The document discusses dental chair and patient positioning. It describes upright, almost supine, and reclined 45 degree positions for patients. Operating positions for the dentist are defined relative to a clock, including right front (7 o'clock), right (9 o'clock), right rear (11 o'clock), and direct rear (12 o'clock). The sequence for establishing proper positioning is outlined as: 1) operator position, 2) patient chair and head position, 3) equipment adjustment, 4) non-dominant hand placement, and 5) dominant hand placement. Correct positioning is important for operator ergonomics and visibility during dental procedures.
Border Moulding in Complete Denture Prosthesis ,This Seminar was presented By Dr. Alim Al Razi,DR. Halima Sadia, and Dr. Tahmina Akter at prosthodontics Department ,Dhaka Dental College and Hospital.We tried To cover Full theoretical and practical Information Regarding This Topic.
Border Moulding in Complete Denture Prosthesis ,This Seminar was presented By Dr. Alim Al Razi,DR. Halima Sadia, and Dr. Tahmina Akter at prosthodontics Department ,Dhaka Dental College and Hospital.We tried To cover Full theoretical and practical Information Regarding This Topic.
brief description on posterior superior alveolar nerve block.
its uses in dentistry, technique and action. locating PSA nerve is easy and this is the most used nerve block in dentistry.
this presentation has all the techniques in impression making in the fabrication of an RPD.
The presentation is available on request. Mail me at apurvathampi@gmail.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
In this lecture I explain in step-by-step fashion the basics of Endodontic Diagnosis: Pulp Vitality Tests. a photo guide is attached to the guide to aid in better understanding of the topic
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brief description on posterior superior alveolar nerve block.
its uses in dentistry, technique and action. locating PSA nerve is easy and this is the most used nerve block in dentistry.
this presentation has all the techniques in impression making in the fabrication of an RPD.
The presentation is available on request. Mail me at apurvathampi@gmail.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
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Operative Instruments in Endodontics including hand and power driven instruments. Recent advances in instruments in conservative dentistry and endodontics.
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Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
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Are you and your patient sitting in the right positionVitalticks Pvt Ltd
When it comes to dental procedures and comfort of the patient and the dentist is one of the most important and foremost things in the entire procedure. The dental chair has to be digitally equipped so that the flexibility can be managed according to the comfort zone of both the dentist and the patient.
When the patient is comfortable on the chair and the doctor is in the correct position to operate the patient, it makes it easy for the doctor to have proper accessibility and visibility to the oral cavity. The proper positioning of the dentist makes it less strainful and fatigue for the patient. Proper positioning also helps in avoiding or has fewer chances of musculoskeletal disorder.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
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- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
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- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
2. CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. CHAIR AND PATIENT POSITIONS
UPRIGHT POSITION
ALMOST SUPINE
RECLINED 45 DEGREE
3. OPERATING POSITION
RIGHT FRONT POSITION (7 O'CLOCK)
RIGHT POSITION (9 O'CLOCK)
RIGHT REAR POSITION (11 O'CLOCK)
DIRECT REAR POSITION (12 O'CLOCK)
4. CONSIDERATIONS FOR DENTISTS WHILE DOING PATIENT
5. SEQUENCE FOR PRACTICING POSITIONING
2
3. INTRODUCTION
CHAIR AND PATIENT POSITIONS ARE IMPORTANT
CONSIDERATIONS. MODERN DENTAL CHAIRS ARE
DESIGNED TO PROVIDE TOTAL BODY SUPPORT IN ANY
CHAIR POSITION.
3
4. INTRODUCTION
• CHAIR POSITION IS A VERY IMPORTANT ASPECT IN
THE SUCCESS OF A DENTAL TREATMENT.
• THE CORRECT POSITIONING HELPS THE OPERATOR TO
HAVE A GOOD VISIBILITY AND ACCESSIBILITY OF THE
ORAL CAVITY
• PROPER POSITIONING OF THE PATIENT AND THE
OPERATOR, ILLUMINATION AND RETRACTION FOR
OPTIMAL VISIBILITY ARE THE FUNDAMENTAL PRE-
REQUISITES TO PROPER DENTAL TREATMENT
• IF OPERATOR MAINTAINS PROPER POSITION AND
POSTURE DURING TREATMENT, THE OPERATOR IS
LESS LIKELY TO GET STRAIN, FATIGUE, BE MORE
EFFICIENT AND LESS CHANCES OF GETTING
MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS.
