This document describes the design and development of a quick manual tool changer for economic class industries. It begins with an introduction to product development processes. It then discusses milling machines and different types of tool changers, including manual, automatic, drum-type, and chain-type changers. The document focuses on lever-operated mechanisms for tool changing, including the design of hand levers, bell crank levers, and couplings. It analyzes the tool changer design using finite element analysis software to validate that stresses and deformations are within acceptable limits. The conclusion is that the manually operated quick tool changer utilizing lever concepts can provide a cost-effective solution for small industries compared to pneumatically operated changers.
MANUFACTURING OF CNC MACHINES- TRAINING REPORT AT JYOTI CNCBhaumik Sheth
This is a presentation for my six weeks Industrial Training at Jyoti CNC aAutomation ltd., Rajkot.
It describes Process of manufacturing of CNC machines.
Have fun !
DO drop your comments !
Special purpose machine tools are designed and manu factured for specific jobs and such never produced in bulk such machines are finding increasi ng use in industries the techniques for designing such machine would obviously be quite different fro m those used for mass produced machine. A very keen judgment is essential for success of such mach ines. This paper explains a case study of designing special purpose machine and manufactured at ABC Com pany which found beneficial in increasing production quantity & reducing manpower.
MANUFACTURING OF CNC MACHINES- TRAINING REPORT AT JYOTI CNCBhaumik Sheth
This is a presentation for my six weeks Industrial Training at Jyoti CNC aAutomation ltd., Rajkot.
It describes Process of manufacturing of CNC machines.
Have fun !
DO drop your comments !
Special purpose machine tools are designed and manu factured for specific jobs and such never produced in bulk such machines are finding increasi ng use in industries the techniques for designing such machine would obviously be quite different fro m those used for mass produced machine. A very keen judgment is essential for success of such mach ines. This paper explains a case study of designing special purpose machine and manufactured at ABC Com pany which found beneficial in increasing production quantity & reducing manpower.
CNC plasma cutter machine is a process that cuts through electrically conductive materials by means of an accelerated jet of hot plasma. Typical materials cut with a plasma torch include steel, stainless steel, aluminum, brass and copper, although other conductive metals may be cut as well. cnc plasma cutter machine is often used in fabrication shops, automotive repair and restoration, industrial construction, and salvage and scrapping operations. Due to the high speed and precision cuts combined with low cost, plasma cutting sees widespread use from large-scale industrial CNC applications down to small hobbyist shops.
Automation of Waste Paper Reject Handling System using DCSijtsrd
The main objective of this project to dispose the reject material properly and reduce the environmental impacts. This is a Deinking process DIP . Deinking process is the one in which the ink from the office waste and newspaper and removed in order to prevent it from dispersion into the pulp sodium soap is used for removing the ink. The sodium soap produced in conveyer. The existing method have only one conveyer. It carries the reject material and it create the environmental hazards. But our proposed method has two conveyers. These conveyers are worked with the help of DCS. It reduces the environmental pollution and reduce the need for more manual labor. The conveyer 1 has a magnetic separator which separate the metal, iron and its components. The conveyer 2 has a reject material like polythene and reject material. Those materials are conveyed Baling machine by using the conveyer 2. Finally, all the reject materials are bundled by using the baling machine. Abi. R | Gayathri. C | Gowsalya. K | Mr. Ravishankar Kandasamy | Mrs. Sudha. N ""Automation of Waste Paper Reject Handling System using DCS"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30160.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/30160/automation-of-waste-paper-reject-handling-system-using-dcs/abi-r
SCOPE FOR DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT OF 2R EDGE TRIMMING MECHANISM & TOOL ADJUSTMENTIAEME Publication
The most relevant problem in wood-working Enterprises consists in an optimal selection of standard stock sizes and trimming of edges while finishing of the panels sheets according to specified requirements, so that the waste is minimized & finishing of the wooden panel took place. The efficiency of the production processes also depends on the organization of a good production scheduling and a fine operations sequence in order to minimize the time of operation & maximum number of production improving the automated material handling systems while visiting DATTA ENTERPRISES,MIDC, Butibori, Nagpur, we found a problem concern with the operation perform in the industry.
Design and fabrication of multi way hacksaw machine REPORT Eshver chandra
In this project work and effort has been made to develop a modernized multi way hacksaw machine and less stress full operation for cutting wood, metal and plastic materials. The aim of this work is to develop a hacksaw machine that will use a less effort to produce uniform cutting of PVC pipes, metals, wood. It is also done to show the performance difference between hand driven, pedal drive and multi way hacksaw machine. This model implies a conversion of rotary motion of swashplate to reciprocating motion of hacksaw blades, which is done by using Wobble Plate Mechanism. This motion is used for hacksaw machine; in this model we can operate multi hacksaws simultaneously. This model will overcome the traditional hacksaw machine which done material cutting of single piece at particular times interval and also fulfils the need of more material cutting accounts to mass production. This machine works significantly with minimum vibrations and jerks. Hence the purposed model of hacksaw machines will be welcomed by many industries due to compactness and efficiency. To achieve this goal the multi way hacksaw machine is developed.
Works on the principle of slider-crank mechanism with flywheel, motor and a pulley attached to it.
1. The machine can solve the problem of time consumption.
2. Waste of resources in face of labor cost is reduced.
3. The machine can be used in the industry where it is manufactured, at the packaging sector.
4. And it is used as hardware in large quantity like in fabrication of machine
5. It provide alternative for industries aiming toward reducing human effort
6. It generates sustainable and practical automation solutions for the future industrial development.
Abstract:This paper describes about the design and fabrication of various parts of a groundnut decorticator/ sheller. Overall, this machine involves processes like design, fabrication and assembly of different components etc. In India, Agriculture is the backbone. In India, groundnut is grown on a small scale by farmer. The major hurdle in the groundnut production in India is the inavailability or lack of groundnut processing machines available to farmer. In the beginning the peanuts were separated from its shells by the workers manually. The output from this method was very less and could not satisfy the market demand as it was very time taking process. Research-work for design, manufacture, and performance evaluation of a groundnut decorticator/sheller consisting of feeder hopper with a flow rate control device, shelling unit, separating unit and power system. Our main intension was to make such a machine, whose productivity is high & machine gets operated on 1 H.P. electric. The fresher and small farmer or business man can start business by investing less capital.
