This document provides background information on carbon capture and storage (CCS) and summarizes the presenter's past, current, and future research related to CCS. Some key points include:
1) CCS involves capturing carbon dioxide emissions from large point sources and storing it deep underground for long periods of time.
2) The presenter's past research characterized the hydrogeology of the Mount Simon Sandstone formation in Ottawa County, Michigan as a potential CO2 injection site.
3) The presenter's current research is investigating how the geometry of microfracture networks impacts permeability in caprock formations like shales and mudstones.
Accessory minerals importance in granite petrology: a review and case studiesAstrid Siachoque
Accessory minerals have an influence on petrogenetic studies far greater than their abundances might suggest. Accessory phases as zircon, monazite, apatite, allanite, rutile, baddeleyite, titanite and xenotime differ widely from one another in structure and composition. This is because they tend to incorporate elements that are important tracers of geochemical processes (rare earth elements) as well as valuable geochronometers (U and/or Th). It is important, therefore, to understand the growth histories of accessory phases through the distribution of trace elements in these minerals. In order to understand the importance of accessory minerals in igneous petrology was considering the chemical properties of trace elements, with particular emphasis on how they behave in nature. It was introduce the quantitative means of describing trace element distribution, the principles of trace element modeling, the use of mineral/melt distribution coefficients and the application of saturation temperaturates in zircon and apatite to determinate the crystallization parameters in the petrogenesis of igneous rocks (principally in granites).
During a Post Installation Mooring Inspection at Mississippi Canyon block 736, curious growths were noted on the chain which are evidence of Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC). These growths were also observed on subsea shipwrecks such as the Titanic and in some conditions corrode steel at a surprising rate. Though observation of these tubercles does not accelerate their growth rate, designers should consider corrosion rates in their design even at depths of 6000 feet below sea level. Corrosion can and does occur in an anoxic environment and designers should not relax their corrosion allowances for chains at depth.
Accessory minerals importance in granite petrology: a review and case studiesAstrid Siachoque
Accessory minerals have an influence on petrogenetic studies far greater than their abundances might suggest. Accessory phases as zircon, monazite, apatite, allanite, rutile, baddeleyite, titanite and xenotime differ widely from one another in structure and composition. This is because they tend to incorporate elements that are important tracers of geochemical processes (rare earth elements) as well as valuable geochronometers (U and/or Th). It is important, therefore, to understand the growth histories of accessory phases through the distribution of trace elements in these minerals. In order to understand the importance of accessory minerals in igneous petrology was considering the chemical properties of trace elements, with particular emphasis on how they behave in nature. It was introduce the quantitative means of describing trace element distribution, the principles of trace element modeling, the use of mineral/melt distribution coefficients and the application of saturation temperaturates in zircon and apatite to determinate the crystallization parameters in the petrogenesis of igneous rocks (principally in granites).
During a Post Installation Mooring Inspection at Mississippi Canyon block 736, curious growths were noted on the chain which are evidence of Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC). These growths were also observed on subsea shipwrecks such as the Titanic and in some conditions corrode steel at a surprising rate. Though observation of these tubercles does not accelerate their growth rate, designers should consider corrosion rates in their design even at depths of 6000 feet below sea level. Corrosion can and does occur in an anoxic environment and designers should not relax their corrosion allowances for chains at depth.
https://planet-geology.com/geology-gate-2021-crash-course/
Solution to the GATE 2018 Geology and Geophysics (Geology option) Examination. GATE is the national level examination that is used to test subject-specific knowledge. GATE score is used by universities for awarding admissions to their graduate programmes and by government companies to recruit technical professionals.
