Soraya Ghebleh - Selected Theories in International RelationsSoraya Ghebleh
This presentation describes some of the major theories in international relations and their subsets including liberalism, realism, constructivism, and critical issues theories.
Soraya Ghebleh - Selected Theories in International RelationsSoraya Ghebleh
This presentation describes some of the major theories in international relations and their subsets including liberalism, realism, constructivism, and critical issues theories.
This is a year-end summary of my work towards designing and building a system to recycling windows, skylights, curtain wall, and many other types of commercial glass. If you are familiar with the issue or the industry, please message me on Facebook and I will send you the survey mentioned there-in
POWER AND POLITICS
Study questions.
What is power?
How do managers acquire the power needed for leadership?
What is empowerment, and how can managers empower others?
What are organizational politics?
Study questions.
How do organizational politics affect managers and management?
Can the firm use politics strategically?
“Power tends to corrupt; absolute power corrupts absolutely”
--- Lord Acton
POWER
A capacity that A has to influence the behavior of B so that B acts in accordance with A’s wishes.
DEPENDENCY
B’s relationship to A when A possesses something that B requires.
Lecture slides for an undergraduate class on Philippine Politics and Governance I taught between 2003 and 2005. This is from the introductory lecture.
These slides were prepared using Powerpoint XP.
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http://brianbelen.blogspot.com
http://brianbelen.wordpress.com
Week 1 politics and power history fair start representation and political pro...Wayne Williams
First week of PowerPoint lecture notes for Politics and Power in America course. Examines what politics is, differences in democracies, contrasted with the meaning of a Constitutional Republic, such as that of the United States.
PERSONALITIES.Political and Party system A political system refers to the sec...MaisaVillafuerte
Political and Party system
A political system refers to the section of the society which deals with matters and issues related to distribution of resources and conflict resolution. The system comprises of institutions, organizations, rules, principles, and behaviours related to conflict resolution, ie court system, executive, parliament, behaviours like voting.
a political system in which citizens govern themselves either directly or indirectly. The term democracy comes from Greek and means “rule of the people.” In Lincoln’s stirring words from the Gettysburg Address, democracy is “government of the people, by the people, for the people.” In direct (or pure) democracies, people make their own decisions about the policies and distribution of resources that affect them directly.
This course serves as an introduction to the foundational principles and concepts in political science. It covers the fundamental aspects of the discipline, including the study of political systems, government structures, political ideologies, and the behavior of individuals and groups within political contexts. Students will explore key theories, methods of analysis, and the diverse subfields within political science, such as comparative politics, international relations, political theory, and public policy. The course aims to provide a broad understanding of the principles shaping political phenomena and prepare students for more advanced studies in political science.
Introduction to Comparative Politics.pdfRommel Regala
"Introduction to Comparative Politics" is a foundational course that provides students with a comprehensive overview of political systems, institutions, and processes across different countries. The course aims to develop an understanding of the diverse ways in which societies organize and govern themselves. Topics covered often include the comparative analysis of political ideologies, government structures, electoral systems, political cultures, and policy outcomes. Students explore key concepts and theories that help them analyze and compare political systems, gaining insights into the factors influencing political development and behavior globally. Through case studies and cross-national comparisons, students develop critical thinking skills and a nuanced appreciation for the complexities of political dynamics in various regions. Overall, the course equips students with the tools to assess the similarities and differences among political systems, fostering a deeper understanding of the world's diverse political landscapes.
Evolution of Democracy by Samruddhi Chepe.pptxSamruddhi Chepe
Phase OneAssembly Democracy
Starting around 2,500 BCE, in lands now within the territories of Iran, Iraq and Syria
“During the first phase of democracy the seeds of its basic institution – self-government through an assembly of equals – were scattered across many different soils and climes, ranging from the Indian subcontinent and the prosperous Phoenician empire to the western shores of provincial Europe.
These popular assemblies took root, accompanied by various ancillary institutional rules and customs, like written constitutions, the payment of jurors and elected officials, the freedom to speak in public, voting machines, voting by lot and trial before elected or selected juries. There were efforts as well to stop bossy leaders in their tracks, using such methods as the mandatory election of kings…” (The Life and Death of Democracy, p.xvi)
Best-known example – Athens, 5th century BCE
Athenian Democracy
Direct democracy: citizens (about 10% of the population) participated directly in initiating, deliberating, and passing of, the legislation. The Assembly, no less than 6,000 strong (out of 22,000 citizens of Athens), convened about every 10 days. Supreme power to decide on every issue of state policy
Citizen juries: justice is responsibility of citizens (juries composed of 501-1001 citizens)
Appointment of citizens to political office by lot
Citizen-soldiers: every citizen had a duty to serve in the army
Ostracism: a bad politician could be kicked out of office by the people
Phase TwoRepresentative Democracy
Started around 10th-12th centuries in Western Europe with the invention of parliamentary assemblies
Reaches its classic forms in the 18th century. Officially regarded as normative today.
