Gears are power transmission devices in between input and output of machines, these power transmitting elements are very compact, and they transfer power with minimum loss. Due to the nature of their different speed ratios they are used for different applications like high speed marine engines, automobiles etc. Different materials are used for preparation or fabrication of gears like metals steel or brass , plastics nylon or polycarbonate . In this project spur gear is designed by CAD software and fabricated by using 3D printer, for 3D printing materials require like plastics or ceramics but for this project plastic material is used that is polylactic acid PLA . By using 3D printer spur gear is produced within a small period with better dimensional accuracy than conventional method like milling etc. P. Naresh | Aman Raj | J. Tarun | Ejazur Rahman | G. Bharat ""Design and Development of Spur Gear by using Three Dimensional Printing"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23236.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23236/design-and-development-of-spur-gear-by-using-three-dimensional-printing/p-naresh
Here is a wonderful mechanism that carries force through a 90ºbend.Translating
rotational motion around an axis usually involves gears, which can quickly become complicated, inflexible and clumsy-looking, often ugly. So,instead of using gears, this technology elegantly converts rotational motionusing a set of cylindrical bars, bent to 90º, in a clever, simple and smoothprocess that translates strong rotational force even in restricted spaces.
This is a Major Project Report successfully done at DVRCET under the guidance of Mechanical Engineering Department & the Managing Director of NIRAJA TECHNOLOGIES located at Uppal (Hyderabad).
Here is a wonderful mechanism that carries force through a 90ºbend.Translating
rotational motion around an axis usually involves gears, which can quickly become complicated, inflexible and clumsy-looking, often ugly. So,instead of using gears, this technology elegantly converts rotational motionusing a set of cylindrical bars, bent to 90º, in a clever, simple and smoothprocess that translates strong rotational force even in restricted spaces.
This is a Major Project Report successfully done at DVRCET under the guidance of Mechanical Engineering Department & the Managing Director of NIRAJA TECHNOLOGIES located at Uppal (Hyderabad).
Design and Optimization of Knuckle Joint Using TrussesAbdul Farhan
A knuckle joint is mainly used to connect two rods under tensile load. These joints are used for different types of connections e.g. tie rods, tension links in bridge structure. In this, one of the rods has an eye at the rod end and the other one is forked with eyes at both the legs. Present paper emphasizes on optimization of Knuckle joint design using Truss design, in this study, modelling and analysis of a knuckle joint is performed by using Finite Element Method. The commercial finite element package ANSYS version 18 is used for the solution of the problem. The modelling of both existing solid and modified truss design is done using 3D software Solidworks 2015.The simulation part is carried out using the Analysis software, ANSYS. With the Boundary constrains and the tensile load applied, the knuckle joint is analysed and the values are tabulated. The truss design was successful as the strength of knuckle joint improved in Model 1 by 61.31%, Deformation in Model 3 decreased by 92.18% and also the weight reduction was 3.43% in Model 7.
Introduction, Conventional and Revised with CAD/CAM Product cycle, Application of computers to the design process, comparison of capabilities of designers and computers, Reasons for implementing CAD, Benefits of CAD, CAD workstation,
Works on the principle of slider-crank mechanism with flywheel, motor and a pulley attached to it.
1. The machine can solve the problem of time consumption.
2. Waste of resources in face of labor cost is reduced.
3. The machine can be used in the industry where it is manufactured, at the packaging sector.
4. And it is used as hardware in large quantity like in fabrication of machine
5. It provide alternative for industries aiming toward reducing human effort
6. It generates sustainable and practical automation solutions for the future industrial development.
in this presentation i have discussed about 4D Printing technology. you can watch out it in video form on my You Tube channel https://youtu.be/ZDaurFz2byc
Analysis of Rack and Pinion under dynamic conditionsnagaraju kondrasi
Based on physical and thermal properties graphite cast iron has got more strength than sand cast Mg alloy and it is clear from the results that the load carrying capacity of former is larger than the later. Hence Graphite cast iron is preferred for the manufacture of rack and pinion.
In static structural analysis the total deformation and von - mises stresses are more in sand cast Mg alloy than graphite cast iron. Hence graphite cast iron has better strength than Sand cast Mg alloy.
In modal analysis the number mode shapes are higher for graphite cast iron than sand cast Mg alloy.
Under transient conditions the total deformation of Graphite CI is less than that of Sand cast mg alloy. Hence former is preferred under Transient conditions.
Under fatigue loads the damage is more in sand cast Mg alloy. Hence graphite CI is preferred for manufacturing of Rack and pinion.
Hence Keeping all the analysis in view the graphite cast iron is preferred over sand cast Mg alloy.
