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This document introduces key concepts about government and politics in America. It defines government as the institutions that make public policies, and politics as the process of selecting leaders and policies. It also outlines the policymaking system and institutions like political parties, interest groups, the branches of government, and bureaucracies that are involved. Democratic theory and theories about the U.S. system like pluralism and elite theory are presented. The document concludes with a definition of political culture and aspects of American culture.
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Government pp chapter 1
This document introduces concepts related to government and politics in America. It discusses how Americans are less engaged with politics and government compared to previous generations. It defines government as the institutions that make public policies, and politics as the process of selecting leaders and determining policies. It also outlines the key institutions and processes involved in policymaking, including legislatures, executives, courts, and bureaucracies. Finally, it raises questions about the scope and role of government in the US.
Polititics as a Political institutions
Group #4 presented on the topic of politics as a social institution. They discussed key concepts such as political institutions, the structure of political systems, forms of government, and the functions of political institutions. Political institutions are organizations that create and enforce laws to provide representation for citizens. They can be formal, with established rules and hierarchies, or informal, operating through traditions and customs. The main functions of political institutions are to regulate relationships, provide welfare services, protect citizens, control resources, and resolve conflicts.
Chapter 8 the making of governmental policy
The document outlines the 5 key steps in the policymaking process: 1) identifying problems, 2) formulating policy proposals, 3) legitimizing public policy, 4) implementing the policy, and 5) evaluating the established policy. It discusses how problems come to light from various sources, who formulates policy proposals, how policies gain legitimacy, the challenges of implementation, and different methods for evaluating existing policies.
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The document provides an overview of the political spectrum and different ideologies within it. It defines liberals as favoring an active government role in social reform, and conservatives as preferring a limited government that stays out of people's lives. It also discusses moderates in the middle, as well as radicals on the far left who favor rapid social/political change including potential violence, and reactionaries on the far right who want to return to a previous system and may use violence. The spectrum ranges from left to right based on views of government and change.
Introduction to 521 (2022)
This document provides an overview of key concepts in social welfare policy, including definitions of social welfare policy, social services, and the different types of agencies that provide social services. It also discusses how social problems relate to social welfare policy and how values and ideology influence policymaking. Political ideologies that impact welfare policy are explored, including conservatism, liberalism, and libertarianism. The roles of economics, politics, and social work in relation to welfare policy are also summarized.
Political spectrum
The document outlines different positions on the political spectrum from left to right: Radical, Liberal, Moderate, Conservative, and Reactionary. It provides descriptions of each position's view on the role of government and approach to social change. Radicals favor rapid fundamental change including potential violence, while liberals favor change through existing systems. Conservatives prefer maintaining the status quo and are hesitant to change, while reactionaries want to return to prior conditions and may use violence. Moderates have a mix of liberal and conservative views and don't hold extremes.
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This document summarizes and compares the major US political parties - Democrats, Republicans, Libertarians, Greens, Constitution, and Independence Party. It outlines when each party was founded, their core platform positions, and noteworthy historic members. While the two main parties - Democrats and Republicans - differ on issues like taxes, social programs, healthcare and defense spending, third parties like the Libertarians and Greens advocate more extreme stances but have not gained widespread popularity.
On ‘Political Institutions’
This document discusses political institutions from several perspectives. It describes political institutions as either formal, with explicit rules, or informal, consisting of unwritten norms. It also discusses two approaches to studying institutions - a normative approach focused on justice and a quantitative approach using measurable concepts. The document then examines different types of political institutions, including what they are, what they do, and how they change. It provides examples of governments as political institutions, categorizing them based on the number of rulers, the executive-legislative relationship, and scope of national power. Finally, it discusses variations in democratic experiences and focuses on the Philippine context.
Recommended
Government pp chapter 1
This document introduces concepts related to government and politics in America. It discusses how Americans are less engaged with politics and government compared to previous generations. It defines government as the institutions that make public policies, and politics as the process of selecting leaders and determining policies. It also outlines the key institutions and processes involved in policymaking, including legislatures, executives, courts, and bureaucracies. Finally, it raises questions about the scope and role of government in the US.
Polititics as a Political institutions
Group #4 presented on the topic of politics as a social institution. They discussed key concepts such as political institutions, the structure of political systems, forms of government, and the functions of political institutions. Political institutions are organizations that create and enforce laws to provide representation for citizens. They can be formal, with established rules and hierarchies, or informal, operating through traditions and customs. The main functions of political institutions are to regulate relationships, provide welfare services, protect citizens, control resources, and resolve conflicts.
Chapter 8 the making of governmental policy
The document outlines the 5 key steps in the policymaking process: 1) identifying problems, 2) formulating policy proposals, 3) legitimizing public policy, 4) implementing the policy, and 5) evaluating the established policy. It discusses how problems come to light from various sources, who formulates policy proposals, how policies gain legitimacy, the challenges of implementation, and different methods for evaluating existing policies.
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The document provides an overview of the political spectrum and different ideologies within it. It defines liberals as favoring an active government role in social reform, and conservatives as preferring a limited government that stays out of people's lives. It also discusses moderates in the middle, as well as radicals on the far left who favor rapid social/political change including potential violence, and reactionaries on the far right who want to return to a previous system and may use violence. The spectrum ranges from left to right based on views of government and change.
Introduction to 521 (2022)
This document provides an overview of key concepts in social welfare policy, including definitions of social welfare policy, social services, and the different types of agencies that provide social services. It also discusses how social problems relate to social welfare policy and how values and ideology influence policymaking. Political ideologies that impact welfare policy are explored, including conservatism, liberalism, and libertarianism. The roles of economics, politics, and social work in relation to welfare policy are also summarized.