4
5. FOLLOWING POINTS SHOULD BE KEPT IN MIND IN RELATION
TO DENTAL CHAIR:
IT SHOULD BE ABLE TO PROVIDE COMFORT TO THE PATIENT
IT SHOULD BE ABLE TO PROVIDE TOTAL BODY SUPPORT
HEADREST OF CHAIR SHOULD BE ATTACHED FOR
SUPPORTING PATIENT'S CHIN AND REDUCING STRAIN ON
CHIN MUSCLES
IT SHOULD BE ABLE TO PROVIDE MAXIMUM WORKING AREA
TO THE OPERATOR
IT SHOULD BE PLACED AT THE CONVENIENT LOCATION WITH
ADJUSTABLE CONTROL SWITCHES
FOOT SWITCHES ARE PREFERRED TO IMPROVE INFECTION
CONTROL
5
6. PATIENT POSITIONS
• VL
• PATIENT SHOULD BE SEATED SO THAT ALL HIS BODY PARTS ARE WELL
SUPPORTED.
• THE PATIENT'S HEAD SHOULD ALWAYS BE SUPPORTED BY
ADJUSTABLE/ ARTICULATED HEADREST.
• PREFERABLY THE PATIENT'S HEAD SHOULD BE IN LINE WITH HIS BACK .
• THE CHAIR HEIGHT SHOULD BE KEPT LOW, BACKREST SHOULD BE
UPRIGHT AND ARMREST SHOULD BE ADJUSTABLE WHILE MAKING
THE PATIENT TO SEAT IN THE DENTAL CHAIR.
• NOW, THE CHAIR CAN BE ADJUSTED TO PLACE THE PATIENT IN
RECLINING POSITION.
• PATIENT POSITION CAN VARY WITH OPERATOR, TYPE OF PROCEDURE
AND AREA OF THE ORAL CAVITY.
6
7. FOR RESTORATIVE DENTAL PROCEDURES, THE MOST
PREFERRED OPERATING POSITIONS ARE:
1. UPRIGHT POSITION
2. ALMOST SUPINE
3. RECLINED 45 DEGREE
THE MOST COMMON PATIENT POSITIONS FOR OPERATIVE
DENTISTRY ARE ALMOST SUPINE OR RECLINED 45 DEGREES. THE
CHOICE OF PATIENT POSITION VARIES WITH THE OPERATOR, THE
TYPE OF PROCEDURE, AND THE AREA OF THE MOUTH INVOLVED
IN THE OPERATION.
CHAIR POSITIONS
7
8. UPRIGHT POSITION
THIS IS THE INITIAL POSITION OF CHAIR FROM WHICH FURTHER
ADJUSTMENTS ARE MADE
Chair position
8
9. ALMOST SUPINE
• IN THIS , CHAIR POSITION IS SUCH THAT HEAD, KNEES AND FEET ARE
APPROX. AT SAME LEVEL
• PATIENT’S HEAD SHOULD NOT BE LOWER THAN FEET EXCEPT IN CASE OF
SYNCOPAL ATTACK
9
10. REECLINED 45 DEGREES
IN THIS POSITION , CHAIR IS RECLINED AT 45 DEGREE
MANDIBULAR OCCLUSAL SURFACE ARE ALMOST 45 DEGREE TO THE FLOOR
10
11. OPERATING POSITIONS
ONCE THE PATIENT HAS BEEN COMFORTABLY
POSITIONED, THE DENTIST AND THE
ASSISTANT SHOULD SIT THEMSELVES IN THE
PROPER POSITIONS FOR TREATMENT.
USUALLY SITTING POSITION IS PREFERRED IN
MODERM DENTISTRY TO RELIEVE STRESS ON
OPERATOR'S LEG AND SUPPORT THE
OPERATOR'S BACK.