Marquis d’Argenson, Foreign Minister of French King Louis XV, 1765.
Phase Two
The Glorious revolution laid the foundation of the first democratic principles of the Rule of Law.
Earlier it was believed that the king was the ‘representative of the God’ and that the King’s wishes were the law.
The people strongly protested the idea and dethroned King James II of England.
They passed the Bill Of Rights which firmly stated that the country should be governed by the laws passed by the people and not by the whims of the king.
The French Revolution took place between 1789 and 1851.
In the revolution King Louis XVI was executed .
It was decided that the country should be ruled by the laws passed by the people.
It laid down the ‘Declaration of the Rights of Man’ which highlighted that liberty, Equality etc. were important in a Democracy.
In 1792, France became a Republic.
Phase Three Monitory Democracy
(term coined by John Keane)- After World War II
Increase citizen ability to control the state which is organized on the basis of representative democracy
Public integrity commissionsJudicial activismLocal courtsWorkplace tribunalsCitizens assembliesThink tanksThe InternetEtc.
How much power do they have? And whose interests do they serve?
Key
what is politics? what are the types?politics in global perceptivePower? Types of political parties theoretical perceptive of Power. Power and EconomyPower and WarPower beyond the linesPolitics in Pakistan and in U.S.
2. "Man is by nature a political animal."
-- Aristotle
"Politics, n. Strife of interests masquerading as a contest of
principles."
-- Ambrose Bierce, American journalist
"Politics is the art of preventing people from taking part in
affairs which properly concern them."
-- Paul Valery, French writer and philosopher
"The mistake a lot of politicians make is in forgetting
they've been appointed and thinking they've been
anointed."
-- Claude D. Pepper, US Senator
3. "My choice early in life was either to be a piano-player in a
whorehouse or a politician. And to tell the truth, there's
hardly any difference."
-- Harry S. Truman, US President (1945-52)
"Politics is the skilled use of blunt objects."
-- Lester B. Pearson, Canadian PM (1963-68)
"Politics is war without bloodshed while war is politics with
bloodshed."
-- Mao Zedong, Chairman of People’s Republic of
China
"Politics is the art of the possible."
-- Otto Von Bismarck, Chancellor of Germany
4. The American public’s reactions to the behaviour of their leaders in the
debt/budget battle in Washington, July-Aug 2011, Pew Research poll:
http://pewresearch.org/pubs/2078/debt-ceiling-limits-budget-deficit-tea-
party-republicans-obama-democrats-republicans-ridiculous
5. Some common definitions of politics:*
Politics is the exercise of power
Politics is the public allocation of values
Politics is the resolution of conflict
Politics is the competition among individuals, groups, or
states pursuing their interests
*Danziger, James N. Understanding the Political World. NY: Addison-
Wesley, 1991
6. Politics is often understood as:
the art and science of GOVERNMENT, as affairs of
STATE
But:
The state is rooted in society.
The state maintains a particular social order.
Politics outside the state is important.
Interactions between state and society are at the core
of politics.
So, to understand politics, it has to be examined
as part of the entire fabric of SOCIAL RELATIONS –
cooperation and conflicts between individuals, groups,
classes
8. POLITICS AS COOPERATION, OR INTEGRATION –
as the process of rule based on order and justice. Politics
is driven by the considerations of the common good.
More natural for the thinking of those who support the
existing social order (status quo)
9. POLITICS AS CONFLICT -
as struggle for power.
Politics is driven by selfish interests of individuals, groups,
businesses, states.
More natural for the thinking of those who would like to
change the status quo in their favour.
10. At any given moment, in any political process or event, one
can discover elements of both cooperation and conflict
which interact in various ways
Political analysis seeks to make sense of the logics of these
interactions
11. Maurice Duverger:
“The state – and in a more general way, organized power in
any society – is always and at all times both the instrument
by which certain groups dominate others, an instrument
used in the interest of the rulers and to the disadvantage of
the ruled, - and also a means of ensuring a particular
social order, of achieving some integration of the individual
and the collectivity for the general good…
The two elements always co-exist, though the importance
of each varies with the period, the circumstances, and the
country concerned…
12. “The relations between conflict and integration are,
moreover, complex. Every attack on the existing social
order implies the image of a superior, more authentic
order. Every conflict implies a dream of integration and
represents an effort to bring it into being…
13. Many thinkers maintain that conflict and integration are not
two opposed faces but one and the same overall process in
which conflict naturally produces integration, and divisions,
by their development, tend naturally toward their own
suppression leading to the coming of the city of harmony.”