Political spectrum
The document outlines different positions on the political spectrum from left to right: Radical, Liberal, Moderate, Conservative, and Reactionary. It provides descriptions of each position's view on the role of government and approach to social change. Radicals favor rapid fundamental change including potential violence, while liberals favor change through existing systems. Conservatives prefer maintaining the status quo and are hesitant to change, while reactionaries want to return to prior conditions and may use violence. Moderates have a mix of liberal and conservative views and don't hold extremes.
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This document summarizes and compares the major US political parties - Democrats, Republicans, Libertarians, Greens, Constitution, and Independence Party. It outlines when each party was founded, their core platform positions, and noteworthy historic members. While the two main parties - Democrats and Republicans - differ on issues like taxes, social programs, healthcare and defense spending, third parties like the Libertarians and Greens advocate more extreme stances but have not gained widespread popularity.
On ‘Political Institutions’
This document discusses political institutions from several perspectives. It describes political institutions as either formal, with explicit rules, or informal, consisting of unwritten norms. It also discusses two approaches to studying institutions - a normative approach focused on justice and a quantitative approach using measurable concepts. The document then examines different types of political institutions, including what they are, what they do, and how they change. It provides examples of governments as political institutions, categorizing them based on the number of rulers, the executive-legislative relationship, and scope of national power. Finally, it discusses variations in democratic experiences and focuses on the Philippine context.
American political system ppt
This document discusses different models of political participation including getting elected, campaigning, voting, contacting groups, and protesting. It also examines the linkages between citizens and the government through political institutions like parties, interest groups, elections, and media. It asks questions about how these institutions link citizens to the government and their roles in policymaking, specifically looking at how parties, interest groups, elections, Congress, the President, and courts all contribute to the political process.
State intervention & political institution
This document defines and discusses state intervention and political institutions. It defines state intervention as regulatory actions taken by a government to interfere with social and economic decisions made by individuals and organizations. The document outlines different types of state intervention such as authoritative, lifestyle, economic, and military interventions. It also discusses the objectives, advantages, and disadvantages of state intervention. Political institutions are defined as systems that perform functions of integration and adaptation through legitimate coercion. The document categorizes political institutions and analyzes their functions in determining laws, maintaining social integration, and adapting to achieve political goals. It concludes that state intervention depends on political institutions to set feasible policies that have public support.
3 political spectrum
This document provides an overview of different political ideologies and spectrums. It introduces the traditional left-right spectrum ranging from revolutionary to reactionary. It then discusses the political compass with four quadrants: authoritarian left, authoritarian right, libertarian right, and libertarian left. Key aspects of the major US political parties (Democratic, Republican, Libertarian, Constitution, and Green) are positioned on these spectrums. The document concludes with an activity asking students to summarize what they learned.
Political Spectrum
The document discusses the political spectrum and where different ideological groups fall on it. It defines radicals as favoring rapid, sweeping change through extreme means including violence. Liberals believe in gradual, peaceful change within the system using government involvement. Moderates have views across the spectrum and advocate slow, cautious change. Conservatives prefer minimal changes to keep the status quo. Reactionaries want to return to the past and may use repressive means. Most American politicians fall somewhere in between these labels.
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The document discusses political ideologies and parties in Canada. It explains that political ideologies fall on a left-right spectrum based on their beliefs about freedom and equality. In Canada, most major parties are centrist, though some lean left or right. Federally, the Liberal party has dominated due to splits among right-leaning parties. Provincially in BC, the Liberal party also dominates due to vote splitting and scandals among left-leaning opponents. The ideologies and parties are defined by their placement on the political spectrum between freedom and equality.
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The document discusses Canada's political spectrum and main political parties. It explains that the political spectrum ranges from left to right, with the NDP and Greens on the left, Liberals in the centre, and Conservatives on the right. It provides examples of where each party falls on key issues like military spending, role of government, and economic policy. It also defines different political ideologies like liberalism, conservatism, socialism, communism, and fascism. Finally, it lists the seat counts from the 2011 federal election, with the Conservatives winning the most seats.
Ideologies & Political Spectrum
This document discusses political ideologies along a left-right spectrum. At the far ends are totalitarian regimes, where the state exercises total control over individuals. In the center are democracies, where the state exists to serve citizens. Moving left, ideologies include communism, which advocates for complete equality, and socialism, supporting social services, unions, and environmental protection. Moving right, ideologies include conservatism, favoring tradition, order and small government, and fascism, prioritizing nationalism, militarism and state control over all aspects of life.
Political Institution
Political science is the study of government and politics. It involves the analysis of power and authority within political systems. Power can be exercised through both coercion and authority. Authority is legitimized through the historical beliefs and practices of a society, and is derived from rules and laws. Political power structures society and influences decision making processes through various means like voting, political counsel, patronage, and public opinion formation. Interest groups also seek to influence policymaking in their favor on issues of both economic and noneconomic concern.
Political institution ch 22
Political institutions are universal social structures that maintain order through systems of power, authority, and rulemaking. They distribute power and set societal agendas. A political institution defines norms and rules to exercise control, compel conformity, and enable legal changes. The core elements of the political institution of a state are an independent organization, a population living within a fixed geographical area. Key functions of states and governments are institutionalizing norms, resolving conflicts, enforcing norms, and defending societies. Citizens have both rights and duties in relation to the state, including voting, movement, expression, religion, education, taxation, laws, defense, and cooperation with policies. Political institutions regulate relationships and perform welfare, defense, legislation, law implementation, and international relations
GOVERNMENTS, SYSTEMS AND REGIMES
Chapter 12: Governments, Systems and Regimes
What is the difference between governments, political systems and regimes?
What is the purpose of classifying systems of government?
On what basis have, and should, regimes be classified?