Modelling and 3D Printing of Differential Gear Boxijtsrd
The main aim of the project is to focus on the modeling and 3D printing of differential gear box. Differential permit each of the driving wheels to rotate at different speeds, while for most vehicles supplying equal torque to each of them. A vehicles wheels rotate at divergent speeds, mainly when turning corners. The differential is designed to operate a pair of wheels with same torque while permit them to rotate at different speeds. Differential gear box is designed in CATIA V5 software and manufactured using additive manufacturing 3D printing . The function of gear is to protect and provide a platform for gear transmission. It also provides supports for moving parts and protection from outside environmental condition. Yogesh Avula | Vanga Rajeev Narayana Reddy | VojaAnand Swaroop | Varikuppala Srisailam ""Modelling and 3D Printing of Differential Gear Box"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23287.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23287/modelling-and-3d-printing-of-differential-gear-box/yogesh-avula
Design and Optimization of Knuckle Joint Using TrussesAbdul Farhan
A knuckle joint is mainly used to connect two rods under tensile load. These joints are used for different types of connections e.g. tie rods, tension links in bridge structure. In this, one of the rods has an eye at the rod end and the other one is forked with eyes at both the legs. Present paper emphasizes on optimization of Knuckle joint design using Truss design, in this study, modelling and analysis of a knuckle joint is performed by using Finite Element Method. The commercial finite element package ANSYS version 18 is used for the solution of the problem. The modelling of both existing solid and modified truss design is done using 3D software Solidworks 2015.The simulation part is carried out using the Analysis software, ANSYS. With the Boundary constrains and the tensile load applied, the knuckle joint is analysed and the values are tabulated. The truss design was successful as the strength of knuckle joint improved in Model 1 by 61.31%, Deformation in Model 3 decreased by 92.18% and also the weight reduction was 3.43% in Model 7.
Introduction, Conventional and Revised with CAD/CAM Product cycle, Application of computers to the design process, comparison of capabilities of designers and computers, Reasons for implementing CAD, Benefits of CAD, CAD workstation,
Works on the principle of slider-crank mechanism with flywheel, motor and a pulley attached to it.
1. The machine can solve the problem of time consumption.
2. Waste of resources in face of labor cost is reduced.
3. The machine can be used in the industry where it is manufactured, at the packaging sector.
4. And it is used as hardware in large quantity like in fabrication of machine
5. It provide alternative for industries aiming toward reducing human effort
6. It generates sustainable and practical automation solutions for the future industrial development.
in this presentation i have discussed about 4D Printing technology. you can watch out it in video form on my You Tube channel https://youtu.be/ZDaurFz2byc
Analysis of Rack and Pinion under dynamic conditionsnagaraju kondrasi
Based on physical and thermal properties graphite cast iron has got more strength than sand cast Mg alloy and it is clear from the results that the load carrying capacity of former is larger than the later. Hence Graphite cast iron is preferred for the manufacture of rack and pinion.
In static structural analysis the total deformation and von - mises stresses are more in sand cast Mg alloy than graphite cast iron. Hence graphite cast iron has better strength than Sand cast Mg alloy.
In modal analysis the number mode shapes are higher for graphite cast iron than sand cast Mg alloy.
Under transient conditions the total deformation of Graphite CI is less than that of Sand cast mg alloy. Hence former is preferred under Transient conditions.
Under fatigue loads the damage is more in sand cast Mg alloy. Hence graphite CI is preferred for manufacturing of Rack and pinion.
Hence Keeping all the analysis in view the graphite cast iron is preferred over sand cast Mg alloy.