This project is done by the mechanical diploma engineering student of tssm's bscoer poly., pune
design and development of multipurpose mechanical machine
last year project-2017-18
it is the best project for the engineering student for the last year by modification as per the need
Design and fabrication of prototype of multipurpose machine for sheet metal o...eSAT Journals
Abstract Sheet metal is basically a thin sheet of metal by using several operations. Nowadays it has become one of the most
important and fundamental forms in metalworking.[10] the advantage of sheet metal is that it can be bent into variety of
desired shapes. Lots of everyday objects are being manufactured using sheet metal. Sheet metal is mainly used for various
aerodynamically shaped car bodies, airplane wings, architecture and many other applications.[9] dent removing/rolling, cutting
and v-grooving are the most widely used operations in the fabrication industry. The conventional machines could only carry out
any of the above operations simultaneously. If these operations can be done on a single machine, it would not only make work quite
easy and less tedious but also increases profitability .moreover, conventional machines are often hand operated for small scale industry
applications. Also the time taken on these separate machines that is the overall lead time decreases by making them power
operated, resulting in lower cost and higher productivity. Our project is to encompass these operations onto a single machine
successfully. Keywords: Sheet Metal, Rolling, Cutting, V-Grooving
Autosizing Control Panel for Needle BearingIJERA Editor
A needle roller bearing is a bearing which uses small cylindrical rollers. Bearings are used to reduce friction of
any rotating surface. Needle bearings have a large surface in contact with the bearing outer surfaces as
compared to ball bearings. There is less added clearance(Diameter of the shaft and the diameter of the bearing
are different) so they are much compact. The structure consists of a needle cage which contains the needle
rollersthemselves and an outer race (The housing itself). Radial bearings are cylindrical and they use rollers
parallel to the axis of the shaft. Radial pattern of needle are being used by thrust needles. Complement bearings
have solid inner as well as outer rings and rib-guided cylindrical rollers. The bearings have the largest number
of rolling elements and also have extremely high radial load carrying capacity and are suitable for compact
designs.Needle roller bearings have relatively small diameter cylindrical rolling elements whose length is much
larger than their diameter. As compared to other types of rolling bearings, needle roller bearings possess a small
cross-sectional height and significant load-bearing capacity and rigidity relative to their volume. Also, because
the inertial force acting on them is limited, needle bearings are an ideal choice for applications with oscillating
motion. These bearings also work well in compact and lightweight machine designs and they serve as a ready
replacement for sliding bearings. Needle bearings features are great rigidity, smaller cross-section, higher loadcarrying
capacity, and has lower inertia forces that facilitate to size and weight reductions in machinery. Needle
bearings are designed to stand in oscillation, performwell under any conditions, and interchange with the sliding
of bearings.
Ergonomic improvement in operator seat and controls of small tractoreSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
CNC plasma cutter machine is a process that cuts through electrically conductive materials by means of an accelerated jet of hot plasma. Typical materials cut with a plasma torch include steel, stainless steel, aluminum, brass and copper, although other conductive metals may be cut as well. cnc plasma cutter machine is often used in fabrication shops, automotive repair and restoration, industrial construction, and salvage and scrapping operations. Due to the high speed and precision cuts combined with low cost, plasma cutting sees widespread use from large-scale industrial CNC applications down to small hobbyist shops.
Automation of Waste Paper Reject Handling System using DCSijtsrd
The main objective of this project to dispose the reject material properly and reduce the environmental impacts. This is a Deinking process DIP . Deinking process is the one in which the ink from the office waste and newspaper and removed in order to prevent it from dispersion into the pulp sodium soap is used for removing the ink. The sodium soap produced in conveyer. The existing method have only one conveyer. It carries the reject material and it create the environmental hazards. But our proposed method has two conveyers. These conveyers are worked with the help of DCS. It reduces the environmental pollution and reduce the need for more manual labor. The conveyer 1 has a magnetic separator which separate the metal, iron and its components. The conveyer 2 has a reject material like polythene and reject material. Those materials are conveyed Baling machine by using the conveyer 2. Finally, all the reject materials are bundled by using the baling machine. Abi. R | Gayathri. C | Gowsalya. K | Mr. Ravishankar Kandasamy | Mrs. Sudha. N ""Automation of Waste Paper Reject Handling System using DCS"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30160.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/30160/automation-of-waste-paper-reject-handling-system-using-dcs/abi-r
SCOPE FOR DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT OF 2R EDGE TRIMMING MECHANISM & TOOL ADJUSTMENTIAEME Publication
The most relevant problem in wood-working Enterprises consists in an optimal selection of standard stock sizes and trimming of edges while finishing of the panels sheets according to specified requirements, so that the waste is minimized & finishing of the wooden panel took place. The efficiency of the production processes also depends on the organization of a good production scheduling and a fine operations sequence in order to minimize the time of operation & maximum number of production improving the automated material handling systems while visiting DATTA ENTERPRISES,MIDC, Butibori, Nagpur, we found a problem concern with the operation perform in the industry.
Design and fabrication of multi way hacksaw machine REPORT Eshver chandra
In this project work and effort has been made to develop a modernized multi way hacksaw machine and less stress full operation for cutting wood, metal and plastic materials. The aim of this work is to develop a hacksaw machine that will use a less effort to produce uniform cutting of PVC pipes, metals, wood. It is also done to show the performance difference between hand driven, pedal drive and multi way hacksaw machine. This model implies a conversion of rotary motion of swashplate to reciprocating motion of hacksaw blades, which is done by using Wobble Plate Mechanism. This motion is used for hacksaw machine; in this model we can operate multi hacksaws simultaneously. This model will overcome the traditional hacksaw machine which done material cutting of single piece at particular times interval and also fulfils the need of more material cutting accounts to mass production. This machine works significantly with minimum vibrations and jerks. Hence the purposed model of hacksaw machines will be welcomed by many industries due to compactness and efficiency. To achieve this goal the multi way hacksaw machine is developed.
Works on the principle of slider-crank mechanism with flywheel, motor and a pulley attached to it.
