Dental caries or tooth decay is caused by bacteria in the mouth producing acids from carbohydrates that dissolve tooth enamel. Poor dental hygiene and areas that are hard to clean allow decay to penetrate the enamel, dentin, and pulp, exposing blood vessels and nerves to infection and possible abscess formation. Prevention includes proper mouth care, diet, fluoridation, and pit and fissure sealants. Periodontitis is the inflammation and infection of the tissues surrounding the teeth and is classified in stages from initial lesion to advanced lesion. Deep cleaning between the teeth and below the gumline can help treat periodontitis. A periapical abscess occurs when pus collects in the tissues at the end of the tooth

2. It is a gluey, gelatin-like substance that adheres
to the teeth.

3. Dental caries or tooth decay is an erosive
process that begins with the action of bacteria
on fermentable carbohydrates in the mouth,
which produces acids that dissolve tooth
enamel.

4. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Poor dental hygiene
A small hole, usually in a fissure or in an area that is
hard to clean
The decay penetrates the enamel into the dentin and
pulp
Exposure of blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves to
the decaying area
Infection and abscess formation

5. Clinical manifestation
• Pulsating pain
• Abscess formation
• Swollen face

6. Prevention
•
•
•
•
Mouth care.
Diet.
Flouridation.
Pit and fissure sealants.

11. PERIODONTITIS

12. •
•
•
•
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
INITIAL LESION
EARLY LESION
ESTABLISHED LESION
ADVANCED LESION

13. DEEP CLEANING (SCALING AND ROOT
PLANNING)

15. DEFINITION
PERIAPICAL ABSCESS REFERRED TO AS AN
ABSCESSED TOOTH, INVOLVES THE
COLLECTION OF PUS IN THE APICAL
DENTAL PERIOSTEUM (FIBROUS
MEMBRANE SUPPORTING THE TOOTH
STRUCTURE) AND THE TISSUE
SURROUNDING THE APEX OF THE TOOTH
(WHERE IT IS SUSPENDED IN THE JAW
BONE).

16. TYPES
• ACUTE PERIAPICAL ABSCESS
• CHRONIC PERIAPICAL ABSCESS

17. MALOCCLUSION IS A MISALIGNMENT
OF THE TEETH OF THE UPPER AND
LOWER DENTAL ARCS WHEN THE JAWS
ARE CLOSED.

18. PERITONITIS IS INFLAMMATION OF THE
PERITONEAL MEMBRANE.

19. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY
LEAKAGE OF CONTENT FROM THE ABDOMINAL ORGANS INTO THE
ABDOMINAL CAVITY
BACTERIAL PROLIFERATION OCCURS
EDEMA OF TISSUES
EXUDATION OF FLUID
PERISTATIC ACTIVITY OF THE BOWEL CEASES
FLUID AND AIR ARE RETAINED WITHIN ITS LUMEN, RAISING
PRESSURE & INCREASING FLUID SECRETION INTO THE BOWEL.