The document provides historical context on the development of 19th century anarchist thought and movements. It discusses key figures like Proudhon and Bakunin and events that influenced anarchism. Proudhon defined anarchism and advocated for economic reforms based on labor rather than capital. Bakunin embraced universal rebellion and saw the state as the enemy, parting ways with Marx over the dictatorship of the proletariat. The failures of the 1848 revolutions led Proudhon and Bakunin to reject political solutions and view class struggle as central.
Topics covered in this PPT:
The Age of Social change
Industrial society and social change
The coming of Socialism to Europe
Support for socialism
Please check Russian Rev- Session 2 for remaining topics.
Topics covered in this PPT:
The Age of Social change
Industrial society and social change
The coming of Socialism to Europe
Support for socialism
Please check Russian Rev- Session 2 for remaining topics.
The industrial Revolution inSpain took place later than in countries in northern Europe. Spain's Industrialisation was characterised by the excessive importance of agriculture in economy and social dominance of the rural elite in politics.
Russian Revolution - an Optional chapter for Class IX - History I unit. The Three revolutions (1905, February 1917 & October 1917 Revolution) which overall made the Russian Revolution and gave the World, the first Socialist country i.e. U.S.S.R. has been discussed over here.
Anarchism has many meanings - it means chaos, quirky individuality and a school of political thought and a social movement, born in 19th century. As a movement, anarchism has both over- and underperformed during its history. Overperformed, because no-one questions importance of individuality. Underpeformed, because promised future without state and capital has failed to materialize.
Its classical thinkers are simultaneously completely out of date, and clairvoyants of the present reality and struggles. As Max Stirner wrote, people of the future will yet fight their way to many a liberty that we do not even miss.
What is anarchism as a social movement, and its relevance in the 21th century?
Lecture slides from Tuesday 13th of April 2021. Lecture was part of the Anarchy, Art and Anachrony 12.4.-16.4. intense week in Aalto University in Helsinki.
Second part: https://www.slideshare.net/AnttiRautiainen5/actuality-of-anarchism-22
Check out this lecture
-as a video: https://youtu.be/NbYLpY8ffyU
- as a podcast: https://soundcloud.com/arautiainen/actuality-of-anarchism-12
Twitch: https://www.twitch.tv/arautiainen
Twitter: https://twitter.com/ARautiainen
Soundcloud: https://soundcloud.com/arautiainen
Spotify: https://sptfy.com/arautiainen
Blog: https://avtonom.org/en/people/antti-rautiainen
Google podcasts: https://tinyurl.com/Arautiainengoogle
Itunes: https://podcasts.apple.com/fi/podcast/antti-rautiainen/id1512789511
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/antti.i.rautiainen
Instagram: anttiraut
Ask: https://ask.fm/AnttiR
Bio: https://anttirautiainen.livejournal.com/profile
The industrial Revolution inSpain took place later than in countries in northern Europe. Spain's Industrialisation was characterised by the excessive importance of agriculture in economy and social dominance of the rural elite in politics.
Russian Revolution - an Optional chapter for Class IX - History I unit. The Three revolutions (1905, February 1917 & October 1917 Revolution) which overall made the Russian Revolution and gave the World, the first Socialist country i.e. U.S.S.R. has been discussed over here.
Anarchism has many meanings - it means chaos, quirky individuality and a school of political thought and a social movement, born in 19th century. As a movement, anarchism has both over- and underperformed during its history. Overperformed, because no-one questions importance of individuality. Underpeformed, because promised future without state and capital has failed to materialize.
Its classical thinkers are simultaneously completely out of date, and clairvoyants of the present reality and struggles. As Max Stirner wrote, people of the future will yet fight their way to many a liberty that we do not even miss.
What is anarchism as a social movement, and its relevance in the 21th century?
Lecture slides from Tuesday 13th of April 2021. Lecture was part of the Anarchy, Art and Anachrony 12.4.-16.4. intense week in Aalto University in Helsinki.
