This document summarizes dermatological pharmacology. It discusses the structure of skin and topical vehicles like creams, lotions, gels and ointments used to deliver drugs to the skin. It also discusses various drug classes used in dermatology like glucocorticoids, retinoids, antibiotics, antifungals and immunomodulators. Specific drugs covered include tretinoin, adapalene, isotretinoin, calcipotriene and phototherapy agents. It also provides information on treatment of conditions like acne, hyperpigmentation and photoprotection with sunscreens.
This is an excellent ppt on Dermatological pharmacology highlighting types of formulations, topical preparations and the treatment of individual skin disorders with illustrations...!!
This is an excellent ppt on Dermatological pharmacology highlighting types of formulations, topical preparations and the treatment of individual skin disorders with illustrations...!!
learning objectives : Pathophysiology of Psoriasis
Common sites with pictures
Pharmacotherapy of Psoriasis
Local Drug therapy
Systemic Drug therapy
Biological therapy
Phototherapy
eczema is a widespread disease that's gone uncontrolled sometimes due to lack of knowledge. here's a presentation prepared for awareness campaigns to increase the knowledge of patients and help them control their symptoms
Dermatitis, also known as eczema, is a group of diseases that results in inflammation of the skin. These diseases are characterized by itchiness, red skin and a rash. In cases of short duration, there may be small blisters
Drugs Used In The Treatment Of The Integumentary System.pptxANJENAY S KUMAR
Drugs used in the treatment of the integumentary system, which includes the skin, hair, nails, and related muscle and glands, fall into several categories:
1. **Antimicrobials**: These include antibacterials and antifungals, which are used to treat or prevent infections²³.
2. **Antiparasitics**: These are used to treat parasitic infestations³.
3. **Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)**: These are used to reduce inflammation³.
4. **Immunomodulators**: These are used to modify the immune response or the functioning of the immune system³.
5. **Hormones**: These are used to treat various skin conditions³.
6. **Psychotropic Agents**: These are used for their effects on mental health³.
7. **Vitamin and Mineral Supplements**: These are used to treat deficiencies that may affect the skin³.
Some specific drugs used for skin diseases include Alclometasone, Allantoin, Amcinonide, Amorolfine, Avelumab, Bemotrizinol/Bisoctrizole, Benzyl benzoate, Biafine, and Brodalumab¹. These drugs can be used to treat a variety of skin disorders such as atopic dermatitis, eczema, contact dermatitis, allergic dermatitis, rashes, psoriasis, and other skin irritations¹².
It's important to note that the choice of drug, its form (e.g., topical, oral), and the regimen depend on the nature of the skin condition and the patient's overall health status. Always consult with a healthcare provider for appropriate treatment⁴..
Source: Conversation with Bing, 2/8/2024
(1) Medications for Skin Conditions - WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/medications-skin-conditions.
(2) Overview of Systemic Pharmacotherapeutics of the Integumentary System .... https://www.merckvetmanual.com/pharmacology/systemic-pharmacotherapeutics-of-the-integumentary-system/overview-of-systemic-pharmacotherapeutics-of-the-integumentary-system-in-animals.
(3) List of drugs/medicine used for Skin Disease (Skin Disease) - Medindia. https://www.medindia.net/drugs/medical-condition/skindisease.htm.
(4) Skin Diseases: Types of, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention.
learning objectives : Pathophysiology of Psoriasis
Common sites with pictures
Pharmacotherapy of Psoriasis
Local Drug therapy
Systemic Drug therapy
Biological therapy
Phototherapy
eczema is a widespread disease that's gone uncontrolled sometimes due to lack of knowledge. here's a presentation prepared for awareness campaigns to increase the knowledge of patients and help them control their symptoms
Dermatitis, also known as eczema, is a group of diseases that results in inflammation of the skin. These diseases are characterized by itchiness, red skin and a rash. In cases of short duration, there may be small blisters
Drugs Used In The Treatment Of The Integumentary System.pptxANJENAY S KUMAR
Drugs used in the treatment of the integumentary system, which includes the skin, hair, nails, and related muscle and glands, fall into several categories:
1. **Antimicrobials**: These include antibacterials and antifungals, which are used to treat or prevent infections²³.
2. **Antiparasitics**: These are used to treat parasitic infestations³.
3. **Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)**: These are used to reduce inflammation³.