What are the major regimes of the modern world?
Has western liberal democracy triumphed worldwide?
Classifying the various forms of government has been one of the principal concerns of political analysis through the ages. This process can be traced back to the fourth century BCE, when Aristotle made the first recorded attempt to describe the political regimes then in existence, using terms such as 'democracy', 'oligarchy' and 'tyranny' that are still commonly employed today. From the eighteenth century onwards, governments were increasingly classified as monarchies or republics, or as autocratic or constitutional regimes. During the twentieth century, these distinctions were further sharpened. The 'three worlds' classification of political systems, which was particularly fashionable during the Cold War period, created an image of world politics dominated by a struggle between democracy and totalitarianism. However in the light of modern developments, such as the collapse of communism, the rise of East Asia, and the emergence of political Islam, all such classifications appear outdated. Nevertheless, it is not entirely clear what these shifts mean. Some interpret them as indications of the triumph of western liberal democracy; others see evidence of the modern world becoming politically more diffuse and fragmented.
Regimes have been classified on a variety of bases. 'Classical' typologies, stemming from Aristotle, concentrated on constitutional arrangements and institutional structures, while the 'three worlds' approach highlighted material and ideological differences between the systems found in 'first world' capitalist, 'second world' communist and 'third world' developing states
Crisis of legitimacy
The document discusses the contemporary crisis of legitimacy in legislation. It argues that a legitimacy crisis occurs when a government is unable to fulfill basic needs or exploits its people. In India specifically, there is a lack of respect for law due to widespread corruption. Politicians abuse power and prioritize group interests and inequity over equal distribution of resources. Other issues contributing to the legitimacy crisis include uneducated leaders, scandals, the involvement of criminals in politics, black money, and conflicts between different levels of government. The crisis represents an inability to envision and build the future.
Political ideologies
This document discusses political ideologies and how people develop them. It defines ideology as a consistent and integrated system of beliefs that tell us who should govern and what goals they should pursue. Political socialization shapes people's ideologies through factors like family, education, religion, peers, gender/ethnicity, and media. Conservatives generally favor tradition, social order and small government while liberals favor change, equality and individual freedoms. The document also contrasts conservative and liberal views on economic and social issues as well as potential ideologies of different demographic groups.
American political parties
American political parties have evolved over time from informal affiliations to established organizations. The US system is largely a two-party structure, with the Democratic and Republican parties dominating. Democrats tend to favor an active government role in citizens' lives and progressive change. Republicans prefer a smaller government focused on individual liberties and tradition. While third parties exist, the winner-take-all electoral system favors the two major parties. Political ideologies and party affiliations develop based on social and personal factors.
Module 1: THE CONCEPTS OF POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE
This document defines politics and differentiates between governance and government. It outlines four views of politics: as the art of government, public affairs, compromise and consensus, and power and distribution of resources. The document also defines political science and describes the key elements of a state. It notes that a government is the instrument of the state that expresses and carries out the will of the people, while governance is broader than just government. Finally, it lists three general methods for studying politics: political philosophy, empirical traditions, and scientific traditions.
Development of american political parties
Political parties in the United States have developed into a two-party system with the Republicans and Democrats as the major parties. Third parties exist but have never gained control of the White House, though some have won seats in Congress or lower levels of government. Third parties often form around specific issues or ideologies and seek to influence policy, but it is difficult for them to raise funds and compete with the major parties.
Interest groups and political parties
A federal system has three key characteristics: 1) authority is retained at the top level of government; 2) there are two levels of government but sovereignty remains with the states/provinces; and 3) the two levels of government have equal jurisdiction. Pluralism holds that interest groups and political parties determine public policy through bargaining and compromise as rational individuals act in their self-interest by joining groups to better represent their views. Interest groups and political parties supplement formal government structures by communicating public opinions and values, though they differ in their level of organization and breadth of issues.
Politics and society
The document discusses several topics related to politics and society, including:
1) The role of political systems is to meet a society's needs for protection, resolve group differences, and maintain internal order and pursuit of societal goals. Legitimate power comes from leaders that are generally approved by the people, while coercion is considered illegitimate.
2) Democracies allow citizens a strong voice through voting, while autocratic and totalitarian governments concentrate power in single individuals or ruling cliques.
3) The Philippine political system exhibits democratic principles but is influenced by nepotism, graft, corruption and political dynasties due to strong family ties and loyalties. Corruption diverts funds from important services
Comparative government and politics
This document provides an introduction to comparative government and politics. It discusses key concepts like government, politics, and comparative methods. It also outlines several topics that are typically analyzed for different countries, such as political institutions, sovereignty and power, political culture, and trends in political and economic change like democratization and the movement toward market economies. The document serves as an overview of the field and issues that are studied.
The Political Society and You
The document discusses John Locke's political philosophy and theory of social contract. It defines a political society as a community living under one government through consent of the governed and majority rule. Locke believed people voluntarily enter political societies through social consent for protection of natural rights and that government power comes from the consent of the people. The document also discusses key concepts in universal social thought like subsidiarity, supporting roles in society, and solidarity, or unity among members of a community.
barbour1
This document provides an overview of key concepts from Chapter 1 of a political science textbook. It defines politics as determining how power and resources are distributed without violence. It discusses different types of political systems including democracy, republic, authoritarian, and others. It also covers economic systems like capitalism and socialism.
The document outlines different theories of democracy and discusses the roles and obligations of citizens. It emphasizes the importance of informed and critical citizenship. It provides study questions at the end to prompt further discussion and analysis of political concepts.
Chapter 10National Politics Culture, Constitutions, C.docx
Chapter 10
National Politics: Culture, Constitutions, Citizens
Guiding Question:
Given that politics is a struggle for purpose and power, which political patterns further cooperation, advance accommodation, and handle conflicts in domestic politics?