Planet-G provides online GSI and GATE coaching for Geology students:
Visit our channel at: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC8GLL_Ppud7U51HA0tFRYvw
https://geologyplanet.wordpress.com/
Hydrodynamic Modeling of the Physical Dispersion of Radium-Enriched Barite Ai...Donald Carpenter
Radium-enriched barite; a type of Naturally Occurring
Radioactive Material (NORM) is frequently the dominant radioactive material within certain wastes. The
very low solubility of barite in geochemically oxic, sulfate-bearing environments results in barite being
dispersed via physical processes. This dispersal is often caused by surface water flow. Typically, surface
gamma scanning efforts in terrestrial areas can identify areas having potentially actionable radionuclide
activity. However, this brute force approach may result in areas less prone to be impacted by barite
redistribution to be overly emphasized in the investigation relative to those areas that are most susceptible
to being impacted. Consequently, application of geomorphic science coupled with sediment
transport/deposition modeling can result in a better site investigation and data interpretation based on
likelihood of barite accumulation. This presentation will document the conceptual behavior of barite within
different geomorphology and hydrologic regimes and the benefits of optimizing radiological scanning study
design and data interpretation through application of geomorphology and sediment transport science.
Megan gave a fascinating talk showcasing her work on network analysis of virtual water trade. We discussed water and food security in the context of population growth, economic development and climate change.
https://planet-geology.com/geology-gate-2021-crash-course/
Solution to the GATE 2018 Geology and Geophysics (Geology option) Examination. GATE is the national level examination that is used to test subject-specific knowledge. GATE score is used by universities for awarding admissions to their graduate programmes and by government companies to recruit technical professionals.
Planet-G provides online GSI and GATE coaching for Geology students:
Visit our channel at: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC8GLL_Ppud7U51HA0tFRYvw
https://geologyplanet.wordpress.com/
Hydrodynamic Modeling of the Physical Dispersion of Radium-Enriched Barite Ai...Donald Carpenter
Radium-enriched barite; a type of Naturally Occurring
Radioactive Material (NORM) is frequently the dominant radioactive material within certain wastes. The
very low solubility of barite in geochemically oxic, sulfate-bearing environments results in barite being
dispersed via physical processes. This dispersal is often caused by surface water flow. Typically, surface
gamma scanning efforts in terrestrial areas can identify areas having potentially actionable radionuclide
activity. However, this brute force approach may result in areas less prone to be impacted by barite
redistribution to be overly emphasized in the investigation relative to those areas that are most susceptible
to being impacted. Consequently, application of geomorphic science coupled with sediment
transport/deposition modeling can result in a better site investigation and data interpretation based on
likelihood of barite accumulation. This presentation will document the conceptual behavior of barite within
different geomorphology and hydrologic regimes and the benefits of optimizing radiological scanning study
design and data interpretation through application of geomorphology and sediment transport science.
Megan gave a fascinating talk showcasing her work on network analysis of virtual water trade. We discussed water and food security in the context of population growth, economic development and climate change.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Deng - Permeability characterization and alteration due to reactive transport
1. Permeability characterization and
alteration due to reactive transport
Hang Deng
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Princeton University
For PECS
March 13th, 2012
1
2. Backgrounds for CCS
Geological storage
• Easy accessibility
• Large storage capacity Carbon Capture
(IPCC SRCCS, 2005) and Sequestration
Challenges (CCS)
• Leakage
• Proper legal
framework (property
rights etc.)
• Public acceptance
•...
(IPCC SRCCS, 2005)
(Socolow and Pacala, 2005)
4. Backgrounds for CCS
Leakage Risk
? ?