4. **Immunomodulators**: These are used to modify the immune response or the functioning of the immune system³.
5. **Hormones**: These are used to treat various skin conditions³.
6. **Psychotropic Agents**: These are used for their effects on mental health³.
7. **Vitamin and Mineral Supplements**: These are used to treat deficiencies that may affect the skin³.
Some specific drugs used for skin diseases include Alclometasone, Allantoin, Amcinonide, Amorolfine, Avelumab, Bemotrizinol/Bisoctrizole, Benzyl benzoate, Biafine, and Brodalumab¹. These drugs can be used to treat a variety of skin disorders such as atopic dermatitis, eczema, contact dermatitis, allergic dermatitis, rashes, psoriasis, and other skin irritations¹².
It's important to note that the choice of drug, its form (e.g., topical, oral), and the regimen depend on the nature of the skin condition and the patient's overall health status. Always consult with a healthcare provider for appropriate treatment⁴..
Source: Conversation with Bing, 2/8/2024
(1) Medications for Skin Conditions - WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/medications-skin-conditions.
(2) Overview of Systemic Pharmacotherapeutics of the Integumentary System .... https://www.merckvetmanual.com/pharmacology/systemic-pharmacotherapeutics-of-the-integumentary-system/overview-of-systemic-pharmacotherapeutics-of-the-integumentary-system-in-animals.
(3) List of drugs/medicine used for Skin Disease (Skin Disease) - Medindia. https://www.medindia.net/drugs/medical-condition/skindisease.htm.
(4) Skin Diseases: Types of, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention.
The skin is the largest organ of the body, with a total area of about 20 square feet. The skin protects us from microbes and the elements, helps regulate body temperature, and permits the sensations of touch, heat, and cold
Introduction:
Understanding pharmacology related to skin and mucous membrane health is crucial for nursing students in providing comprehensive care to patients with dermatological and mucosal conditions. This guide offers essential knowledge on pharmacological interventions, including medications, treatments, and nursing considerations, to promote skin and mucous membrane wellness and manage various dermatological and mucosal disorders effectively.
Archer USMLE step 3 dermatology lecture notes. These lecture notes are samples and are intended for use with Archer video lectures. For video lectures, please log in at http://www.ccsworkshop.com/Pay_Per_View.html
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
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The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance.pdfNEHA GUPTA
The "ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance" PDF provides a comprehensive overview of the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines related to pharmacovigilance. These guidelines aim to ensure that drugs are safe and effective for patients by monitoring and assessing adverse effects, ensuring proper reporting systems, and improving risk management practices. The document is essential for professionals in the pharmaceutical industry, regulatory authorities, and healthcare providers, offering detailed procedures and standards for pharmacovigilance activities to enhance drug safety and protect public health.
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3. GLUCOCORTICOIDS
Immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties
Administration: locally and systemically.
Systemic therapy restricted to severe dermatological illnesses.
Side effects: Skin atrophy, striae, telangiectasias, purpura, and
acneiform eruptions.
Topical glucocorticoids have been grouped into seven classes in
order of decreasing potency.
4.
5. TOPICAL VEHICLES
Creams:
Less greasy and most acceptable
Applies more easily
Can be drying
Easy to wash off
Lotions:
More water content and less viscous
than creams
Gels:
Water-soluble emulsion with gelling
agent
Can be drying
Concentrates drug at surface after
evaporation
Ointments:
Alleviates dryness by prevention of
evaporation
Enables medication to penetrates
skin well
Water repellant
Remains on the skin
Occlusive and protective
Soothing and lubricating
6. TOPICAL RETINOIDS
Cornerstone of acne therapy.
ACTION: Targets the abnormal follicular epithelial hyper
proliferation → reduces follicular plugging → reduces
microcomedones and both non inflammatory and inflammatory acne
lesions.
Biological effects mediated through: nuclear hormone receptors
(retinoic acid receptor RAR and retinoids X receptor RXR) and
cytosolic binding proteins.
CURRENTLY AVAILABLE: Tretinoin, adapalene, tazarotene,
isotretinoin, and β-retinoyl glucuronide.
7. TRETINOIN
Potent comedolytic: promotes lysis of keratinocytes, prevents cells from
binding to each other, hence comedones, which are horny impactions in
follicles, cannot form. 6-10 weeks to produce action
Highly efficacious, but response is delayed. 0.05% gel
Side effects: feeling of warmth, stinging, excessive redness, edema and
crusting.