Key QuestionsHow in the absence of unanimity as a regular condition in politics, do political actors achieve their values?How do they cooperate for common ends? Work out accommodation among competing interests? Handle conflicts when accommodation fails?Given that politics is a struggle for purpose and power, which political patterns further cooperation, advance accommodation, and handle conflicts in domestic politics?
Political actors must cooperate because if they do not, civilized politics and effective government are impossible.Political actors must accommodate competing interests because if they do not, priorities cannot be established and decision cannot be made. Political actors must handle conflicts prudently or the community ay e torn apart by strife too difficult to moderate.
Accommodation involves both governmental and non-governmental actors.Since government is one major instrument to help citizens achieve their goals, citizens must make sure that government does what they want it to do.Because government is powerful, citizens must make sure that it does not abuse its power; it must remain subject to the citizens’ control. We define successful cooperation in terms of maximizing willing cooperation, humane accommodation, and peaceful resolution of conflicts and also in terms of the ability to maximize security, liberty, justice, and welfare.
Patterns for Cooperation, Accommodation, and Conflict Resolution in PoliticsSuccessful patterns for furthering cooperation, advancing accommodation, and handling conflicts require the following: Agreement on constitutional fundamentals; need some level of consensus to carry out business and without some level of trust, orderly procedures for discussion and decision would be impossible;
Meaningful interest articulation is the expression of political actors’ needs, interests, and desires; accomplished through things like voting, public forums, joining an interest group, working a political party, etc.; facilitates cooperation and accommodation in responsive political systems. Meaningful interest aggregation involves the process by which political actors build support for certain proposals and not for others; a mechanism for prioritizing; political leaders and parties play a key role in building support for priorities.
Legitimizing public policy choices by using agreed-upon principles and mechanisms of public obligation; why do people go along with a majority decision? Fulfillment of government objectives; secures basic rights (security, liberty, justice, and welfare), raises revenue, and ensures necessary services and benefitsRegular and effective controls on government through constitutional mechanisms.
Political CultureC ...
Overview Chapter 1Political Thinking and Political Culture B.docx
Overview: Chapter 1
Political Thinking and Political Culture: Becoming a Responsible Citizen
Chapter Goals
The chapter addresses the following goals:
· Describe the importance of political thinking in a democracy and the current barriers to political thinking among the public.
· Describe the discipline of political science and how it can contribute to political thinking.
· Explain the nature of politics in the U.S. and how it is a struggle for power among competing groups and interests.
· Discuss America’s cultural ideals of liberty, individualism, equality and self-government and how they have affected some public issues like taxation or social welfare policy.
· Discuss the major rules of American politics: democracy, constitutionalism, and the free market system, and why rules are necessary in politics.
· Explain differing theories of political power, including majoritarianism, pluralism, corporate power, and elitism, and how they may undercut the ideals of democracy in the U.S.
· Discuss the nature of the free market system in the U.S. and how it compares to European and other economic systems.
Focus and Main Points
Contemporary American government is placed in historical perspective in this chapter. The value of political science in examining the development of American politics since the country’s earliest years is examined briefly, and concepts such as power, pluralism, and constitutionalism that are central to the study of government and politics are also assessed. In addition, the value of political thinking and the ability of political science to help develop political thinking are discussed. Several comparisons between the cultural development of political institutions and financial systems of the United States and Europe are made to help illustrate the different forms of government and economic organization.
The main points of this chapter are as follows:
· The development of political thinking is important for functioning democracies, which rely on the informed choices of citizens for the formation of government. There are powerful barriers to political thinking, such as individual unwillingness to develop it, changing patterns of media consumption, and “spin” by political leaders. Political science is a discipline that can help develop political thinking among students and also lead to a fuller understanding of political phenomena.
· Every country has a distinctive political culture, a widely shared and deep-seated belief system. National identity in many countries is taken from the common ancestry and kinship they share. Americans are linked not by a shared ancestry but by the country’s political culture as the foundation of its national identity.
· Politics is the process through which a society settles its conflicts. Those who win, in political conflict, are said to have power, and those leaders that have gained the legitimacy to use that power have authority. The play of politics in the United States takes place in the con.
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This document discusses different models of political participation including getting elected, campaigning, voting, contacting groups, and protesting. It also examines the linkages between citizens and the government through political institutions like parties, interest groups, elections, and media. It asks questions about how these institutions link citizens to the government and their roles in policymaking, specifically looking at how parties, interest groups, elections, Congress, the President, and courts all contribute to the political process.
State intervention & political institution
This document defines and discusses state intervention and political institutions. It defines state intervention as regulatory actions taken by a government to interfere with social and economic decisions made by individuals and organizations. The document outlines different types of state intervention such as authoritative, lifestyle, economic, and military interventions. It also discusses the objectives, advantages, and disadvantages of state intervention. Political institutions are defined as systems that perform functions of integration and adaptation through legitimate coercion. The document categorizes political institutions and analyzes their functions in determining laws, maintaining social integration, and adapting to achieve political goals. It concludes that state intervention depends on political institutions to set feasible policies that have public support.
3 political spectrum
This document provides an overview of different political ideologies and spectrums. It introduces the traditional left-right spectrum ranging from revolutionary to reactionary. It then discusses the political compass with four quadrants: authoritarian left, authoritarian right, libertarian right, and libertarian left. Key aspects of the major US political parties (Democratic, Republican, Libertarian, Constitution, and Green) are positioned on these spectrums. The document concludes with an activity asking students to summarize what they learned.