1. The machine can solve the problem of time consumption.
2. Waste of resources in face of labor cost is reduced.
3. The machine can be used in the industry where it is manufactured, at the packaging sector.
4. And it is used as hardware in large quantity like in fabrication of machine
5. It provide alternative for industries aiming toward reducing human effort
6. It generates sustainable and practical automation solutions for the future industrial development.
Abstract:This paper describes about the design and fabrication of various parts of a groundnut decorticator/ sheller. Overall, this machine involves processes like design, fabrication and assembly of different components etc. In India, Agriculture is the backbone. In India, groundnut is grown on a small scale by farmer. The major hurdle in the groundnut production in India is the inavailability or lack of groundnut processing machines available to farmer. In the beginning the peanuts were separated from its shells by the workers manually. The output from this method was very less and could not satisfy the market demand as it was very time taking process. Research-work for design, manufacture, and performance evaluation of a groundnut decorticator/sheller consisting of feeder hopper with a flow rate control device, shelling unit, separating unit and power system. Our main intension was to make such a machine, whose productivity is high & machine gets operated on 1 H.P. electric. The fresher and small farmer or business man can start business by investing less capital.
This project is done by the mechanical diploma engineering student of tssm's bscoer poly., pune
design and development of multipurpose mechanical machine
last year project-2017-18
it is the best project for the engineering student for the last year by modification as per the need
Design and fabrication of prototype of multipurpose machine for sheet metal o...eSAT Journals
Abstract Sheet metal is basically a thin sheet of metal by using several operations. Nowadays it has become one of the most
important and fundamental forms in metalworking.[10] the advantage of sheet metal is that it can be bent into variety of
desired shapes. Lots of everyday objects are being manufactured using sheet metal. Sheet metal is mainly used for various
aerodynamically shaped car bodies, airplane wings, architecture and many other applications.[9] dent removing/rolling, cutting
and v-grooving are the most widely used operations in the fabrication industry. The conventional machines could only carry out
any of the above operations simultaneously. If these operations can be done on a single machine, it would not only make work quite
easy and less tedious but also increases profitability .moreover, conventional machines are often hand operated for small scale industry
applications. Also the time taken on these separate machines that is the overall lead time decreases by making them power
operated, resulting in lower cost and higher productivity. Our project is to encompass these operations onto a single machine
successfully. Keywords: Sheet Metal, Rolling, Cutting, V-Grooving
Autosizing Control Panel for Needle BearingIJERA Editor
A needle roller bearing is a bearing which uses small cylindrical rollers. Bearings are used to reduce friction of
any rotating surface. Needle bearings have a large surface in contact with the bearing outer surfaces as
compared to ball bearings. There is less added clearance(Diameter of the shaft and the diameter of the bearing
are different) so they are much compact. The structure consists of a needle cage which contains the needle
rollersthemselves and an outer race (The housing itself). Radial bearings are cylindrical and they use rollers
parallel to the axis of the shaft. Radial pattern of needle are being used by thrust needles. Complement bearings
have solid inner as well as outer rings and rib-guided cylindrical rollers. The bearings have the largest number
of rolling elements and also have extremely high radial load carrying capacity and are suitable for compact
designs.Needle roller bearings have relatively small diameter cylindrical rolling elements whose length is much
larger than their diameter. As compared to other types of rolling bearings, needle roller bearings possess a small
cross-sectional height and significant load-bearing capacity and rigidity relative to their volume. Also, because
the inertial force acting on them is limited, needle bearings are an ideal choice for applications with oscillating
motion. These bearings also work well in compact and lightweight machine designs and they serve as a ready
replacement for sliding bearings. Needle bearings features are great rigidity, smaller cross-section, higher loadcarrying
capacity, and has lower inertia forces that facilitate to size and weight reductions in machinery. Needle
bearings are designed to stand in oscillation, performwell under any conditions, and interchange with the sliding
of bearings.
Ergonomic improvement in operator seat and controls of small tractoreSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Optimizing Material removal rate and surface roughness using Taguchi techniqueroymeister007
The objective of this advanced design project is to obtain an optimal setting of turning parameters (Cutting speed, Feed and Depth of Cut), which results in an optimal value of material removal rate (MRR) while machining a cylindrical bar made of mild steel. In our study, an attempt has been made to generate a model to predict material removal rate using Regression Technique. Also an attempt has been made to optimize the process parameters using Taguchi Technique. A three level orthogonal array L9 was selected to satisfy the minimum number of experiment conditions for the factors and levels presented in this project.
Esign and fabrication of a shearing machine for glass fiber sleeves using ste...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper gives the reader an insight in to the work we went through to invent the concept for an automated fiber glass sleeve cutting machine. The challenge given to us by the Industry was to design and fabricate the shearing machine that can cut fiber glass sleeves in a given desired length automatically on a large scale. The length of the sleeve given to us is in range of 20mm-50mm. We set out to invent a simple but strong concept resulting in a machine with minimal complexity which will reduce the cost of production, time required to cut the sleeve and also improve the ease of maintenance. This paper is testament to how we achieved a supposedly complex automation using simple mechanical automation. To support our concept we also set out to fabricate a proposed machine to prove this concept will work.
Keywords: Shearing, Plc, Fiber glass sleeves, Ladder programming, Hmi
Capacity utilization for product mix using operation based time standard eval...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, a systematic and quantitative view is presented for the application of time study in woodworking furniture industry. The study is done in panel conversion plant on five CNC machines for various operations. For the calculation of cycle time, machining time calculator is developed and the operation research technique of mathematical programming is used for the capacity calculation of product mix. This makes manager to make faster decision in outsourcing problem and to improve the financial performance of the company. Keywords - Capacity utilization, cycle time, linear programming, manufacturing, time study
Capacity utilization for product mix using operation based time standard eval...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Producing a defect-free casting for a critical application is a challenging job mainly due to two factors.