Teratogenic effect with topical retinoic acid is minor because of low blood
levels produced; but not recommended for use during pregnancy.
8. ADAPALENE
Newer synthetic tretinoin like drug which binds directly to the
nuclear retinoic acid receptor and modulates keratinization and
differentiation of follicular epithelial cells.
Also exerts anti-inflammatory action, comedone formation is
suppressed. 0. 1% gel
In acne vulgaris, as effective but less irritating than tretinoin.
9. TAZAROTENE
Topical synthetic retinoid used for psoriasis (0.05%-1 %)
gel
Prodrug is hydrolysed in the skin to tezarotenic acid
that exerts antiproliferative and anti inflammatory
action by binding to retinoic acid receptor: modification
of gene function.
10. ADVERSE EFFECTS
The main adverse effect - primary irritant dermatitis, which can
present as erythema, scaling, burning sensation and can vary
depending on skin type, sensitivity, and formulations.
Lessened by concomitant use of emollients.
Photosensitivity reactions.
11. ORAL ISOTRETINOIN
Indication - moderate-to-severe acne or lesser degree of acne producing
physical or psychological scarring, unresponsive to conventional therapy.
The approved dose - 0.5–1 mg/kg/day, usually given for 20 weeks.
Alternatively, lower dose can be used for longer period, with a total
cumulative dose of 120 mg/kg.
Reduces production of sebum, corrects abnormal keratinization of follicles
and causes dramatic improvement.
Systemic retinoids approved for the treatment of acne, psoriasis, and
Cutaneous T cell Lymphoma.
12. ACITRETIN
Synthetic retinoid for oral use
Recalcitrant, pustular and severe forms of psoriasis
A/E: Dryness of skin and eyes, arthralgis, myalgia, liver damage,
lipid abnormalities
BEXAROTENE
CTCL
13. ADVERSE EFFECTS
Retinoid dermatitis: characterized by erythema, pruritus, and
scaling.
Very rarely, patients may develop pseudotumor cerebri, especially
when combined with tetracyclines.
chronic administration at higher doses can cause diffuse idiopathic
skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) syndrome, premature epiphyseal
closure, and other skeletal abnormalities
Teratogenic (accutane embryopathy) craniofacial, heart, CNS
abnormalities.
14. VITAMIN ANALOGUES
Calcipotriene:
Topical vitamin D analogue used in the treatment of plaque psoriasis.
Mild to moderate psoriasis.
Adverse effects: Skin irritation, scaling,hypercalcemia and
hypercalciuria
Used off label for multiple conditions, including morphea, vitiligo, and
congenital ichthyoses.
15. PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY
UV or visible radiation is used to induce a therapeutic
response either alone (phototherapy) or in the presence of
an exogenous photosensitizing drug (photochemotherapy).
PUVA- Photoreactions interfere with pyrimidine bases and
inhibit DNA synthesis and epithelial cell turnover.
Photopheresis: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells are
treated with psoralens
Photodynamic therapy: Photodynamic drugs and visible light
16.
17. SUNSCREEN
Sunscreen is a lotion, spray, gel or other topical product that
absorbs or reflects the sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation and
provide temporary photoprotection to the skin.
Regular use is efficacious in reducing photocarcinogenesis and
photoaging.
18. SUN RADIATION SUMMARY
Radiation
Type
Characteristic
Wavelength (
Effects on Human Skin Visible to
Human Eye?
UVC ~200-290 nm
(Short-wave UV)
DNA Damage No
UVB ~290-320 nm
(Mid-range UV)
Sunburn
DNADamage
Skin Cancer
No
UVA ~320-400 nm
(Long-wave UV)
Tanning
Skin Aging
DNADamage
Skin Cancer
No
Vis ~400-800 nm None
Currently Known
Yes
IR ~800-120,000 nm
Increasing
Heat Sensation
(high IR)
No
19. SPF
SPF Value = MED (PS) / MED (US)
MED (PS) : minimum erythemal dose for protected skin
MED (US) : minimum erythemal dose for unprotected skin
Most sunscreen SPF- 15
UV A protection: CW method
20. SOME ACTIVE SUNSCREEN INGREDIENTS
Inorganic Agents: zinc oxide and titanium dioxide. They provide UVA
and UVB protection.