Political Spectrum
The document discusses the political spectrum and where different ideological groups fall on it. It defines radicals as favoring rapid, sweeping change through extreme means including violence. Liberals believe in gradual, peaceful change within the system using government involvement. Moderates have views across the spectrum and advocate slow, cautious change. Conservatives prefer minimal changes to keep the status quo. Reactionaries want to return to the past and may use repressive means. Most American politicians fall somewhere in between these labels.
Ideologies x parties
The document discusses political ideologies and parties in Canada. It explains that political ideologies fall on a left-right spectrum based on their beliefs about freedom and equality. In Canada, most major parties are centrist, though some lean left or right. Federally, the Liberal party has dominated due to splits among right-leaning parties. Provincially in BC, the Liberal party also dominates due to vote splitting and scandals among left-leaning opponents. The ideologies and parties are defined by their placement on the political spectrum between freedom and equality.
The political spectrum
The document discusses Canada's political spectrum and main political parties. It explains that the political spectrum ranges from left to right, with the NDP and Greens on the left, Liberals in the centre, and Conservatives on the right. It provides examples of where each party falls on key issues like military spending, role of government, and economic policy. It also defines different political ideologies like liberalism, conservatism, socialism, communism, and fascism. Finally, it lists the seat counts from the 2011 federal election, with the Conservatives winning the most seats.
Ideologies & Political Spectrum
This document discusses political ideologies along a left-right spectrum. At the far ends are totalitarian regimes, where the state exercises total control over individuals. In the center are democracies, where the state exists to serve citizens. Moving left, ideologies include communism, which advocates for complete equality, and socialism, supporting social services, unions, and environmental protection. Moving right, ideologies include conservatism, favoring tradition, order and small government, and fascism, prioritizing nationalism, militarism and state control over all aspects of life.
Political Institution
Political science is the study of government and politics. It involves the analysis of power and authority within political systems. Power can be exercised through both coercion and authority. Authority is legitimized through the historical beliefs and practices of a society, and is derived from rules and laws. Political power structures society and influences decision making processes through various means like voting, political counsel, patronage, and public opinion formation. Interest groups also seek to influence policymaking in their favor on issues of both economic and noneconomic concern.
Political institution ch 22
Political institutions are universal social structures that maintain order through systems of power, authority, and rulemaking. They distribute power and set societal agendas. A political institution defines norms and rules to exercise control, compel conformity, and enable legal changes. The core elements of the political institution of a state are an independent organization, a population living within a fixed geographical area. Key functions of states and governments are institutionalizing norms, resolving conflicts, enforcing norms, and defending societies. Citizens have both rights and duties in relation to the state, including voting, movement, expression, religion, education, taxation, laws, defense, and cooperation with policies. Political institutions regulate relationships and perform welfare, defense, legislation, law implementation, and international relations
GOVERNMENTS, SYSTEMS AND REGIMES
Chapter 12: Governments, Systems and Regimes
What is the difference between governments, political systems and regimes?
What is the purpose of classifying systems of government?
On what basis have, and should, regimes be classified?
What are the major regimes of the modern world?
Has western liberal democracy triumphed worldwide?
Classifying the various forms of government has been one of the principal concerns of political analysis through the ages. This process can be traced back to the fourth century BCE, when Aristotle made the first recorded attempt to describe the political regimes then in existence, using terms such as 'democracy', 'oligarchy' and 'tyranny' that are still commonly employed today. From the eighteenth century onwards, governments were increasingly classified as monarchies or republics, or as autocratic or constitutional regimes. During the twentieth century, these distinctions were further sharpened. The 'three worlds' classification of political systems, which was particularly fashionable during the Cold War period, created an image of world politics dominated by a struggle between democracy and totalitarianism. However in the light of modern developments, such as the collapse of communism, the rise of East Asia, and the emergence of political Islam, all such classifications appear outdated. Nevertheless, it is not entirely clear what these shifts mean. Some interpret them as indications of the triumph of western liberal democracy; others see evidence of the modern world becoming politically more diffuse and fragmented.
Regimes have been classified on a variety of bases. 'Classical' typologies, stemming from Aristotle, concentrated on constitutional arrangements and institutional structures, while the 'three worlds' approach highlighted material and ideological differences between the systems found in 'first world' capitalist, 'second world' communist and 'third world' developing states
Crisis of legitimacy
The document discusses the contemporary crisis of legitimacy in legislation. It argues that a legitimacy crisis occurs when a government is unable to fulfill basic needs or exploits its people. In India specifically, there is a lack of respect for law due to widespread corruption. Politicians abuse power and prioritize group interests and inequity over equal distribution of resources. Other issues contributing to the legitimacy crisis include uneducated leaders, scandals, the involvement of criminals in politics, black money, and conflicts between different levels of government. The crisis represents an inability to envision and build the future.
Political ideologies
This document discusses political ideologies and how people develop them. It defines ideology as a consistent and integrated system of beliefs that tell us who should govern and what goals they should pursue. Political socialization shapes people's ideologies through factors like family, education, religion, peers, gender/ethnicity, and media. Conservatives generally favor tradition, social order and small government while liberals favor change, equality and individual freedoms. The document also contrasts conservative and liberal views on economic and social issues as well as potential ideologies of different demographic groups.
American political parties
American political parties have evolved over time from informal affiliations to established organizations. The US system is largely a two-party structure, with the Democratic and Republican parties dominating. Democrats tend to favor an active government role in citizens' lives and progressive change. Republicans prefer a smaller government focused on individual liberties and tradition. While third parties exist, the winner-take-all electoral system favors the two major parties. Political ideologies and party affiliations develop based on social and personal factors.