Injection stops
Time
Leakage risk due to Mineral dissolution may Geochemical-induced
pressure changes enlarge flow pathways over sealing may reduce leakage
time risk (From Prof. Catherine A. Peters)
5. CCS in China
• Willingness
• C Capture
• Subsurface environments
– Deep saline aquifers - 160~1451 Gt
– Depleted oil and gas reservoirs -
4.1~30.5 Gt
– Coal beds - 12.1~48.4 Gt
• Technologies
– Gaobeidian Project & Shidongkou
Project
– EOR (enhanced oil recovery) - Liaohe
oil field
– IGCC
(Li et al., 2009)
6. CCS in China
• Opportunities v.s. Challenges
(Seligsohn et al., 2010)
7. Motivations for me to study CCS
• Opportunities v.s. Challenges
‘COAL-POWER CONFLICT’
8. Some useful concepts
Porosity v.s. Permeability
Aquifer (reservoir) v.s. Aquitard (caprock)
Rock types, and minerals
• Igneous Rocks (Crystalline, low porosity, low permeability, fractures)
e.g. Basalt
• Metamorphic Rocks (Crystalline, low porosity, low permeability,
fractures)
e.g. Marble
• Sedimentary Rocks (high porosity, high permeability, few fractures)
e.g. Limestone (carbonates)
Sandstone (quartz)
Shale (clay minerals)
9. Some useful concepts
Porosity v.s. Permeability
Aquifer (reservoir) v.s. Aquitard (caprock)
Rock types, and minerals
Brine Chemistry
(Gherardi et al., 2007)
11. Some useful concepts
Relevant chemical reactions
Carbonic acid formation CO2 + H2O HCO3- + H+
Reactions with aluminosilicates – slow
Mg5Al2Si3O10(OH)8 + 5 CO2 5 MgCO3 + H4SiO4 + Al2Si2O5(OH)4
Reactions with carbonates and sulfates – fast
CaCO3 + H2O + CO2(aq) Ca2+ + 2 HCO3-
Reactions with cements
CaO SiO2H2O + CO2 CaCO3 + SiO2H2O
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O
Fractures: mechanical v.s. hydraulic
aperture
12. Overview of past, present and future research
Hydrogeological characterization of Ottawa
County, Michigan
Impacts of microfracture network
geometry on permeability
Reactive transport in fractured rock and its
impact on permeability
13. Overview of past, present and future research
Shales and mudstones
(caprock above Viking formation – Alberta)
(Image sources: Prof. Peters) (Image sources: Ellis et al., 2011)
13
14. 1.Hydrogeological characterization
—— target formation
Target formation: Mount Simon Sandstone (Cambrian)
• Medium to coarse quartz sandstone, high porosity (12.89 ± 0.05%, Barnes et
al., 2009) and permeability (2.0687 ± 2.448 logmd, Barnes et al., 2009)
• Overlain by Eau Claire, relatively non-permeable (5.9 ± 0.06%, − 2.22 ± 1.16
logmd, Barnes et al., 2009)
• High Capacity (Michigan State >600,000 MM tons, Medina et al., 2010)
(source: Medina et al., 2010)
15. 1.Hydrogeological characterization
—— potential injection site
Potential site: Ottawa County, Michigan
• Depth: about 1900m
• Porosity (13.4%) & Permeability (238 md)
•Thickness: around 250m
Ottawa County
(Image source: Medina et al., 2010)
16. 1.Hydrogeological characterization
—— summary permeability
Permeability k (mD)
10-8 10-6 10-4 10-2 100 102 104 5×105
Depth (m)
0
Geophysical
well logs
(gamma,
neutron,
density and
resistivity
conductivity)
from 22
wells in
Ottawa
County
(DNRE)
+
Mineralogical data
2170.8
K–C
K–T 16
17. 1.Hydrogeological characterization
—— summary permeability
• Large variability within one
Probability plot for Lognormal V.S. GEV distribution, MNSM
Probability plot for lognormal V.S. GEV distribution, MNSM
formation, largely accounted for by
0.95 Lognormal vertical variability.
0.95
0.9 Data Points
0.9
GEV
0.75
0.75 • Both Lognormal and Generalized
Extreme Value (GEV) distributions
0.5
0.5 pass Kolmogorov-Smirnov test
(α=0.01), and GEV captures
0.25
0.25 permeability at the two tails better.
0.1
0.1
0.05
0.05 • Sampling from the distribution
5
105
Permeability k (mD)
18. 2.The impacts of microfractures on permeability
——backgrounds
Shales and mudstones
(caprock above Viking formation – Alberta) Graphic source: Smith et
Image source: Prof. Peters al. Int. J. Greenhouse Gas
Control 5 (2011) 226–240
19. 2.Impacts of microfracture network on
permeability
Z
Shales and mudstones
(caprock above Viking formation – Alberta) X
(Image sources: Prof. Peters) -8
-9
-10
Flow direction
• Impacts of geometrical properties of
Log k22 (log m2)
-11
microfracture network on permeability
-12
ai -13
e.g. Aperture li -14
Roughness -15
-16
-17
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Roughness / am 19
20. 3.Reactive transport in a single fracture
Shales and mudstones
(caprock above Viking formation – Alberta)
(Image sources: Prof. Peters) (Image sources: Ellis et al., 2011)
20
21. 3.Reactive transport in a single fracture
—— Motivation and backgrounds
Q: What are the impacts of mineralogy and brine chemistry on
integrity of fractured caprocks?