Primarily due to trial and error approach towards the design of riser, runner, gates, sprue, mold cavity, core and
chapstics. The other factor is not being able to maintain a good quality of the melt. Defects are the results of a merger of
several causes. In this study, the authors have chosen to use a FEM based commercial software to design riser and
employ chills to eliminate or minimize the shrinkage defects. The use of chills promoted directional solidification such
that the shrinkage cavities moved along the solidification front and away from casting into the riser. Study is made on
use of blind riser, open riser and their influence on shrinkage porosity
Eco Friendly Extraction and Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Cissus Quadra...EditorIJAERD
Cissus quadrangualaris plant yield fibers and all the parts of this plant can be utilized in many applications. In
recent days, textile industries are widely using plant fibers for numerous applications acquired from lots of resources. The
advantage of natural fibers is their continuous supply, easy and safe handling, and biodegradable nature. The usage of
enzymes in the textile industry consents the development of eco-friendly technologies in fiber processing and tactics to
improve the final product quality. In the present work, natural cellulosic fibers were extracted from Cissus quadrangualaris
plant using an eco-friendly method (amylase enzyme). The physico-chemical, thermal and mechanical properties of Cissus
quadrangualaris fibers were reported in this paper. Further, the properties of CQSF ensured that it can play an imperative
role in the textile manufacturing industries
The sarcasm detection with the method of logistic regressionEditorIJAERD
The prediction analysis is approach which may predict future possibilities. This research work is based on the
sarcasm detection from the text data. In the previous time SVM classification is applied for the sarcasm detection. The SVM
classifier classifies data based on the hyper plane which give low accuracy. To improve accuracy for sarcasm detection
logistic regression is applied during this work. The existing and proposed techniques are implemented in python and results
are analysed in terms of accuracy, execution time. The proposed approach has high accuracy and low execution time as
compared to SVM classifier for sarcasm detection.
Experimental study on the use of locally produced ester base fluids at the dr...EditorIJAERD
Drilling fluids play an important role in the successful drilling applications of oil and gas wells. This role of
drilling fluid in oil exploration and exploitation activities is similar to the blood circulation in the human body according to
the some researches. The most commonly used drilling fluids are water based fluids in the drilling applications. In this study,
to investigate the performance of the ester-based drilling fluid in application of shale occurrence drilling was aimed. This
study therefore was undertaken to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of shale occurrence on the rheological
properties of ester-based drilling fluid. The fluids used in this study were XB1000 refined from waste cooking oil as esterbased fluid and diesel oil refined from petroleum as oil-based fluid. Within this scope, experimental studies were conducted
to obtain some properties such as plastic viscosity, yield point, and gel strength. The results showed that plastic viscosity
increased as solid percentage increased in both samples and insignificant shale swelling between the two oil mud fluids
shows same tolerance level. Thus, the synthetic-based drilling fluids can be used as a suitable alternative to the oil-based
drilling fluids to curb environmental pollution.
Runoff modelling using hec hms for rural watershedEditorIJAERD
Due to climate change it is very essential to do hydrological modelling. Reliable models are essential for planning,
developmental works, prediction and safety of the population. Hydrological models are used to determine catchment
discharge/flow through an efficient way. HEC-HM (Hydrological engineering centre Hydrological modelling system) is
one of hydrological modelling tool developed by United States army corps of engineer (USACE) for event as well as for
continuous simulations. Models, especially continuous simulations are useful for future predictions of stream flow due to
land-use changes or extreme events phenomenon. In this study continuous hydrologic modellingwas carried out using
HEC HMS modelling tool.
Deficit and Constant Loss methods with Clark transform methods were selected. The calibrated model (period
1986-1988) was validated with data set of the period of 2009-2013. Study concluded that the model recommended and
can be used for stated River as decision support tool in the design and operation.
The several assets for high-speed data transmission over wireless uses the Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM) as it is a multicarrier transmission scheme. A large number of narrow bandwidth carriers is
therefore adopted by the OFDM. Individually for an OFDM, each subcarrier is attenuated under the frequency-selective
and fast fading channel, therefore the resulting gain is high attenuation which leads to poor performance of all OFDM
subcarriers if the same fixed transmission scheme are used. Thus the main goal of the indicated paper is to grab an
understanding of the inequality between fixed & adaptive modulations schemes as the introduction of the adaptive
modulation. The need for the above system is to make use of the speaker's voice to check their character and control
approach to administrations, for example, voice dialing data administrations, voice send, and security control for secret
data. The performance of paperwork basically states that implementation of adaptive modulation is done into blocks of
adjacent subcarriers which is the result of dividing whole subcarriers. Therefore the equivalent modulation scheme which
is the calculation of average instantaneous signal to noise (SNR) is exercised to entire subcarriers of the equal block. The
OFDM system average bit error rate (BER) performance is observed here under fixed modulation and adaptive
modulation, and these modulation techniques are recorded by accepting the different inverse fast Fourier transforms
(IFFT) size and uncomplicated adaptive Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) strategy. The simulation in MATLAB
shows the results as the performance of fixed modulation is inferior to that of the BER performance of OFDM system
using adaptive modulation. The prospective adaptive modulation and coding Technique uses OFDM to manage the fixed
BER under changing the channel.
Soil health analysis for crop suggestions using machine learningEditorIJAERD
Indian economy is depending on agriculture. Agriculture is the main source of income for most of the
population. So farmers are always curious about yield prediction. Many factors are responsible like soil, weather, rain,
fertilizers and pesticides to increase yield production. Agriculture being a soil-based industry, an increase in yield can
only be attained by ensuring that the soil provides a balanced and an adequate supply of nutrients. Soil testing is pivotal
in understanding the deficiencies in soil and avoiding nutrient imbalance. This survey and study focuses on the different
soil types, crop types and soil test reports. Soils are complex mixtures of air, water, minerals, organic matter, and
countless organisms that are the decaying remains of once-living things. We can say soil is an important ingredient of
agriculture. There are several types of soils and each type of soil can have different kinds of features and different kinds
of crops grow on different types of soils. We must know which type of crop is go better in our soil. We can apply machine
learning techniques to classify soil and to predict the crop suitable.
Ik analysis for the hip simulator using the open sim simulatorEditorIJAERD
The model of the project to create a detailed assembly of muscles spotting the hip joint. Additional muscles
and combinations were added to the baseline lower extremity assemblies currently available in OpenSim. The geometry
of the muscles was adjusted to pair moment arms reported here. The slack moment and the isometric were added to the
arithmetic value of the tanquntial assembly of joints
Anomaly detection is usually associate degree identification of associate degree odd or abnormal
information typically even known as as an outlier from a offer pattern of information. It involves machine learning
technique to be told the info and verify the outliers supported a likelihood condition. Machine learning, a branch
of AI plays a significant role in analyzing the info and identifies the outliers with a decent likelihood. The target of this
paper is to work out the outlier supported anomaly detection techniques and describe the quality standards of the actual
trade. We have a tendency to describe associate degree approach to analyzing anomalies in trade information
supported the identification of cluster outliers.