The Idea of Politics, L.: Methuen, 1966, p.viii
14. THE LEAST CONTROVERSIAL WORKING DEFINITION OF POLITICS
A HUMAN ACTIVITY focused on:
1/ the FORMULATION and EXECUTION of:
DECISIONS, which are BINDING on members of:
A SOCIAL WHOLE (family, community, society, the world)
– and:
2/ the RELATIONS which are formed between individuals, groups, states
IN THE PROCESS of formulation and execution of those decisions.
See Larry Johnston’s Politics, Broadview Press, 1998, p. 16
15. The word politics comes from ancient Greece.
Its root is the word polis, which began to be
used about 2,800 years ago to denote a self-
governing city (city-state)
POLIS – city-state
POLITES – citizen
POLITIKOS – politician
POLITIKE – politics as the art of citizenship
and government
POLITEIA – constitution, rules of politics
POLITEUMA – political community, all those
residents who have full political rights
16. Four categories of residents of the ancient Greek polis
1. Citizens with full legal and political rights
Adult free men born legitimately of citizen parents. They
had the right to vote, be elected into office, bear arms,
and the obligation to serve when at war.
2. Citizens with legal rights but no political rights:
Women and underage children, whose political rights and
interests were represented by their adult male relatives
3. Foreigners (citizens of other city-states):
Full legal rights, but no political rights. Could not vote,
could not be elected to office, could not bear arms and
could not serve in war. Subject to taxation.
4. Slaves
Property of their owners, any privileges depend on the
owner’s will
19. There is a city called Polis in the
northern part of the Island of Cyprus:
http://www.polis-municipality-
cyprus.com/
20. Power
The fuel of politics.
The ability to make,
or to influence the making of,
those binding decisions which are the essence of politics
Struggle for power
Distribution of power: how fair? how equal? how
effective?
Balance of power
Great power, superpower, hyperpower
A powerful leader
21. TYPES OF POWER
POLITICAL POWER
control of, or influence on, the state, ability to
make, or influence, political decisions
ECONOMIC POWER
control of economic assets
MILITARY POWER
ability to wage war - or to compel others
through intimidation or deterrence
These forms of power interact in many ways.
For example?
23. “Power to” conveys the idea of one’s ability to realize
one’s goals without coercing others
Individually, by exercising one’s freedom
Or collectively, by joining with others in a free and
voluntary way
Associated with visions of a good society, based on the
ideals of freedom, equality, justice, solidarity, democracy
Gandhi’s first protest, South Africa, 1906:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SNmJqRV7LOA
Barack Obama, 2009: http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=yCFhpYMhaqY&feature=channel
24. In real life, “power over” is the prevalent kind of power
Its main characteristics:
1. AN INTERACTIVE PROCESS
(you have to have someone to have power over)
2. POTENTIAL or ACTIVE
3. A PURPOSEFUL ACTIVITY
4. PROMOTIVE (Do it!) or PREVENTIVE (Don’t do it!)
5. BALANCED or UNBALANCED (“Absolute power corrupts
absolutely” – Lord Acton). Democracy associated with balanced
power
25. INFLUENCE – use of power (or power exertion) with an
uncertain outcome
CONTROL – use of power with a more or less certain
outcome
DOMINATION – structured, stable use of power
26. 5 principal forms of power (see OCDP, “power”)
1.FORCE – ability to detain and harm people and damage or
confiscate their property to compel them to obey your orders
2.PERSUASION – ability to convince people to do what they
otherwise would not have done by invoking their own
interests and common sense
3.AUTHORITY – legitimate (just and lawful) power to control
and direct people’s activities
4.COERCION – controlling people by means of threatening
use of force
5.MANIPULATION – controlling people without threats, by
persuading them about the legitimacy of the existing power
relationships, or by offering them benefits
27. LEGITIMATE power
TYPES OF LEGITIMACY (Max Weber, Politics as a
Vocation)
TRADITIONAL – based on tradition, established
beliefs or values (example: rule of dynasties, power of
the church)
LEGAL-RATIONAL – based on formal
arrangements (rules, laws, constitutions). The main type
practiced in contemporary politics
CHARISMATIC*– based on the extraordinary
personal qualities of a leader, or on the influence of an
idea or a cause
*from ancient Greek word “charisma”, meaning “gift”
28. Information as a power resource
“Knowledge is power” – Francis Bacon
From the printing press to the Internet
The Information Revolution
The Information Age
The new role of information in our lives – in our
economy, social relations, politics – as a result of rapid
development of ICT (information and communication
technologies) since the 1980s
29. Access to information
Management of information
Control of information
Controlling people through their minds
Values, ideas, the daily information flow
Religion, education, propaganda, mass media
The power of discourse
The information battleground: how controllable are we?
Can you fool all the people all the time?
30. SO, WHERE DOES POWER COME FROM,
ULTIMATELY?
Power is produced by social cooperation.
Ultimately, it is a collective product. We create
power by acting together.
The problem is that this product is usually
appropriated by the few and used at the expense
of, or downright against, the many.