Second part: https://www.slideshare.net/AnttiRautiainen5/actuality-of-anarchism-22
Check out this lecture
-as a video: https://youtu.be/NbYLpY8ffyU
- as a podcast: https://soundcloud.com/arautiainen/actuality-of-anarchism-12
Twitch: https://www.twitch.tv/arautiainen
Twitter: https://twitter.com/ARautiainen
Soundcloud: https://soundcloud.com/arautiainen
Spotify: https://sptfy.com/arautiainen
Blog: https://avtonom.org/en/people/antti-rautiainen
Google podcasts: https://tinyurl.com/Arautiainengoogle
Itunes: https://podcasts.apple.com/fi/podcast/antti-rautiainen/id1512789511
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/antti.i.rautiainen
Instagram: anttiraut
Ask: https://ask.fm/AnttiR
Bio: https://anttirautiainen.livejournal.com/profile
Upsc political philosophies like communism, capitalism, socialism etc. - th...Gautam Kumar
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Educaterer India is an unique combination of passion driven into a hobby which makes an awesome profession. We carve the lives of enthusiastic candidates to a perfect professional who can impress upon the mindsets of the industry, while following the established traditions, can dare to set new standards to follow. We don't want you to be the part of the crowd, rather we like to make you the reason of the crowd.
Today's Effort For A Better Tomorrow
Anarchism has many meanings - it means chaos, quirky individuality and a school of political thought and a social movement, born in 19th century. As a movement, anarchism has both over- and underperformed during its history. Overperformed, because no-one questions importance of individuality. Underpeformed, because promised future without state and capital has failed to materialize.
Its classical thinkers are simultaneously completely out of date, and clairvoyants of the present reality and struggles. As Max Stirner wrote, people of the future will yet fight their way to many a liberty that we do not even miss.
What is anarchism as a social movement, and its relevance in the 21th century?
Lecture recording from Wednesday 14th of April 2021. Lecture was part of the Anarchy, Art and Anachrony 12.4.-16.4. intense week in Aalto University in Helsinki.
First part: https://www.slideshare.net/AnttiRautiainen5/actuality-of-anarchism
Check out this lecture as a podcast: https://soundcloud.com/arautiainen/actuality-of-anarchism-22
Check out this lecture as a video: https://youtu.be/NbYLpY8ffyU
Twitch: https://www.twitch.tv/arautiainen
Twitter: https://twitter.com/ARautiainen
Soundcloud: https://soundcloud.com/arautiainen
Spotify: https://sptfy.com/arautiainen
Blog: https://avtonom.org/en/people/antti-rautiainen
Google podcasts: https://tinyurl.com/Arautiainengoogle
Itunes: https://podcasts.apple.com/fi/podcast/antti-rautiainen/id1512789511
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/antti.i.rautiainen
Instagram: anttiraut
Ask: https://ask.fm/AnttiR
Bio: https://anttirautiainen.livejournal.com/profile
This is the Communism which civilisation has always hated, as it hated Christ. Yet it is inevitable; for the cosmical man, the instinctive and elemental man accepting and crowning nature, necessarily fulfills the universal law of nature. As to External Government and Law, they will disappear; for they are only the travesties and transitory substitutes of Inward Government and Order. Society in its final state is neither a monarchy, nor an aristocracy nor a democracy, nor an anarchy, and yet in another sense it is all of these. It is an anarchy because there is no outward rule, but only an inward and invisible spirit of life; it is a democracy because it is the rule of the Mass-man, or Demos, in each unit man; it is an Aristocracy because there are degrees and ranks of such inward power in all men; and it is a Monarchy because all these ranks and powers merge in a perfect unity and central control at last. And so it appears that the outer forms of government which belong to the Civilisation-period are only the expression in separate external symbols of the facts of the true inner life of society.