Module 1: THE CONCEPTS OF POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE
This document defines politics and differentiates between governance and government. It outlines four views of politics: as the art of government, public affairs, compromise and consensus, and power and distribution of resources. The document also defines political science and describes the key elements of a state. It notes that a government is the instrument of the state that expresses and carries out the will of the people, while governance is broader than just government. Finally, it lists three general methods for studying politics: political philosophy, empirical traditions, and scientific traditions.
Development of american political parties
Political parties in the United States have developed into a two-party system with the Republicans and Democrats as the major parties. Third parties exist but have never gained control of the White House, though some have won seats in Congress or lower levels of government. Third parties often form around specific issues or ideologies and seek to influence policy, but it is difficult for them to raise funds and compete with the major parties.
Interest groups and political parties
A federal system has three key characteristics: 1) authority is retained at the top level of government; 2) there are two levels of government but sovereignty remains with the states/provinces; and 3) the two levels of government have equal jurisdiction. Pluralism holds that interest groups and political parties determine public policy through bargaining and compromise as rational individuals act in their self-interest by joining groups to better represent their views. Interest groups and political parties supplement formal government structures by communicating public opinions and values, though they differ in their level of organization and breadth of issues.
Politics and society
The document discusses several topics related to politics and society, including:
1) The role of political systems is to meet a society's needs for protection, resolve group differences, and maintain internal order and pursuit of societal goals. Legitimate power comes from leaders that are generally approved by the people, while coercion is considered illegitimate.
2) Democracies allow citizens a strong voice through voting, while autocratic and totalitarian governments concentrate power in single individuals or ruling cliques.
3) The Philippine political system exhibits democratic principles but is influenced by nepotism, graft, corruption and political dynasties due to strong family ties and loyalties. Corruption diverts funds from important services
Comparative government and politics
This document provides an introduction to comparative government and politics. It discusses key concepts like government, politics, and comparative methods. It also outlines several topics that are typically analyzed for different countries, such as political institutions, sovereignty and power, political culture, and trends in political and economic change like democratization and the movement toward market economies. The document serves as an overview of the field and issues that are studied.
The Political Society and You
The document discusses John Locke's political philosophy and theory of social contract. It defines a political society as a community living under one government through consent of the governed and majority rule. Locke believed people voluntarily enter political societies through social consent for protection of natural rights and that government power comes from the consent of the people. The document also discusses key concepts in universal social thought like subsidiarity, supporting roles in society, and solidarity, or unity among members of a community.
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barbour1
This document provides an overview of key concepts from Chapter 1 of a political science textbook. It defines politics as determining how power and resources are distributed without violence. It discusses different types of political systems including democracy, republic, authoritarian, and others. It also covers economic systems like capitalism and socialism.
The document outlines different theories of democracy and discusses the roles and obligations of citizens. It emphasizes the importance of informed and critical citizenship. It provides study questions at the end to prompt further discussion and analysis of political concepts.
Chapter 10National Politics Culture, Constitutions, C.docx
Chapter 10
National Politics: Culture, Constitutions, Citizens
Guiding Question:
Given that politics is a struggle for purpose and power, which political patterns further cooperation, advance accommodation, and handle conflicts in domestic politics?
Key QuestionsHow in the absence of unanimity as a regular condition in politics, do political actors achieve their values?How do they cooperate for common ends? Work out accommodation among competing interests? Handle conflicts when accommodation fails?Given that politics is a struggle for purpose and power, which political patterns further cooperation, advance accommodation, and handle conflicts in domestic politics?
Political actors must cooperate because if they do not, civilized politics and effective government are impossible.Political actors must accommodate competing interests because if they do not, priorities cannot be established and decision cannot be made. Political actors must handle conflicts prudently or the community ay e torn apart by strife too difficult to moderate.
Accommodation involves both governmental and non-governmental actors.Since government is one major instrument to help citizens achieve their goals, citizens must make sure that government does what they want it to do.Because government is powerful, citizens must make sure that it does not abuse its power; it must remain subject to the citizens’ control. We define successful cooperation in terms of maximizing willing cooperation, humane accommodation, and peaceful resolution of conflicts and also in terms of the ability to maximize security, liberty, justice, and welfare.
Patterns for Cooperation, Accommodation, and Conflict Resolution in PoliticsSuccessful patterns for furthering cooperation, advancing accommodation, and handling conflicts require the following: Agreement on constitutional fundamentals; need some level of consensus to carry out business and without some level of trust, orderly procedures for discussion and decision would be impossible;
Meaningful interest articulation is the expression of political actors’ needs, interests, and desires; accomplished through things like voting, public forums, joining an interest group, working a political party, etc.; facilitates cooperation and accommodation in responsive political systems. Meaningful interest aggregation involves the process by which political actors build support for certain proposals and not for others; a mechanism for prioritizing; political leaders and parties play a key role in building support for priorities.
Legitimizing public policy choices by using agreed-upon principles and mechanisms of public obligation; why do people go along with a majority decision? Fulfillment of government objectives; secures basic rights (security, liberty, justice, and welfare), raises revenue, and ensures necessary services and benefitsRegular and effective controls on government through constitutional mechanisms.
Political CultureC ...
Overview Chapter 1Political Thinking and Political Culture B.docx
Overview: Chapter 1
Political Thinking and Political Culture: Becoming a Responsible Citizen
Chapter Goals
The chapter addresses the following goals:
· Describe the importance of political thinking in a democracy and the current barriers to political thinking among the public.
· Describe the discipline of political science and how it can contribute to political thinking.
· Explain the nature of politics in the U.S. and how it is a struggle for power among competing groups and interests.
· Discuss America’s cultural ideals of liberty, individualism, equality and self-government and how they have affected some public issues like taxation or social welfare policy.
· Discuss the major rules of American politics: democracy, constitutionalism, and the free market system, and why rules are necessary in politics.