THE LEVEL OF TEETH BEING TREATED SHOULD
BE PLACED AT SAME LEVEL AS THE LEVEL OF
OPERATOR'S ELBOW.
11
12. FOR BETTER UNDERSTANDING, SITTING
POSITIONS OF OPERATOR ARE RELATED
TO A CLOCK. IN THIS CLOCK CONCEPT,
AN IMAGINARY CIRCLE IS DRAWN OVER
THE DENTAL CHAIR, KEEPING THE
PATIENT'S HEAD AT THE CENTER OF THE
CIRCLE.
THEN THE NUMBERING TO CIRCLE IS
GIVEN SIMILAR TO A CLOCK WITH THE
TOP OF THE CIRCLE AT 12 O'CLOCK.
ACCORDINGLY THE OPERATOR'S
POSITIONS
(RIGHT HANDED OPERATOR)
7 O'CLOCK, 9 O'CLOCK, 11 O'CLOCK,
AND 12 O'CLOCK
LEFT HANDED OPERATOR'S POSITIONS ,
5 O'CLOCK, 3 O'CLOCK AND 1 O'CLOCK .
7
12
13. RIGHT FRONT POSITION (7 O'CLOCK)
1. IT HELPS IN EXAMINATION OF THE
PATIENT
2. WORKING AREAS INCLUDE:
a) MANDIBULAR ANTERIOR
b) MANDIBULAR POSTERIOR
TEETH (RIGHT SIDE)
c) MAXILLARY ANTERIOR TEETH
3. TO INCREASE THE EASE AND
VISIBILITY, THE PATIENT'S HEAD
MAY BE TURNED TOWARDS THE
OPERATOR.
13
14. RIGHT POSITION (9 O'CLOCK)
1. IN THIS POSITION, DENTIST SITS
EXACTLY RIGHT TO THE PATIENT
2. WORKING AREAS INCLUDE:
a) FACIAL SURFACES OF
MAXILLARY RIGHT POSTERIOR
TEETH
b) FACIAL SURFACES OF
MANDIBULAR RIGHT
POSTERIOR TEETH
c) OCCLUSAL SURFACES OF
MANDIBULAR RIGHT
POSTERIOR TEETH.
14
15. RIGHT REAR POSITION (11 O'CLOCK)
1. IN THIS POSITION, DENTIST SITS BEHIND
AND SLIGHTLY TO THE RIGHT OF THE
PATIENT AND THE LEFT ARM IS POSITIONED
AROUND PATIENT'S HEAD
2. THIS IS PREFERRED POSITION FOR MOST OF
DENTAL PROCEDURES
3. MOST AREAS OF MOUTH ARE ACCESSIBLE
FROM THIS POSITION EITHER USING DIRECT
OR INDIRECT VISION
4. WORKING AREAS INCLUDE:
a) PALATAL AND INCISAL (OCCLUSAL)
SURFACES OF MAXILLARY TEETH
b) MANDIBULAR TEETH (DIRECT VISION).
15
16. DIRECT REAR POSITION (12 O'CLOCK)
1. DENTIST SITS DIRECTLY BEHIND THE
PATIENT AND LOOKS DOWN OVER THE
PATIENT'S HEAD DURING PROCEDURE.
2. WORKING AREAS ARE LINGUAL
SURFACES OF MANDIBULAR TEETH.
3. THIS POSITION HAS LIMITED
APPLICATION.
16
18. 1. WHILE DOING WORK IN MAXILLARY ARCH, MAXILLARY
OCCLUSAL SURFACES SHOULD BE PERPENDICULAR TO THE
FLOOR.
2. IN MANDIBULAR ARCH, MANDIBULAR OCCLUSAL SURFACE
SHOULD BE ORIENTED 45° TO THE FLOOR.
3. PATIENT'S HEAD CAN BE ROTATED BACKWARD OR FORWARD
OR FROM SIDE TO SIDE FOR OPERATORS EASE AND VISIBILITY
WHILE DOING WORK.