Where the cosmic self is, there is no more self-consciousness. The body and what is ordinarily called the self are felt to be only parts of the true self, chief object of regard, but consclousaess is continually radiant from it, filling the body and overflowing upon external Nature. Thus the Sun in the physical world is the allegory of the true self. The worshiper must adore the Sun, he must saturate himself with sunlight, and take the physical Sun into himself. Those who live by fire and candlelight are filled with phantoms; their thoughts are Will-oâ-thâ-wisp-like images of themselves, and they are tormented by a horrible self-consciousness.
The same with the moral powers. As said before, the knowledge of good and evil at a certain point passes away, or becomes absorbed into a higher knowledge. The perception of Sin goes with a certain weakness in the man. As long as there is conflict and division within him, so long does he seem to perceive conflict and opposing principles in the world without. As long as the objects of the outer world excite emotions in him which pass beyond his control, so long do those objects stand as the signals of evil â of disorder and sin. Not that the objects are bad in themselves, or even the emotions which they excite, but that all through this period these things serve to the man as indications of his weakness. But when the central power is restored in man and all things ate reduced to his service, it is impossible for him to see badness in anything. The bodily is no longer antagonistic to the spiritual love, but is absorbed into it. All his passions take their places perfectly naturally, and become, when the occasions arise, the vehicles of his expression.
-Edward Carpenter, Civilisation: Its Cause and Cure
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
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This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesarâs dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empireâs birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empireâs society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasnât one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
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It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using âinvisibleâ attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as âdistorted thinkingâ.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
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Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar âDigital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?â on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus âManaging screen time: How to protect and equip students against distractionâ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective âStudents, digital devices and successâ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
2. Setting the Historical Context
⢠Events and influences in creation of 19th century
anarchist movement
⢠18th C. Enlightenment-Saint-Simon and contract
⢠The French Revolution and the state
⢠Capitalist Industrialization: labor v capital
⢠Revolutions of 1848âProudhon and Bakunin
⢠The First International (f. 1864)
⢠The Paris Commune of 1871
⢠Imperialism and nationalism (by 1890s): racism,
social darwinism
5. The Anarchist Line-Up
⢠William Godwin (1756-1836)
⢠Max Stirner (1806 â1856)
⢠Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865)
⢠Mikhail Bakunin (1814-1876):In 1844 Herzen
and Bakunin become close friends with
Proudhon
⢠Peter Kropotkin (1842-1921)
⢠Errico Malatesta (1853-1932)
6. William Godwin
(1756 â1836)
Portrait by Henry William Pickersgill
âThe Age of Reasonâ
Godwinâs ideas tied to Enlightenment and
French Revolution
Godwin as the âfather of
philosophical anarchismâ
Enquiry Concerning the Principles of
Political Justice, and Its Influence on
General Virtue and Happiness (1793)
becomes a bestseller (!)
Things as They Are, or the Adventures of
Caleb Williams (1797)
Man to be guided by the laws of truth,
benevolence, candor, and justice
7. William Godwin, 1756-1836: Education and Freedom
The Realm of the Possible
Did not call for the physical destruction of the government
Did not embrace violence, favored progressive enlightenment to free humanity
Education based on freedom. State control of education unacceptable
1783 School Prospectus: âThe true object of education, like that of every other
moral process, is the generation of happiness.â (Ward, 52)
In 1791 met Mary Wollstonecraft at a dinner (Paine also a guest). Marry January 1793
Mary Wollstonecraft, The Vindication of the Rights of Woman (d. 1797;
after giving birth to Mary Godwin Wollstonecraft (1797-1851) who wrote
Frankenstein (1818). Mary G. W. and Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822),
together between 1814-1822.