Experimental investigation of the effect of cold joint on strength and stiffn...EditorIJAERD
in this paper the effect of cold joint has been discussed for two RC Beam-Column Connections. Specimen 1
was poured monolithically whereas, construction joint in specimen 2 at bottom and top column was provided according
to section 3.2.2.2, ACI 224.3R-95. Both specimens were tested through quasi static cyclic loading under displacement
controlled condition, and the effect of cold joint was investigated. It was concluded that due to construction joint in
connections the maximum load carrying capacity decreases up to 39%. In addition, the strength degradation was more in
specimen having construction joint in column. Similarly the stiffness degradation decreases up to 50% due construction
joint. It was also observed that specimen having construction joint shows overall strength lost at 1.5% while specimen
having no construction joint was maintain their strength up to 3% drift.
Investigating willingness to pay for congestion pricing in peshawar universit...EditorIJAERD
Congested road is a perfect example of tragedy of the commons as there is no restriction for drivers not to
exploit it. Car users are independent in their traveling decisions but their decisions have negative consequences for
others for which they do not pay rather the non-users pay for them in the form of hard cash, inconvenience and lack of
safety. This unwanted but widely practiced phenomena has over-shadowed the livable environment even in universities
all across Pakistan particularly in Peshawar university campus (case study) where the environment is exacerbated by
minimum personalized vehicle holders for the maximum non-car commuters resulting from the free vehicular entrance
and biased provision of infrastructure. This leads to huge social divide, inequality and gender disparity. In addition to
finding appropriate rent for provision of new equitable, environment and gender friendly modes of transport like rental
bikes and golf carts, Willingness to pay for congestion pricing as proposed solution is investigated through online webbased questionnaire survey from 580 respondents and statistical analysis is used for selecting most feasible mode(s) of
alternate in-campus transportation. Results showed that 67.6% respondents were WTP for congestion charging and
55.3% selected golf carts as their preferred mode in campus followed by rental bike with 27.6%. Appropriate rent chosen
for golf cart was PKR 20 and less than PKR 20 for rental bikes by more than half of the respondents. Congestion pricing
was perceived as effective solution and proposed modes were opted as the preferred modes for traveling in campus.
Capacity evaluation of masonry infill strengthened with wire containment meshEditorIJAERD
Masonry bricks construction is vulnerable to seismic forces and has been used around the world. This
research is carried out on infill masonry wall constructed from half scaled bricks to stabilize the ductility and
deformation of infill wall to reduce the cost and casualties. Three panel are designed for the direct in-plane loading and
out-of-plane loading, with retrofitting technique using steel wire mesh and last panel is without steel wire mesh for
simple prism test is perform on these three panel. The result shows the panel is constructed with retrofitting technique of
in-plane and out-of-plane are more durable and stabilized as to simple masonry bricks wall construction
Design intervention to reduce muscular strength for using stone polishing mac...EditorIJAERD
Stone polishing work is an integral part of the construction sector. Hand-held polishing machine often results
in excessive hand-arm vibration (HAV) and manual effort. To overcome these problems, a new design was
conceptualised, developed, and validated. This study aims to evaluate the effect of a new handle on the transmissibility of
HAV and muscle activities during polishing activity. 13 experienced participants involved in polishing activities were
selected in this interventional field experiment. Tool handles (existing and modified) were taken as the independent
variables, while electromyography and HAV values were considered as dependent variables. The vibration level was
measured at the handle and wrist for both existing and modified stone polishing machine. The result showed that the
muscle strength for operating the modified stone polishing machine was less than the existing stone polishing machine
Screening and evaluation of medicinal properties of grape fruit varieties in ...EditorIJAERD
Theni districts could be considered one of the highest grapes producing area also export best quality of
Paneer dhrakshai Indian table grapes in Tamil Nadu. The research work focused to identify the nutritive compounds in
the grapes (Vitis vinifera) species which are a wonderful fruit having pulp content, vibrant color and exert an immense
health benefits. Grape fruits were found to be rich source of Anthocyanin content and vitamin C also macromolecules
contents such as carbohydrate contents of 29mg, Protein 18.7mg and fat content 3.7mg /100 g of f. wt. Micronutrients
were estimated by AAS which showed that calcium content was 3.1mg/g.f.wt, iron content 2.7 mg/g.f.wt, potassium 2.6
mg/g.f.wt found to be more than other minerals in fresh extracts of grape fruits. The comparative results of revealed
considerable amount of phytoconstituents in grape fruits in which anthocyanins alone has been taken to evaluate
therapeutic effects on breast cancer cell MCF-7 cell viability test was carried out to determine cell proliferation. The
results revealed presence of anthocyanins in high quantity in the process of purification through various biochemical
methods that could ultimately be used for preventing cancerous cell proliferation which reduces the development of
cancer diseases. On comparison Grapes (Vitis vinifera) may serve as functional food with vital pharmaceutical and
biological value.
Modification of airflow around a FSAE Race car using sidepods to increase the...EditorIJAERD
Aerodynamics pertaining to vehicles focuses on improving the drive-ability of the vehicle while also reducing
losses due to air drag. This paper focuses on maximizing the cornering performance of the formula student race car with
slight modifications to the airflow around the vehicle and meagre addition of weight. The undertray produces downloads
by altering the velocity of air flowing underneath it. The sidepods act to reduce flow velocity above the undertray, thus
increasing the pressure above it. This leads to an increased pressure difference over the surface of the undertray which
translates to increase in downforce. The car is able to have a 10% decrease in lap times on a 500m racetrack.
Gear shifting mechanism was designed & applied to make the shifting process faster and less destructible for
the driver. The new device must be reliable with small dimensions and maintenance cost. Main aim of this project is to
improve gear shifting process quickly by using devices such as a manual four speed gear box, single pneumatic double
acting cylinders, single pneumatic two position five ways directional control valves, an electrical motor, a belt, two
pulleys, push button, compressor. According to gear shifting method, the driver can do select transmission gear ratio
without moving his/her hands from the steering wheel by putting the gear shifting push buttons on the steering wheel
An Assessment of Phase Change Materials for Domestic ApplicatonsEditorIJAERD
Thermal Energy storage has been the significant area of research over the last many decades. Various methods
and materials are developed for storing heat energy. Yet a main obstacle to modern methods is its lack of thermal mass.