· Explain differing theories of political power, including majoritarianism, pluralism, corporate power, and elitism, and how they may undercut the ideals of democracy in the U.S.
· Discuss the nature of the free market system in the U.S. and how it compares to European and other economic systems.
Focus and Main Points
Contemporary American government is placed in historical perspective in this chapter. The value of political science in examining the development of American politics since the country’s earliest years is examined briefly, and concepts such as power, pluralism, and constitutionalism that are central to the study of government and politics are also assessed. In addition, the value of political thinking and the ability of political science to help develop political thinking are discussed. Several comparisons between the cultural development of political institutions and financial systems of the United States and Europe are made to help illustrate the different forms of government and economic organization.
The main points of this chapter are as follows:
· The development of political thinking is important for functioning democracies, which rely on the informed choices of citizens for the formation of government. There are powerful barriers to political thinking, such as individual unwillingness to develop it, changing patterns of media consumption, and “spin” by political leaders. Political science is a discipline that can help develop political thinking among students and also lead to a fuller understanding of political phenomena.
· Every country has a distinctive political culture, a widely shared and deep-seated belief system. National identity in many countries is taken from the common ancestry and kinship they share. Americans are linked not by a shared ancestry but by the country’s political culture as the foundation of its national identity.
· Politics is the process through which a society settles its conflicts. Those who win, in political conflict, are said to have power, and those leaders that have gained the legitimacy to use that power have authority. The play of politics in the United States takes place in the con.
Americanpoliticalsystemppt 110919181530-phpapp01
The document discusses several key concepts related to understanding American politics. It defines politics as the process of making collective decisions and allocating public resources. It also discusses institutions as codified constraints on behavior, including organizations within government and rules. The American political system is complex due to its federal nature with multiple branches and levels of government, as well as outside groups seeking to influence politics.
Chapter1
This chapter discusses key concepts in American democracy such as deliberation, citizenship, and different theories of democracy. It outlines principles from the Declaration of Independence like equality, natural rights to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Representative democracy was chosen to allow for deliberation and include diverse interests. Direct democracy tools like initiatives and referendums empower citizens. Liberal democracies protect individual rights through principles like rule of law. An educated citizenry is important for democratic deliberation and decision making.
Power point Chapter 1
1. Public policy refers to the activities and decisions of government that influence citizens' lives. It involves policy choices by officials, implementation of programs, and impacts on citizens.
2. There are three levels of public policy - choices by officials, programs that put choices into action, and effects on citizens. Government uses various tools or instruments of public policy, including laws, services, money, taxes, and persuasion.
3. The choice of policy instruments is influenced by their probable effectiveness, political acceptability, experiences of policymakers, and traditions. The instruments can confer rights, distribute resources, and allocate burdens in society.
Tabakian Pols 1 Summer 2014 Power 8
John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Power Point Presentation for Political Science 1 - US Government - Summer 2014. Eighth Presentation.
Political science part i
Political science examines politics from several perspectives including as consensus and compromise between groups, as a struggle for power and resources, and as the art of governing a state or society. Key terms in political science include political process, political institutions, political situations, and political dynamics. Political science studies politics using various methodologies like historical, comparative, and scientific methods. The discipline has grown from studying the polis or city-state to examining larger states and now takes new approaches like political economy.
12758751.ppt
The document provides an overview of public policy as a field of study. It discusses that policy science emerged as a discipline in the post-World War II era in response to the growing complexity of governance. While early studies focused on political theory or specific institutions, policy science aimed to blend empirical examination with normative questions around justice and social development. The document also examines definitions of public policy by various scholars and notes it is a complex, dynamic process involving goals, decisions by multiple actors, and both action and non-action by governments.
PERSONALITIES.Political and Party system A political system refers to the sec...
Political and Party system
A political system refers to the section of the society which deals with matters and issues related to distribution of resources and conflict resolution. The system comprises of institutions, organizations, rules, principles, and behaviours related to conflict resolution, ie court system, executive, parliament, behaviours like voting.
a political system in which citizens govern themselves either directly or indirectly. The term democracy comes from Greek and means “rule of the people.” In Lincoln’s stirring words from the Gettysburg Address, democracy is “government of the people, by the people, for the people.” In direct (or pure) democracies, people make their own decisions about the policies and distribution of resources that affect them directly.
Tabakian Pols 1 Summer 2014 Power 7
John Paul Tabakian, Ed.D. Power Point Presentation for Political Science 1 - US Government - Summer 2014. Seventh Presentation.
American Public Policy Chapter 1
The document discusses Chapter 1 of the book American Public Policy. It defines public policy as the sum of government activities that influence citizens' lives. Public policy can be categorized into three levels: policy choices made by politicians, civil servants, or others that use public power to affect citizens; laws and court decisions; and administrative rules. The chapter also describes the three main divisions of the US government that impact public policy: federalism, separation of powers, and subgovernments/iron triangles. It concludes that these divisions can either facilitate or hinder the policymaking process.
Chapter 01
This chapter introduces the concepts of government, politics, and policy in America. It notes that young people are politically apathetic but that government still affects everyone. It defines key terms like government, politics, policymaking system, and democracy. It also discusses theories of democracy and questions about the scope and role of government in American society.
Introduction to Comparative Politics.pdf
"Introduction to Comparative Politics" is a foundational course that provides students with a comprehensive overview of political systems, institutions, and processes across different countries. The course aims to develop an understanding of the diverse ways in which societies organize and govern themselves. Topics covered often include the comparative analysis of political ideologies, government structures, electoral systems, political cultures, and policy outcomes. Students explore key concepts and theories that help them analyze and compare political systems, gaining insights into the factors influencing political development and behavior globally. Through case studies and cross-national comparisons, students develop critical thinking skills and a nuanced appreciation for the complexities of political dynamics in various regions. Overall, the course equips students with the tools to assess the similarities and differences among political systems, fostering a deeper understanding of the world's diverse political landscapes.