Shelleyâs The Mask of Anarchy, written on the occasion of the Peterloo Massacre
(Manchester 1819)
8. Caricature of Max Stirner taken from a sketch by Friedrich
Engels (1820â1895) of the meetings of "Die Freien"
Max Stirner (25 October 1806 â1856)
⢠Attended lectures of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
and attended University of Erlangen at the same
time as Ludwig Feuerbach
⢠1841: Stirner participated in Berlin discussion group
Die Freien (The Free) categorized as Young Hegelians
⢠The Ego and His Own (Der Einzige und sein
Eigentum), published in 1845, Leipzig
⢠âconscious egoismâ
⢠Freedom and liberty
9. Friedrich Engelsâ
depiction of meetings of
"Die Freien"
From left: Arnold Luge,
Ludwig Bohr, Carnau-
Werk, Bruno Bauer
(stepping on the "line
newspaperâ), Ott
Vegant, Etgar Bauer,
Max Stirner, Eduardo
Mayen, two unknown
names, and Carl
Friedrich Kuppen.
Squirrel Prussian
minister of education
Johan Eichhorn.
10. Portrait of Pierre Joseph Proudhon (1865)
by Gustave Courbet
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
(1809 â1865)
GuĂŠrin in his Introduction in No Gods, No
Masters posed question: âHow can we
sum up [Proudhon]?â
âOne of the greatest writers in the French
Languageâ
âA protean geniusâ
âThe father of âscientific socialismâ
âThe father of anarchism, of mutualism,
of revolutionary syndicalism, of federalismâ
(GuĂŠrin, p.39)
11. Portrait of Pierre Joseph Proudhon (1865)
by Gustave Courbet
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
(1809 â1865)
Justice and Work
Justice: âThe central star which
governs societyâ
Property incompatible with justiceâ
denied producers their rights
and fruits of labor.
Not capital but labor as basis of
social organization
Economic action, not political
action stressed
13. Grave of Proudhon in Paris
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
(1809 â1865)
James Joll: âIn both his positive and
negative doctrines Proudhon is the
first and most important anarchist
philosopher; and later anarchist writers
have not added much to what he said.
What remained was to see how far
these ideas could be put into practice.â
(Joll,The Anarchists, 79)
14. Mikhail Bakunin, 1863
Mikhail Bakunin
Joll: âProudhon provided most of the
ideas which inspired the anarchist
movement. It was Bakunin who gave
later anarchists an example of
anarchist fervour in action; and it was
Bakunin who showed how great was the
difference in theory and practice
between anarchist doctrine and the
communism of Marx.â (Joll, The
Anarchists, 84)
15. Mikhail Bakunin
(1814-1876)
From Moscow Intelligentsia
Physical embodiment of an anarchist
Saw himself as an activist and not an
Intellectual
Bakunin V. Marx
Initially shared many similar ideas
(historical materialism and dialectics)
For Marx: Class conflict
For Bakunin: The State
Revolution his great passion
Collectivist anarchist
16. Mikhail Bakunin
Bakuninâs first meeting with Marx
(Paris 1840): According to Bakunin:
Marx âcalled me a sentimental
Idealist, and he was right. I called him
Morose, vain and treacherous, and
I too was right.â(Joll, 85)
Opposed Marxist aim of dictatorship of
the proletariat
Favored universal rebellion, allied himself
with the federalists in the First
International before his expulsion by the
Marxists (1872)
19. June Days and âsocial revolutionâ:
⢠Workers rise up against Middle Class rule:
Crushed by coalition of aristocrats, middle
class, and peasants. 1,460 deaths in 3 days,
4,000 killed total.
⢠Workers defeated and middle class in control
from 1848 in France.
⢠Lesson learned for workers:
⢠middle class the enemy.
⢠Class struggle and class war
⢠Liberalism turns conservative (scared)
20. Post 1848
⢠December 1848 election: with universal male
suffrage
⢠Nephew of Napoleon, Louis Napoleon (r.
1848-1870) elected in landslide (75% of vote).
⢠Second Republic transformed into Second
Empire.
⢠Nationalism becomes tool to mobilize
population
21. Communism, Class War, and Social Polarization
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist
Manifesto (1848):
âThe history of all hitherto existing society is the history
of class struggles. Freeman and slave, patrician and
plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman,
in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant
opposition to one another, carried on an
uninterrupted, now hidden now open fight . . . .
Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into
two great hostile camps, into two great classes directly
facing each other---bourgeoisie and proletariat.â
History as a series of class struggles begins to make sense after
failed revolution
22. Further Lessons of the Revolutions of 1848:
Anarchism emerged as a distinct doctrine
Failure of â48 led to disillusionment with politics and what could be achieved
Constitutional reforms could not satisfy economic and social needs
First International (International Workingmenâs Association or IWA) founded
in 1864
In 1860s, anarchism a movement, industrialization big impetus
IWA split in 1872, Bakunin v. Marx
Libertarian revolution v. centralized revolutionary movement
23. Bakunin speaking to members of the IWA at
the congress in Basel 1869.
Bakunin and Sergei Nechaev (1847-1882)
Nechaev a nihilist not an anarchist
The Revolutionary Catechism (1869)
The Duties of the Revolutionary toward
Himself
1. The revolutionary is a doomed man. He
has no personal interests, no business
affairs, no emotions, no attachments, no
property, and no name. Everything in him
is wholly absorbed in the single thought
and the single passion for revolution.
24. The Revolutionary Catechism (1869)
3. The revolutionary despises all doctrines and refuses
to accept the mundane sciences, leaving them for
future generations. He knows only one science: the
science of destruction. For this reason, but only for this
reason, he will study mechanics, physics, chemistry,
and perhaps medicine. But all day and all night he
studies the vital science of human beings, their
characteristics and circumstances, and all the
phenomena of the present social order. The object is
perpetually the same: the surest and quickest way of
destroying the whole filthy order
25. The Revolutionary Catechism (1869)
4. The revolutionary despises public opinion. He
despises and hates the existing social morality in all its
manifestations. For him, morality is everything which
contributes to the triumph of the revolution. Immoral
and criminal is everything that stands in its way.
7. The nature of the true revolutionary excludes all
sentimentality, romanticism, infatuation, and
exaltation. All private hatred and revenge must also be
excluded. Revolutionary passion, practiced at every
moment of the day until it becomes a habit, is to be
employed with cold calculation. At all times, and in all
places, the revolutionary must obey not his personal
impulses, but only those which serve the cause of the
revolution.
26. The Paris Commune, 1871
Around 30,000 Parisians killed,
thousands more executed
32. Setting the Historical Context
⢠Events and influences in creation of 19th century
anarchist movement
⢠18th C. Enlightenment-Saint-Simon and contract
⢠The French Revolution and the state
⢠Capitalist Industrialization: labor v capital
⢠Revolutions of 1848âProudhon and Bakunin
⢠The First International (f. 1864)
⢠The Paris Commune of 1871
⢠Imperialism and nationalism (by 1890s): racism,
social darwinism
33.
34. Questions for Proudhon:
How does Proudhon depict himself and his ideas in these selections?
What was his evolution as an anarchist (e.g. in his writings and his political
activities)?
How does Proudhon define anarchism?
What is the importance of 1848 for his political development?
What does he write about political involvement (e.g. running for political
candidacy and voting)?
Based on these selections, what were Proudhon's chief concerns
about society and how did he address them?
What do you see as his most important ideas?
35. Questions for Bakunin:
How was Bakunin and his ideas depicted by Guillaume (see pp.241-246 for Gâs bio)?
Describe the relationship between Marx and Bakunin. What were their chief
disagreements about and how they dealt with them?
What happened in 1872 and why was it significant?
How did Bakunin depict himself and his ideas in these selections?
How did he define anarchism?
Based on these selections, what were Bakunin's chief concerns about society?
What were Bakunin's views on revolution?
In what ways did he attempt to organize revolutionary activity? What were his
greatest concerns with the various organizations?
What was the role of 1848 and 1871 for Bakunin's revolutionary development?
36. What are the similarities and differences between these
two selections and what do you see as the most
important contributions by Proudhon and Bakunin?