.sscc.ru/tsun_hp.htm
[9]. http://academic.evergreen.edu/g/grossmaz/springle/
[10]. Papadopoulos, Gerassimos A., and Fumihiko Imamura.
"A proposal for a new tsunami intensity scale." ITS 2001
Proceedings. No. 5-1. 2001.
[11]. Cherian, Carathedathu Mathew, Nivethitha Jayaraj, and
S. Ganesh Vaidyanathan. ”Artificially Intelligent Tsunami
Early Warning System.” In Computer Modeling and
Simulation (UKSim), 2010 12th Interntional Conference on,
pp. 39-44.IEEE, 2010”
BIOGRAPHIES
Twinkle Tayal, student of M.tech, 2nd
year,
CSE, Mody University of Science and
Technology. Till now published 3 papers in
international journals.
Dr. Prema KV, Head of Department, CSE,
FET, Mody University of Science and
Technology. Till now has published 17
journal papers and 37 conference papers.
Earlier guided 2 PhD and an AICTE(2006-
2009) project and currently guiding 6 PhD
Projects.