4. MAINTAIN PROPER WORKING DISTANCE DURING DENTAL
PROCEDURE. THIS WILL LEAD TO INCREASE COOPERATION
AND CONFIDENCE AMONG THE PATIENT.
5. OPERATOR SHOULD NOT REST FOREARMS ON THE PATIENT'S
SHOULDERS AND HANDS ON THE FACE OF THE PATIENT.
CONSIDERATIONS WHILE DOING PATIENT
18
19. 6. DENTIST SHOULD NOT USE PATIENT'S CHEST AS
A INSTRUMENT TROLLEY.
7. THE OPERATOR SHOULD LEAVE LEFT HAND FREE
DURING MOST OF DENTAL PROCEDURES FOR
RETRACTION USING MOUTH MIRRORS OR FINGERS
OF LEFT HAND.
8. OPERATOR SHOULD KEEP CHANGING POSITION
IF PROCEDURE IS OF LONG DURATION TO
DECREASE THE MUSCLE STRAIN AND FATIGUE.
19
20. FOR SUCCESSFUL INSTRUMENTATION, IT IS IMPORTANT TO
PROCEED IN A STEP-BY-STEP MANNER. A USEFUL SAYING TO HELP
YOU REMEMBER THE STEP-BY-STEP APPROACH IS “ME, MY
PATIENT, MY LIGHT, MY NON-DOMINANT HAND, MY DOMINANT
HAND.”
SEQUENCE FOR PRACTICING POSITIONING
20
21. SEQUENCE FOR ESTABLISHING POSITION
1 ME.
ASSUME THE CLOCK POSITION FOR THE TREATMENT AREA
2 MY PATIENT.
ESTABLISH PATIENT CHAIR AND HEAD POSITION.
3
MY EQUIPMENT.
ADJUST THE UNIT LIGHT. PAUSE AND SELF-CHECK THE CLINICIAN,
PATIENT, AND EQUIPMENT POSITION.
4
MY NONDOMINANT HAND.
PLACE THE FINGERTIPS OF MY NONDOMINANT HAND AS SHOWN
IN THE ILLUSTRATION FOR THE CLOCK POSITION.
5
MY DOMINANT HAND.
PLACE THE FINGERTIPS OF MY DOMINANT HAND AS SHOWN IN
THE ILLUSTRATION FOR THE CLOCK POSITION.
21
22. • WHEN WORKING ON ANTERIOR SEXTANTS,
YOUR LEFT HAND (NON-DOMINANT HAND)
AND YOUR RIGHT HAND (DOMINANT HAND)
ARE POSITIONED ON OPPOSITE SIDES OF THE
PATIENT’S MOUTH.
• ANTERIOR SURFACES TOWARD MY NON-
DOMINANT HAND—THE COLORED ANTERIOR
SURFACES IN THIS ILLUSTRATION.
• ANTERIOR SURFACES AWAY FROM MY NON-
DOMINANT HAND—THE WHITE ANTERIOR
SURFACES IN THIS ILLUSTRATION.
POSITIONING TERMINOLOGY
22
23. POSTERIOR ASPECTS FACING TOWARD ME—THE
COLORED POSTERIOR SURFACES IN THIS
ILLUSTRATION.
• MAXILLARY RIGHT POSTERIOR SEXTANT,
FACIAL SURFACES
• MAXILLARY LEFT POSTERIOR SEXTANT,
LINGUAL SURFACES
• MANDIBULAR RIGHT POSTERIOR SEXTANT,
FACIAL SURFACES
• MANDIBULAR LEFT POSTERIOR SEXTANT,
LINGUAL SURFACES
POSITIONING TERMINOLOGY
23
24. POSTERIOR ASPECTS FACING AWAY FROM ME—
THE COLORED POSTERIOR SURFACES IN THIS
ILLUSTRATION.