Fundamentals of Political Science.pdf
This course serves as an introduction to the foundational principles and concepts in political science. It covers the fundamental aspects of the discipline, including the study of political systems, government structures, political ideologies, and the behavior of individuals and groups within political contexts. Students will explore key theories, methods of analysis, and the diverse subfields within political science, such as comparative politics, international relations, political theory, and public policy. The course aims to provide a broad understanding of the principles shaping political phenomena and prepare students for more advanced studies in political science.
Ch. 1 What is Politics?
This document provides an overview of the fundamentals of political science. It begins by defining politics as the activity through which people make, preserve and amend the general rules under which they live. It discusses different approaches to defining politics, including politics as the art of government, public affairs, compromise and consensus, and power. Key concepts of politics like power, order and justice are also explained. The document then discusses studying politics, including different methods and purposes as well as challenges in defining the subject. It outlines major subfields in political science like political theory, government and politics, comparative politics, and international relations.
LAS-AP-PPG-12-Q1-WEEK1-ADONIS.CAPULONG.pdf
This document provides information about politics and governance. It defines politics as the activities associated with decision making in groups, including governments. Politics involves agreements between people to live together in groups. The study of politics is called political science. The document discusses different perspectives on politics and the value of politics, including helping people understand their rights and preparing them for adult life. It defines government as a group that rules a country and governance as what governments do to steer organizations according to established rules and laws. The key difference between government and governance is that government is the body or group in power, while governance refers to the process of ruling and decision making.
Presentation on political institution (polity)
This presentation discusses different types of political systems. It begins by defining political institutions and introducing various types proposed by Aristotle and Max Weber, including monarchy, oligarchy, democracy, traditional, charismatic, and legal-rational systems. Major contemporary systems are then examined like democracy, republic, monarchy, communism, and dictatorship. The conclusion emphasizes that political institutions encompass government structures and relationships, and that welfare states and democracies are the most widely accepted systems globally.
UCSP_Lesson 3_Understanding the Concept of Political Science.pdf
This document discusses the key concepts of political science including its nature, definitions, theories, and scope. Political science is defined as the study of politics and political systems, including the allocation of power and decision-making in governments. It examines political behaviors, institutions, and public policies. The document also explores different perspectives on defining politics, such as politics as the art of government, public affairs, compromise and consensus, and the study of power relations. It concludes with a discussion of political identities and the different forms of power in political systems.
Politics_Governance_and_Concepts.pptx
This document discusses basic concepts of politics and governance. It defines politics as focusing on the actions and decisions of the state, while political science studies the origins and functions of the state. Governance specifically deals with the distribution and exercise of power in government for societal benefit. The document also outlines different fields of political science including political theory, methodology, comparative politics, international relations, and law. It emphasizes that knowledge of politics and governance is critical for citizens to participate in their state and safeguard against abuse of power.
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Chapter 1 for blog review
- 1. Introducing Government in America Chapter 1
- 2. Introduction Politics and government matter. Americans are apathetic about politics and government. American youth are not likely to be informed about government and politics and rarely participate in politics.
- 3. Introduction
- 4. Introduction
- 5. Introduction
- 6. Government Definition: Government is the institutions and processes through which public policies are made for society. This definition leads to two basic questions: How should we govern? What should government do? Governments typically maintain a national defense, provide services, collect taxes, and preserve order.
- 7. Politics Definition: Politics is the process by which we select our governmental leaders and what policies they produce—politics produces authoritative decisions about public issues. Also consider lAsswell’s definition: Who gets what, when and how.
- 8. The Policymaking System The process by which policy comes into being and evolves over time
- 9. Linkage Institutions Definition: Linkage institutions are the politicAl chAnnels through which people’s concerns become political issues on the policy agenda. Political Parties Elections News & Entertainment Media Interest Groups
- 10. Policy Agenda Definition: The policy agenda are issues that attract the serious attention of public officials. Political issues arise when people disagree about a problem and how to fix it. Some issues will be considered, & others will not. A government’s policy AgendA chAnges regularly.
- 11. Policymaking Institutions Definition: Policymaking institutions are the branches of government charged with taking action on political issues. Legislature (Congress) Executive (President) Courts (Federal and State) Bureaucracies (Federal and State)
- 12. Policies Impact People Public Policy: a choice that government makes in response to a political issue.
- 13. Democracy Definition: Democracy is a system of selecting policymakers and of organizing government so that policy represents and responds to the public’s preferences. Components of Traditional Democratic Theory: Equality in voting Effective participation Enlightened understanding Citizen control of the agenda Inclusion
- 14. Theories of U.S. Democracy Pluralist Theory A theory of government and policies emphasizing that politics is mainly a competition among groups, each one pressing for its own preferred policies Groups will work together Public interest will prevail through bargaining and compromise
- 15. Theories of U.S. Democracy Elite and Class Theory A theory of government and politics contending that societies are divided along class lines and that an upper- class elite will rule, regardless of the formal niceties of governmental organization Not all groups are equal Policies benefit those with money & power
- 16. Theories of U.S. Democracy Hyperpluralism A theory of government and politics contending that groups are so strong that government is weakened. Groups control policy and prevent government from acting Difficulty in coordinating policy implementation Confusing and contradictory policies result from politicians trying to placate every group
- 17. American Political Culture and Democracy Political Culture: An overall set of values widely shared within a society. American culture is diverse and comprised of: Liberty Egalitarianism—favors equality Individualism Laissez-faire—”leAve it Alone” Populism—appealing to the average guy