Modelling and 3D Printing of Differential Gear Boxijtsrd
The main aim of the project is to focus on the modeling and 3D printing of differential gear box. Differential permit each of the driving wheels to rotate at different speeds, while for most vehicles supplying equal torque to each of them. A vehicles wheels rotate at divergent speeds, mainly when turning corners. The differential is designed to operate a pair of wheels with same torque while permit them to rotate at different speeds. Differential gear box is designed in CATIA V5 software and manufactured using additive manufacturing 3D printing . The function of gear is to protect and provide a platform for gear transmission. It also provides supports for moving parts and protection from outside environmental condition. Yogesh Avula | Vanga Rajeev Narayana Reddy | VojaAnand Swaroop | Varikuppala Srisailam ""Modelling and 3D Printing of Differential Gear Box"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23287.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23287/modelling-and-3d-printing-of-differential-gear-box/yogesh-avula
Design and Developing of Two Wheeler Handle Gripper Using 3D Printing Technologyijtsrd
This paper provides information about design and developing of two wheeler handle gripper using the 3D printing. This technology allows to build a part in such a wat that thermoplastic material through nozzle deposited layer by layer and manufacture with high degree of freedom unachievable with the traditional manufacturing method. These two wheeler handle grippers TWHG play important role in providing grip to driver during vehicle running and idle conditions, it is difficult to make firm grip between hand and handle without handle gripper on two wheeler handle. For this paper purpose handle gripper model is created in CATIA V5, it is fully three dimensional modelling software, by using this model of handle grippers 3D printed handle grippers are created by the method of fused deposition process of rapid prototyping technology. S. Suresh | Duppelly Vamshi | Boda Rahul | Dharavath Ashok Kumar ""Design and Developing of Two-Wheeler Handle Gripper Using 3D Printing Technology"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23311.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23311/design-and-developing-of-two-wheeler-handle-gripper-using-3d-printing-technology/s-suresh
Sand casting conventional and rapid prototyping manufacturing approacheseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Power from the burnt gases in the combustion chamber is delivered to the crankshaft through the piston, piston pin and connecting rod. The crankshaft changes reciprocating motion of the piston in cylinder to the rotary motion of the flywheel. Crankshaft is designed for multi cylinder engine and its 3D model is created using modeling software CATIA V5R20.The 3D printer prints the CATIA design layer by layer forming a real object. 3D printing process is derived from inkjet desktop printers in which multiple deposit jets and the printing material, layer by layer derived from the CATIA data. 3D printing significantly challenges mass production processes in the future. This type of printing is predicted to influence industries, like automotive, medical, education, equipment, consumer products industries and various businesses. T. Venkata Ramana | Sagam Kunta Subhash | Sangem Devendra Kumar | Vanga Balakrishna ""Modelling and 3D Printing of Crankshaft"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23224.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23224/modelling-and-3d-printing-of-crankshaft/t-venkata-ramana
Abstract 3D Printing is a process of manufacturing the product on the layer by layer. And it is best processes for producing a finished objects. It was started in 1980‟s with the invention of stereo lithography. It has gone through various ups and downs throughout its development and rejection of new technologies. In this paper, we h3ave summarized the printing of hollow compounds with different shapes. Applications of 3D printed hollow compounds are turbine blades, gears, disc brakes etc. One of the major application of 3D printing is hollow turbine blade. A turbine blade is the individual components. These are used to up the turbine section of a gas turbine. The blades must designed to withstand the high pressure and high temperature comings from combustor. These 3D printed hollow compounds has same strength as solid compounds when compared. Major advantages of the Hollow shaped compounds are heat transfer, low material cost. The aim of the paper is to reduce the cost of material and easy manufacturing of hollow compounds compared to traditional process and taken hollow turbine blade as example. Keywords: hollow compounds, 3D printing, turbine blades, Additive manufacturing.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID - IJTSRD23236 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2019 Page: 1045
prototyping technologies are present like manual
prototyping, soft prototyping and rapid prototyping.
Manual prototyping is oldest method of prototype
production it requires more time for developing. Soft
prototyping uses curves and surfaces in order to create
prototype. Rapid prototyping is advanced process in this
material is applied or added layer-by-layer this process is
called additive manufacturing process. For this purpose 3D
printer is used which reads the information in the form ofG-
codes and M-codes, after reading create slices of modelled
product after that material is deposited on basis of codes as
well as slicing of modelled product, material is added layer-
by-layer manner in order to create complete product by
using 3D printer.
Rapid tooling is produced directly or indirectly by fused
deposition modelling process, it reduces product
development life cycle and, it is costlier than other methods
[1]. Operational characteristics of spur gear made up of
polylactic acid (PLA) are better than acrylonitrile butadiene
styrene (ABS) [2]. In order to know and increase the
possibility of application of polymer gears in differentfields.
Analysis of spur gear with different materials conducted, it
shows that if polymer is design optimized most of metallic
gears are replaced with polymer gears with more benefits
like less weight, easy to manufacture and low cost as well as
less noise generation [3].
Computer aided design (CAD) reduces the time and cost by
testing in the field because cad system includes drafting,
modelling, analysis and testing. Elimination of errors are
takes place in easy manner [4]. Finiteelementanalysis(FEA)
of spur gear made up of different materials like polylactic
acid, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, nylonn12 and
polycarbonate shows that nylon is strong when subjected to
tensile and compressive loads [5]. In ordertopreventfailure
of gear, strength of gear play an important role,asface width
of gear increases maximumbendingstressongearsbecomes
maximum stress [6].