Phase change materials are one of the optimized alternate to various energy storing methods and materials. They have
high energy storage capacity. In any case, despite the fact that the data is quantitatively tremendous, it is moreover
spread generally in the writing, and hard to discover. This report contrasts on the properties of phase change materials
and also reveals their significant applications. Furthermore, the discussion includes main benefits and drawbacks of
phase change materials over the different renewable energy sources. It also carries various types of PCMs and
performance analysis of PCMs for selecting the best required PCM for the purpose of heating and cooling of building.
The main objective of our project is to provide an optimum solution PMT. To stop Pass duplication fraud
and save govern- ment money. It helps to avoid unnecessary traditional pass process and convert the process into the
digital pass system. It will Organize and create a Central Data system using Aadhar card and increase security in the
Pass System. It will also help to avoid the line System and the student won't need to Login again and again into the
system.
It will be completely on-time registration process then data will store into the system. Student just need to scan Aadhar
card QR Code and put pass Date details next time of visit. This system was intended to develop an application for PMT
to perform function- tonalities like accessing the basic information of a student from educational institutions for
authentication and provide Bus pass
Remediation of heavy metals lead, cobalt and copper from industrail wastewate...EditorIJAERD
To fulfil human beings requirement number of industries increases day by day which play important role in
development of country but also causes environment pollution. Effluent of many industries contain heavy metals and
other contaminants. Industrial effluent usually used for agriculture purposes without treatment. Plants take these heavy
metals from industrial water and accumulate it in roots and Arial parts which become the part of animal and human
body through food chain causes various diseases. In this research work plants were grown using wastewater of industrial
effluents. Three sample of wastewater were made of various concentration level of lead, copper and cobalt. Typha
latifoliate was grown in controlled environment. Three sample of wastewater were used. Soil used in pots was of known
concentration of heavy metals. Using x-ray fluorescence spectrometry was used to find concentration of contaminants in
soil before and after plantation and atomic absorption spectrometry was used to find concentration of heavy metals in
industrial effluent. Wastewater of various concentration level was obtained by adding domestic water having no heavy
metals. Extraction percentage performed by plants in various lawn was found by analysis of soil before and after the
maturity of plants. soil which was irrigated by fully contaminated wastewater was remediated by 10%. Soil in which
plants were irrigated by diluted wastewater was remediated by 15 and 21% respectively for copper and cobalt. Plants
matured in seventy-five days in winter season.
Heart attack and alcohol detection sensor using internet of thingsEditorIJAERD
—In this system we tend to implement a heart-beat observation and heart failure detection system victimization
using the Internet of things. Recently we have got enlarged range of heart diseases as well as enlarged risk of heart
attacks. The detector is then interfaced to a microcontroller that enables checking pulse rate readings and transmittal
them over web. The user might set the high likewise as low levels of heart beat limit. Once setting these limits, the system
starts observation as shortly as patient heart beat goes on top of an explicit limit, the system sends response to the
controller that then transmits this over the net and alerts the doctors likewise as involved. This technique is employed to
watch heartbeat rate of the motive force perpetually and prevents from the accidents by dominant through IOT. IOT
conveys the emergency message to the Owner, auto and therefore the Police. Arduino processor ATmega328 is ready to
handle a lot of functions than standard microcontrollers. This technique is intended for the protection of individuals
sitting within the vehicle.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
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Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
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Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Design and development of quick tool changer for economic class industry36975
1. International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research
Development
Volume 2,Issue 9, September -2015
@IJAERD-2015, All rights Reserved 31
Scientific Journal of Impact Factor(SJIF): 3.134 e-ISSN(O): 2348-4470
p-ISSN(P): 2348-6406
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF QUICK TOOL CHANGER FOR
ECONOMIC CLASS INDUSTRY
PROF.RAKESH PRAJAPATI1
,PROF. SNEHAL TRIVEDI2
, DHIRAJ MISHRA3
,YOGENDRASINH PARMAR4
1
Mechanical engineering, Parul Institute of Technology
2
Mechanical engineering, Parul Institute of Technology
3
Mechanical engineering, Parul Institute of Technology
4
Solar Industries Pvt Ltd, GIDC Makarpura, Vadodara
Abstract — Design & development deals with selection, processing and engineering of material along with
identifying, modifying and testing the product making it ready for production. The need of quick tool changer
during design and development of automatic milling machine is identified by Solar Industries, G.I.D.C,
Makarpura, Vadodara. Milling is all about machining process with the assessment of various milling cutters.
For economical class industries these milling operation turns uneconomical in automatic milling machine using
automatic tool changer initially. As per the need of Solar Industries we have designed a quick manual tool changer and
tested it with analysis software to prove our results and make this design economical as for small industries, Every Single
Penny Counts?
Keywords- CNC, Tools, Levers, ATC
I. INTRODUCTION
Product development is the process of creating a new product to be sold by a business or enterprise to
its customers. In the document title, Design refers to those activities involved in creating the styling, look and feel of
the product, deciding on the product's mechanical architecture, selecting materials and processes, and engineerin g
the various components necessary to make the product work. Development refers collectively to the entire process of
identifying a market opportunity, creating a product to appeal to the identified market, and finally, testing,
modifying and refining the product until it is ready for production. A product can be any item from a book, musical
composition, or information service, to an engineered product such as a computer, hair dryer, or washing machine. This
document is focused on the process of developing discrete engineered products, rather than works of art or informational
products.
The task of developing outstanding new products is difficult, time -consuming, and costly. People who
have never been involved in a development effort are astounded by the amount of time and money that goes into a new
product. Great products are not simply designed, but instead they evolve over time through countless hours of
research, analysis, design studies, engineering and prototyping efforts, and finally, testing, modifying, and re -
testing until the design has been perfected.
The process of developing new products varies between companies, and even between products within
the same company. Regardless of organizational differences, a good new product is the result a methodical
development effort with well defined product specifications and project goals. A development project for a market -pull
product is generally organized along the lines.
II. MILLING MACHINE
Milling is the machining process of using rotary cutters to remove material from a work piece advancing
(or feeding) in a direction at an angle with the axis of the tool. It covers a wide variety of different operations and
machines, on scales from small individual parts to large, heavy-duty gang milling operations. It is one of the most
commonly used processes in industry and machine shops today for machining parts to precise sizes and shapes. Milling
operates on the principle of rotary motion. A milling cutter is spun about an axis while a work piece is advanced
through it in such a way that the blades of the cutter are able to shave chips of material with each pass.