Organic UVA Filters: Include benzophenones (oxybenzone,
dioxybenzone, sulisobenzone); dibenzoylmethanes (avobenzone);
anthralates (meradimate); and camphors (ecamsule).
Organic UVB Filters: There are numerous UVB filters, including
aminobenzoates (PABA and padimate O); cinnamates (cinoxate,
octinoxate); salicylates (trolamine salicylate, homosalate, octisalate);
octocrylene; and ensulizole.
21. ANTIHISTAMINES
Oral antihistamines, particularly H1 receptor antagonists,
hydroxyzine, diphenhydramine, promethazine, cetirizine,
levocetirizine etc. are useful for the control of pruritus.
22. ANTIBIOTICS
Agents such as tetracyclines, macrolides, and dapsone, also have
anti-inflammatory properties, which make them useful for non-
infectious conditions, such as acne vulgaris, rosacea, granulomatous
diseases, neutrophilic dermatoses, and autoimmune bullous diseases.
Topical agents are very effective for the treatment of superficial
bacterial infections and acne vulgaris.
Systemic antibiotics also are prescribed commonly for acne,
cutaneous Bacterial Infections and deeper bacterial infections.
23. ACNE
A multifactorial chronic inflammatory disease of pilosebaceous units.
Pathogenesis—
• Increased sebum productions
• Follicular hyperkeratinization
• Propionibacterium acne (P. acne) colonization and
• Inflammation
Lesions may present as non inflammatory comedones or inflammatory
papules.
Inflammatory cysts may leave behind hyper-pigmentation and
sometimes scarring.
24. CLINICAL FEATURES - SEVERITY
MILD: Mainly comedones with few papules/pustules.
MODERATE: Moderate papules and pustules (10-40) and comedones (10-
40).
MODERATELY SEVERE: Numerous papules and pustules (40-100) and many
comedones (40-100). May have nodular inflamed lesions (upto 5). Wide
spread involvement of face, chest and back.
SEVERE: Nodulocystic acne and acne conglobata with many nodular or
pustular lesions.
25. TOPICAL ANTIMICROBIALS
Commonly used in acne include benzoyl peroxide, clindamycin,
erythromycin, and antibiotic–benzoyl peroxide combinations.
Topical monotherapy with clindamycin or erythromycin is not
recommended.
Other topical antimicrobials used in treating acne include azelaic acid,
dapsone, metronidazole, sulfacetamide, and sulfacetamide/sulfur
combinations.
26. SYSTEMIC THERAPY
For patients with acne vulgaris that is more extensive or resistant to
topical therapy.
Commonly used: tetracyclines (doxycycline, minocycline,) macrolides
(azithromycin, erythromycin); and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
6–8 weeks is required for visible clinical results
27. ANTIFUNGAL THERAPY
COMMON SUPERFICIAL CUTANEOUS MYCOSES: The dermatophyte
infections (tinea corporis, crurus, and pedis)- Azoles, griseofulvin,
terbinafine, nystatins etc.
SUPERFICIAL MUCOCUTANEOUS MYCOSES: Such Tinea, pityriasis
versicolor, seborrheic dermatitis, cutaneous candidiasis etc
respond to Nystatin, Azoles, allylamines, Ciclopirox, butenafine
etc.
29. BIOLOGICAL IMMUNOMODULATORS
AND OTHER AGENTS
A number of biologic medications have been introduced to treat
psoriasis and other autoimmune diseases as Atopic Dermatitis by
binding to TNF alpha and preventing it from communicating with
cells.
Adalimumab, Etanercept, Infliximab, Secukinumab and
Ustekinumab which are mainly monoclonal antibodies directed
against TNF- alpha.
Intravenous Immunoglobulin
Targeted Antineoplastic Agents: Vismodegib and sonidegib (basal
cell carcinoma)
30. TREATMENT OF
HYPERPIGMENTATION
Sun protection or avoidance is a vital component of any treatment regimen.
Hydroquinone- decreases melanocyte pigment production by inhibiting
tyrosinase. In addition, it causes degradation of melanosomes and
destruction of melanocytes
Azelaic acid, inhibits tyrosinase activity but is less effective than
hydroquinone. Has mild comedolytic, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory
properties, so often used in acne.
Mequinol a competitive inhibitor of tyrosinase- permanent depigmentation.
Glycolic acid is an α-hydroxy acid used in chemical peels.