• Often neglected at large-scale simulations
Fractured Caprock (Gherardi et al., 2007)
• High reactivity in the case of CO2 storage
Sealed Caprock (Gherardi et al., 2007)
0.95 3.17
Forcing reactions out of equilibrium
CO2 solubility [mol/L]
Caprock • Carbonates and sulfates (e.g.
layer 1 calcite, dolomites)
(0.001m) • Silicates (e.g. anorthite)
pH
• Cements
0.9 3.16
Enhancing reaction rate
• Calcite: CaCO3 Ca2+ + CO32-
0.85 3.15
100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150
PCO2 [bar] Caprock
Sealing after
layer 2
6.6 yr (0.003m)
21
22. 3.Reactive transport in a single fracture
—— Motivation and backgrounds
Q: What are the impacts of mineralogy and brine chemistry on
integrity of fractured caprocks?
• Natural and induced fractures
Fractured Caprock (Gherardi et al., 2007)
• Generally, fast flow rate and high reactivity
Sealed Caprock (Gherardi et al., 2007)
Caprock
layer 1
(0.001m)
Sealing after Caprock
layer 2
6.6 yr (0.003m)
22
23. 3.Reactive transport in a single fracture
—— Motivation and backgrounds
Precipitation/dissolution pattern in a fracture depends on:
High Da Low Da ∆a
Transport-controlled Reaction rate-controlled
Mineralogy
Reaction Rate
Brine Chemistry
Fracture Geometry Flow Rate
Confining Pressure
t = 7 hr (Detwiler 2008)
23
24. 3.Reactive transport in a single fracture
—— Approaching from two ends
Numerical tools (CFD &
Reactive transport) to
inform the experiments
Building the
experimental
set-up!!!
25. 3.Reactive transport in a single fracture
—— 1D transport
Aperture/change of aperture (µm)
500 500 500
Before After
450 Change
450
400
400 400
300
Flow direction
350 350
3.8cm
200
300 300
250 250 100
200 200
0
150 150
-100
100 100
-200
50 50
2.54cm
0 0 -300
Standard deviation of aperture ( ) is
a measure of aperture roughness.
The last term in the equation corrects
for the tortuosity due to contact area.
25
26. 3.Reactive transport in a single fracture
—— 2D transport
Aperture/change of aperture (µm)
500 500 500
Before After
450 Change
450
400
400 400
300
Flow direction
350 350
3.8cm
200
300 300
250 250 100
200 200
0
150 150
-100
100 100
-200
50 50
2.54cm
0 0 -300
0.22
Before After
5.0 5.0
0.2
0.18
1 1
Flow direction
Velocity (m/s)
0.16
5.1 5.1
0.14
2D steady state (James and 0.12
Chrysikopoulos, 2000)
2 2
0.1
5.2
5.2 0.08
0.06
3 3
0.04
5.3 0.02
5.3
26
27. 3.Reactive transport in a single fracture
—— 3D CFD
y
x
Flow Rate
z
Transverse roughness Scenario 1 Transverse roughness Scenario 2
y y
a b a b
x x
-5
-5 x 10
x 10 1.25
1.14
1.2
hydraulic aperture (m)
1.12
hydraulic aperture (m)
1.1
1.15
1.08
1.06
1.1
1.04
1.02 1.05
1
1
0.98
0.96
1 4/5 3/7 1/4
1 4/5 3/7 1/4
27
a/b a/b
28. 3.Reactive transport in a single fracture
—— 3D CFD
Amount of mineral dissolution (-) / precipitation (+)
z z
-1200
-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
200
0
1
2
3
4
y y
5
Grids
35
Percentage hydraulic aperture increase
6
30
25
7
20
Calcite
Dolomite 15
8
10
5
9
100000s
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Percentage volume increase
10