Figure 1.1: Vertical Milling Machine
2. International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)
Volume 2,Issue 9, September -2015, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470 , print-ISSN:2348-6406
@IJAERD-2014, All rights Reserved 32
For this reason, steps in the primary recycling process are:(1)separate the waste by specific type of resin and by
different colors and then wash it,(2)the waste has better melting properties so it should be extruded into pellets which can
be added to the original resin. This type of recycling is very expensive compared to other typ es of recycling due to the
requirements of plastic properties mentioned above. If the waste can be easily sorted by resin but cannot be pelletized due
to mixed coloring contamination, then waste can be fed into molding application, and regarding reactants properties, it is
less demanding.
III. TOOL CHANGER
It is a means to change the tool in any machine with the use of various mechanisms either through operated
manually or computerized linkages. Base on the means of the operating the mechanism of the tool chang ing it is
classified as 1.Manual/conventional tool changer (MTC) 2. Automatic tool changer (ATC) [5]
3.1. Manual/Conventional Tool Changer (MTC):
This type of tool changer are being operated manually by human arm with the assistance of mechanical
components including lever, linkages, bearings, belt, gears, etc
Usually NC mills (Manual Tool Change) are supplied with some type of quick-change tooling system to
accomplish this task. Most of small vertical turret mills are manufactured with an R-8 spindle taper that will accept R-8
collets as shown in figure 3.1. Then R-8 collets and R-8 tool holders require the use of a draw bar.
Figure 3.1: R-8 Spindle and Collet Figure 3.2: A Quick change tooling system used for manual tool Change
The quick tooling system consists of a quick release chuck held in the machine holder and set of tool-holders
that hold the individual tools needed for a particular part program. The chuck is a separate tool-holding system that says
in the spindle during the tool change the tool holder is removed from chuck it is also called the tool changer. A tool
holder containing the next required tool is installed in the place as shown in figure 3.2.[12]
3.2. Automatic Tool Changer (ATC):
An Automatic tool changer or ATC is used in computerized numerical control (CNC) machine tools to improve
the production and tool carrying capacity of the machine. ATC changes the tool very quickly, reducing the non-
productive time. Generally, it is used to improve the capacity of the machine to work with a numbers of tools. It is also
used to change worn out or broken tools. It is one more step towards complete automation.[1]
The CNC machines are designed to perform a number of operations in a single setting of the job. A number of
tools may be required for making a complex part. In a manual machine, the tools are changed manually whenever
required. In a CNC machine, tools are changed through program instructions. The tools are fitted in a tool magazine or
drum. When a tool needs to be changed, the drum rotates to an empty position, approaches the old tool and pulls it. Then
it again rotates to position the new tool, fits it and then retracts. This is a typical tool changing sequence of an automatic
tool changer (ATC). [1]
3.2.1. Drum Type ATC
For holding small number of tools usually not more than 30, Stored on periphery of drum and tool search speed
is faster.
Fig: Drum Type ATC Fig: Chain Type ATC
3. International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)
Volume 2,Issue 9, September -2015, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470 , print-ISSN:2348-6406
@IJAERD-2014, All rights Reserved 33
3.2.1. Chain Type ATC
For more number of tools (40 or more), tools search speed is less. As soon as the tool selection command is
received by the system, the selected tool comes to a fixed place known as tool change position. The selected tool is
transferred to the spindle from magazine after the previous tool is transferred to the magazine fromspindle. This is called
tool change cycle. [14]
3.3. Lever
A lever is consisting of a beam or rigid rod pivoted at a fixed hinge or fulcrum. It is one of the six simple
machines identified by Renaissance scientists. The word comes from the French lever, "to rise", cf. a Levant. A lever
amplifies an input force to provide a greater output force, which is said to provide leverage. The ratio of the output
force to the input force is the ideal mechanical advantage of the lever. [11]
IV. DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF QUICK TOOL CHANGER
The sectional view of the spindle which is to be applied is being shown in the fig. This yellow rod shown in the
Fig is push rod which is responsible for the hold and release of the tool into its collet. The green colour part just beside
the push rod depicts the disc spring which restricts the motion of the push rod whenever a power supply is
being provided to the push rod.
Figure 4.1: Sectional view of the spindle
The torque which is being transmitted to this rod allows the rod to go downwards. As a result of which the tool
could be disengaged from the tool holder. Now by understanding the whole mechanism come across the facts that the
amount of force applied to push rod should be greater than the spring force then only it could transfer linearity motion to
disengage the tool. The current design of the tool changer is being shown in fig. When pneumatic cylinder used then
required torque to the push rod of the tool changer. The torque required to transmit the motion to the push rod against the
spring force = 4500 N-mm. [1]
4.1. SOLUTION
Considering the need of the industry and the requirements modification in the design of a tool changer, I have
tried to rise up with satisfying solution meeting both the customer demands and design requirements of the tool
changer. This paper is based on the design and development of a lever mechanism where I have utilized the
concept of hand lever to transmit around torque from human arm to the fork end of the hand lever. This fork end is joined
with the bell cranks lever by means of a fixed pin joint in order to transmit the torque in an efficient manner without
much loss.
I have assembled the longer effort arm of bell crank lever with the hand lever through a flexible pin joint and the
load arm is being connected to the (coupler). This is rectangular cross section at the central of which a groove of required
dimension is being drilled out to fix. Then other end of the section that has a female cone provided on into which the
male cone mounted on the drawbar gets engaged to provide it the required force of 4500N to move linearly
downwards and disengage the tool. [2]
Figure 4.1.1: Ball Crank Lever Figure 4.1.2: Hand Lever
4. International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)
Volume 2,Issue 9, September -2015, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470 , print-ISSN:2348-6406
@IJAERD-2014, All rights Reserved 34
V. DESIGN OF THE MECHANISM FOR PUSHING THE DRAWBAR
Figure 5.1: Design of Lever Operated Mechanism Figure 5.2: Cross-sectional View of Hand Lever