• MAXILLARY LEFT POSTERIOR SEXTANT,
FACIAL SURFACES
• MAXILLARY RIGHT POSTERIOR SEXTANT,
LINGUAL SURFACES
• MANDIBULAR LEFT POSTERIOR SEXTANT,
FACIAL SURFACES
• MANDIBULAR RIGHT POSTERIOR SEXTANT,
LINGUAL SURFACES
POSITIONING TERMINOLOGY
24
25. ARCH TREATMENT AREA CLOCK
POSITION
HEAD POSITION
MANDIBULAR
ARCH
ANTERIOR SURFACES TOWARD MY NON-
DOMINANT HAND
8–9 SLIGHTLY TOWARD,
CHIN DOWN
ANTERIOR SURFACES AWAY FROM MY NON-
DOMINANT HAND
12 SLIGHTLY TOWARD,
CHIN DOWN
MAXILLARY
ARCH
ANTERIOR SURFACES TOWARD MY NON-
DOMINANT HAND
8–9 SLIGHTLY TOWARD,
CHIN UP
ANTERIOR SURFACES AWAY FROM MY NON
DOMINANT HAND
12 SLIGHTLY TOWARD,
CHIN UP
MANDIBULAR
ARCH
POSTERIOR ASPECTS FACING TOWARD ME
(RIGHT FACIAL AND LEFT LINGUAL)
9 SLIGHTLY AWAY, CHIN
DOWN
POSTERIOR ASPECTS FACING AWAY FROM ME
(RIGHT LINGUAL AND LEFT FACIAL)
10–11 TOWARD, CHIN DOWN
MAXILLARY
ARCH
POSTERIOR ASPECTS FACING AWAY FROM ME
(RIGHT LINGUAL AND LEFT FACIAL)
10–11 TOWARD, CHIN UP
POSTERIOR ASPECTS FACING
TOWARD ME (RIGHT FACIAL AND LEFT
LINGUAL)
9 SLIGHTLY AWAY, CHIN
UP
POSITION FOR THE RIGHT-HANDED
25
26. POSITIONING FOR THE ANTERIOR
Anterior Surfaces TOWARD My Non-dominant Hand
7 TO 9 O’CLOCK (8:00 OPTION SHOWN)
TURNED SLIGHTLY TOWARD THE CLINICIAN
CHIN-DOWN POSITION
26
27. POSITIONING FOR THE ANTERIOR
Anterior Surfaces TOWARD My Non-dominant Hand
7 TO 9 O’CLOCK (9:00 OPTION SHOWN)
TURNED SLIGHTLY TOWARD THE CLINICIAN
CHIN-UP POSITION
27
28. POSITIONING FOR THE ANTERIOR
Anterior Surfaces AWAY From My Non-dominant Hand
12 O’CLOCK POSITION
TURNED SLIGHTLY TOWARD THE CLINICIAN
CHIN-DOWN POSITION 28
29. POSITIONING FOR THE ANTERIOR
Anterior Surfaces AWAY From My Non-dominant Hand
12 O’CLOCK POSITION
TURNED SLIGHTLY TOWARD THE CLINICIAN
CHIN-UP POSITION
29
30. POSITIONING FOR THE POSTERIOR
Posterior Aspects Facing TOWARD Me
9 O’CLOCK (OPTION 1 FOR 9:00)
TURNED SLIGHTLY AWAY FROM THE CLINICIAN
CHIN-DOWN POSITION
30
31. POSITIONING FOR THE POSTERIOR
Posterior Aspects Facing TOWARD Me
9 O’CLOCK (OPTION 2 FOR 9:00)
TURNED SLIGHTLY AWAY FROM THE CLINICIAN
CHIN-UP POSITION
31
32. POSITIONING FOR THE POSTERIOR
Posterior Aspects Facing AWAY From Me
10 TO 11 0’CLOCK
TURNED TOWARD THE CLINICIAN
CHIN-DOWN POSITION
32
33. POSITIONING FOR THE POSTERIOR
Posterior Aspects Facing AWAY From Me
10 TO 11 0’CLOCK
TURNED TOWARD THE CLINICIAN
CHIN-UP POSITION
33
34. CONCLUSION
Proper use of the chair positions as according to the
relative operating areas helps the operator to complete the
procedure without delayed. it also reduces the chances of
causing musculoskeletal disorders.
34