II. Materials
Spur gear fabrication process done by using different
materials like metals and plastics. Brass or steels and nylon
or polycarbonate are commonly used materials. But for this
project polylactic acid selected for spur gear production as
filament material for 3D printer, this material is
biodegradable produced from natural; materials like
fermentation of starch like sugarcane etc.
PLA used in 3D printing because it is used as a moulded or
pattern material for casting of products due to its less glass
transition temperature, in casting it gets easily vaporized by
forming mould cavity it allows molten metal to flow in to it.
III. Methodology
Every production process involves different stages of
production like material collection, preparation, design,
modelling, fabrication and inspection. Same like for plastic
spur gear production different stages are involved as shown
in Fig.1. like selection of materials, modelling of spur gear,
conversion of modelling file to STL file, slicing of modelled
spur gear and 3D printing of spur gear.
Fig.1. Stages of Plastic Spur Gear Production
In first stage material is selected on basis of their properties
after that spur gear model is created by using CAD software
and conversion this model into STL (Standard Tessellation
Language) after that slicing is done to create 3D printed
component.
IV. MODELING OF SPUR GEAR
Spur gear model is created by using CAD software CATIA
V5R20, this is fully three-dimensional software and gives
better description and design of any geometric shape and, it
is double precision system due to this reason it has wide
range of application in aerospace, automotiveindustries and
shipbuilding etc.
1. Steps for 3D model Production
Select the plane on which the design needs to be drawn.
Select sketcher it is used to create 2D representation of
part and create spur gear profile.
After creating profile exit from sketcher and enter part
design.
By using padding option add material to profile of spur
gear.
Finally, by using slot option make slot inside hole
created by pocket on spur gear face.Finalmodelled spur
gear as shown in Fig.2.
Fig.2. Spur Gear 3D Model
V. Fabrication of Spur Gear
Fabrication of plastic spur gear by using 3D printing
technology includesdifferentstageslike after model creation
the 3D model must be converted into standard tessellation
language file in order to read information by 3D printer.
3D printer does not read information as it is, it requires
geometry and machining codes in order to get better
dimensional accuracy of modelled product.
Model is divided into number of layers this process is called
slicing of model this provides better dimension for
component and elimination of errors in production process.
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID - IJTSRD23236 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2019 Page: 1046
By using fused depositionmodellingprocess3Dprintedspur
gear is developed as shown in Fig.3. by the layer-by-layer
adding of material from the 3D printer.
Fig.3. 3D Printed Spur Gear
VI. Conclusion
From this project it is concluded that the gear production
process of conventional system is difficult and time-
consuming process but gives good dimensional accuracy.
These methods are only applicable for metals for better
production, other materials also used but gives less
production rate.
Due to this problem rapid prototyping is employed for
production of spur gears in this project due to this process
time taken for production of spur gear by using 3D printeris
very less compared to conventional methods of production
with benefits like better dimensional accuracy and perfect
shape of modelled components are created. Products are
created within short span of time withmany advantages, but
it has only one disadvantage is that it is costlier processthan
other conventional methods.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I owe my immense thanks to my project Guide P. NARESH,
Assistance professor DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING Guru Nanak Institute of Technology for
this sustained interest, constructive criticism and constant
encouragement at every stage of this Endeavour.
Also, I heart fully thank Dr. B. Vijaya Kumar, professor and
head of department, Guru Nanak Institute of Technology for
his constant encouragement.
Also, I thank Dr. R. Dhanasekaran, Department of
mechanical Engineering,GuruNanak Instituteof Technology
for his constant encouragement to make this project
successful.
I extended my deep sense of gratitude to the principle Dr. S.
Sreenatha Reddy and the management of Guru Nanak
Institute of Technology for providingof thebestamenitiesto
enable us to complete my project in stipulated time.
REFERENCES
[1] Vaibhav S. Jadhav and Santhosh R. Wankhade “ Design
and Manufacturing of Spur Gear Using Fused
Deposition Modeling” InternationalResearchJournalof
Research and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 12, 2017, pp.
1217-1224.
[2] DIMIC Aleksandar, MISKOVIC Zurko and MITROVIC
Radiovoje “The Influence of Material on The
Operational Characteristics of SpurGear Manufactured
by 3D Printing Technology” Journal of Mechanical
Engineering, Vol. 68, No. 3, 2018, pp. 261-278.
[3] Mahebub VohraandKevin Vyas“DesignStressAnalysis
of Metallic and Non-Metallic Spur Gear- A Review”
International Journal for Scientific Research and
Development Vol. 2, No. 4, 2014, pp. 125-128.