P: Force applied at hand L: Effective length of lever
σ: Permissible tensile stress τ: permissible shear stress
For Mild steel, σ=186 Mpa τ=410Mpa
1. Diameter of pin obtained by considering shaft under pure torsion.
Twisting moment of shaft,
T=P*L
T=π/16* τ* d3
Suppose required effective length=270 m
Diameter of hand lever for proper torque transmission based on pin dia. of lever = 25mm
Now the effort the man can apply =100 N
Consider overhang factor = 1.5 * P = 100 *1.5=150 N
So, T=P*L
T= 150* 270
= 40500 N mm
Now checking for the induced stress in this material
T=π/16* τ* d3
40500= 3.14*(25)3
* τ /16
τ =13.2N/ mm2
<= 186 M Pa
So the given design of hand lever is safe against the stresses. [2]
5.1. Design of Bell Crank Lever
Experimental analysis for determination length of lever arm considering
L1=Length of load arm
L2=Length of effort arm
The leverage ratio for the bell crank lever
W/T = L2/L1
4500/1350 = L2/L1
L2/L1 = 3.333
5. International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)
Volume 2,Issue 9, September -2015, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470 , print-ISSN:2348-6406
@IJAERD-2014, All rights Reserved 35
Figure 5.3: Design of Bell crank Lever
Now in order to obtain a safer leverage ratio experiment for two to three length of three effort and load arm considering
the space constraint of the machine.
So, for different length, i.e. L2=500 mm L1=150 mm
Leverage ratio (L.R) = 3.33
L2=600 mm and L1 = 120 mm
Leverage ratio (L.R) = 5
For L2 = 600 mm and L1 = 150 mm
Leverage ratio (L.R) = 4
So we have finalized the avg. Leverage ratio considering the following length from safety as well as space constrains.
L2 = 600 mm and L1 = 150 mm
L2/L1 = 4
VI. ANALYSIS AND VALIDATION OF DESIGN IN ANSYS
Finite element analysis on lever mechanism: Boundary condition for mechanism with two different forces to check the
feasibility of both designs. Input Force: 200 N, Output Force: 400 N
Figure 6.1: Force on manual tool changer Mechanism Figure 6.2: Meshing of Lever mechanism
Figure 6.3: Total Deformation of Mechanism (200N & 400N)
6. International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD)
Volume 2,Issue 9, September -2015, e-ISSN: 2348 - 4470 , print-ISSN:2348-6406
@IJAERD-2014, All rights Reserved 36
On comparing the deformation, max shear stress and principal stress value for 200 N & 400 N. Find out the given
value of deformation are within the range.
This could be validated as such that the % elongation value for Mild steel is 23%.
So % deformation of design= max deformation %elongation
= 2.2715/23 = 9.87% <= 23%
So deformation is safe and bearable.
Also the analyzed value of max shear stress & max tensile stress obtained is less than the design value which is
equal to186 M pa & 410 Mpa. Besides this the directional deformation value as well as the principal stress obtained is
within the range.
VII. CONCLUSION
This paper presented I have tried to bring an effective solution to the economic class industries in terms of
providing them with a complete (solution to replace pneumatically operated tool changer of mini CNC milling
machine into manually operated tool changer by utilizing the concept of lever for the transmission of huge amount
of torque at the cost of least input force through human arm and by validating it in an analysis software ANSYS
which could serve them with a dual feature of quick tool change along with a drastic improvement in the cost structure of
installing a tool changer
REFERENCES
[1] Bob Yellin, Z-Bot LLC, Greg Jackson Tormach LLC “Automatic Tool changer for Tormach Tooling System”.
[2]Bell Crank Lever by ANSYS Software http://www.et.byu.edu/~chasek/ME%20501/ANSYS%20Tutorials-
Blotter/ANSYS-Basic/4%20Basic-%20%20Bell%20Crank.pdf
[3] Graham T. Smith “The Development and Design of CNC Machine Tools” Publication Springer link 10.1007/978-1-
4471-1748-3_1. 1993
[4] MIHAILA, L[ucian]; FUNARU, M [arian]; OBREA, C [laudiu] F [lorin] & ANDRIOAIA, D [ragos] “A UTOMATIC
PALLET CHANGER MECHANISM USED ON MACHINING CENTERS” Annals of DAAAM for 2012 &
Proceedings of the 23rd International DAAAM Symposium, Volume 23, No.1, ISSN 2304-1382ISBN 978-3-901509-91-
9, CDROM version, Ed. B. Katalinic, Published by DAAAM International, Vienna, Austria, EU, 2012.
[5] Mustafa Ilhan Gokler “Design of an automatic tool changer with disc magazine for a CNC horizontal machining
centre” International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture 01/1997; 37(3):277-286. DOI: 10.1016/S0890-
6955(96)00066-1
[6] Z-Bot Automatic Tool changer ZBT600I Tool Change Initiated V Macro has begun execution by Little Machine
shop.com
[7] OBREA, C[laudiu] F[lorin]; PASCU, M[arius]; MIHAILA, L[ucian] & FUNARU, M[arian], “DESIGN OF AN
AUTOMATIC TOOL CHANGER SYSTEM FOR MILLING MACHINING CENTERS”23rd International DAAAM
symposium, Volume 23, No.1, ISSN 2304-1382, 2012.
[8] Zhang, L., Wang, L., (2010). Machining Center Automatic ATC Analysis and Research, Proceedings of 3rd
International Conference on Information Management, Innovation Management and Industrial Engineering: Part I, ICIII,
November 26-28, 2010, China, ISBN: 978-0-7695-4279-9, pp. 355-358, Kunming.
[9] Chen F., Yan H. S., (1999). “Configuration Synthesis of Machining Centres with Tool Change Mechanisms”,
International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, Vol. 39, No. 2, 1999, pp. 273-295.
[10] http://littlemachineshop.com/instructions/ToolChangerInstructions-V1.pdf
[11] http://littlemachineshop.com/Instructions/2936PowerDrawbar.pdf
[12]http://www.lms.mech.upatras.gr/LMS/files-1/students-area/arithmetikos-elegkhos-ergaleiomekhanon/subject-
files/ekpaideutiko-uliko/CNCChapter4_11122013_LOCKED.pdf
[13] http://www.machsupport.com/forum
[14] http://www.ignou.ac.in/upload/Unit-5-57.pdf
[15] Reference books: Machine Design by R.S. Khurmi & V.B Bhandhari.