[4] Engr. Rufus Ogubuka Chime “ Design Modelling,
Simulation of Spur Gear; Analysis of Spur Gear”
International Journal of Engineering Research and
Development Vol. 12, No. 1, 2016, pp. 56-67.
[5] Tanmay Kotkar and Prashant Masure “ Modeling and
Testing of Spur Gear Made of Different 3D Printed
Materials” InternationalJournalofScientific Researchin
Science, Engineering and Technology Vol.4,No. 4,2018,
pp. 1381-1393.
[6] B. Praveen Kumar and Mohammed IsranShareef “Spur
Gear Development and Analysis Using Rapid
Prototyping by Reverse Engineering” International
Journal of Professional Engineering Studies Vol. 9, No.2,
2017, pp. 260-274.
![International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID - IJTSRD23236 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2019 Page: 1045
prototyping technologies are present like manual
prototyping, soft prototyping and rapid prototyping.
Manual prototyping is oldest method of prototype
production it requires more time for developing. Soft
prototyping uses curves and surfaces in order to create
prototype. Rapid prototyping is advanced process in this
material is applied or added layer-by-layer this process is
called additive manufacturing process. For this purpose 3D
printer is used which reads the information in the form ofG-
codes and M-codes, after reading create slices of modelled
product after that material is deposited on basis of codes as
well as slicing of modelled product, material is added layer-
by-layer manner in order to create complete product by
using 3D printer.
Rapid tooling is produced directly or indirectly by fused
deposition modelling process, it reduces product
development life cycle and, it is costlier than other methods
[1]. Operational characteristics of spur gear made up of
polylactic acid (PLA) are better than acrylonitrile butadiene
styrene (ABS) [2]. In order to know and increase the
possibility of application of polymer gears in differentfields.
Analysis of spur gear with different materials conducted, it
shows that if polymer is design optimized most of metallic
gears are replaced with polymer gears with more benefits
like less weight, easy to manufacture and low cost as well as
less noise generation [3].
Computer aided design (CAD) reduces the time and cost by
testing in the field because cad system includes drafting,
modelling, analysis and testing. Elimination of errors are
takes place in easy manner [4]. Finiteelementanalysis(FEA)
of spur gear made up of different materials like polylactic
acid, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, nylonn12 and
polycarbonate shows that nylon is strong when subjected to
tensile and compressive loads [5]. In ordertopreventfailure
of gear, strength of gear play an important role,asface width
of gear increases maximumbendingstressongearsbecomes
maximum stress [6].
II. Materials
Spur gear fabrication process done by using different
materials like metals and plastics. Brass or steels and nylon
or polycarbonate are commonly used materials. But for this
project polylactic acid selected for spur gear production as
filament material for 3D printer, this material is
biodegradable produced from natural; materials like
fermentation of starch like sugarcane etc.
PLA used in 3D printing because it is used as a moulded or
pattern material for casting of products due to its less glass
transition temperature, in casting it gets easily vaporized by
forming mould cavity it allows molten metal to flow in to it.
III. Methodology
Every production process involves different stages of
production like material collection, preparation, design,
modelling, fabrication and inspection. Same like for plastic
spur gear production different stages are involved as shown
in Fig.1. like selection of materials, modelling of spur gear,
conversion of modelling file to STL file, slicing of modelled
spur gear and 3D printing of spur gear.
Fig.1. Stages of Plastic Spur Gear Production
In first stage material is selected on basis of their properties
after that spur gear model is created by using CAD software
and conversion this model into STL (Standard Tessellation
Language) after that slicing is done to create 3D printed
component.
IV. MODELING OF SPUR GEAR
Spur gear model is created by using CAD software CATIA
V5R20, this is fully three-dimensional software and gives
better description and design of any geometric shape and, it
is double precision system due to this reason it has wide
range of application in aerospace, automotiveindustries and
shipbuilding etc.
1. Steps for 3D model Production
Select the plane on which the design needs to be drawn.
Select sketcher it is used to create 2D representation of
part and create spur gear profile.
After creating profile exit from sketcher and enter part
design.
By using padding option add material to profile of spur
gear.
Finally, by using slot option make slot inside hole
created by pocket on spur gear face.Finalmodelled spur
gear as shown in Fig.2.
Fig.2. Spur Gear 3D Model
V. Fabrication of Spur Gear
Fabrication of plastic spur gear by using 3D printing
technology includesdifferentstageslike after model creation
the 3D model must be converted into standard tessellation
language file in order to read information by 3D printer.
3D printer does not read information as it is, it requires
geometry and machining codes in order to get better
dimensional accuracy of modelled product.
Model is divided into number of layers this process is called
slicing of model this provides better dimension for
component and elimination of errors in production process.](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)