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PSC 201-001, Spring 2012
Final Exam Study Guide
Exam Date: Tuesday, May 1, 8:00 – 10:30 a.m.
Format: Multiple Choice: 35 questions x 2 points each = 70 points
Short Answer: 4 questions x 10 points each = 40 points
Short Essay: 3 questions x 30 points each = 90 points
200 points
Chapter 8
Supplemental Reading:
• Sen- “Democracy as a Universal Value”
• Friedrich and Brzezinski-“ Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy”
• Putnam-“The Strange Disappearance of Civic America”
In Class Notes f/ Chapter 8:
I. What is comparative politics?
• Both a subject and a method
• Study of politics within states
o French government, Asian Government, exc.
• International relations vs. Comparative Politics
o International Relations: Study of conflict within states (wars,
policies w/ countries)
o Comparative Politics: Studies institutions, type of government,
electoral procedure
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2. • An Institution: rules of politics that endure from election to election (i.e.
supreme court, political parties, electoral systems, policies, institutions)
• Major Trends
o Huntington coined the term- “Waves of Democracy”
 Increase in democracies in the world then a decrease
 When it spreads it spreads quickly, but then there is a
backlash
 Spill over effect into other countries

 democratization is hard, people must have faith and know it
is going to work eventually
 some are scared of democracy
Why some countries are developed and others are Underdeveloped?
o Democratic nations are usually more developed
o Free mark economy, resources, and education
Political Culture
-Values people share about politics/government
Civic Culture
-Putnam: “Bowling Alone”-metaphor for how civil society has changed
-realm of organizations outside the government (churches, rotary club, exc.)
The “method” of comparative politics
-both a cultural and institutional explanation to make systematic comparisons of states
-Barrington Moore (1966)-Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy
-uses the method of historical analysis to determine why some societies became
democracies, fascist regimes, and communist
-“no bourgeoisie, no democracy”
-Russia became communist b/c no bourgeoisie
Why do some states become democratic?
-The Answer: Comparatist’s grouped this into two categories
Type of Answers:
Cultural: Hartz: No feudalism, no liberalism (no history of
feudalism, this is why we have classical liberalism in the US)
*Institutional: electoral system- Duverger’s law: In political
science, Duverger's law is a principle which asserts that a plurality rule election system tends to
2

3. favor a two-party system. This is one of two hypotheses proposed by Duverger, the second
stating that “the double ballot majority system and proportional representation tend to
multipartism.”
Two Options for electoral system:
o FPTP- 2 Party System (US)
o Voting for people, not parties
o One rep. that wins in each seat position
o PR-Multi-system (Eur.)
o Proportional representation: bigger districts, each district elects 3 reps
o Voting for parties not people
o Coalitions must group together to form a majority
II. Authoritarianism
o Rule by 1 person or a small group of people that suppresses the rights and
liberties of the population
o Traditional styled authoritarianism has declined since WWII
Characteristics:
*-1 person making decisions(autocracy) or small group of people(oligarchy)-
citizens have no input or say-no consultation
*-Transitions to power are not decided by free and fair elections
-Absolute monarchy(succession)- Like S. Arabia(no constitution or laws)
-Coup d’état can account for government change/authority
-Where coups happen 1 time, they usually happen a lot
-Rigged elections
-Limits on free speech and the government controls the press- Silent all opposition
-Lack of Competitive political party
-i.e. Sadam has the Bath party, gives the Totalitarianism illusion of legitimacy
III. Totalitarianism: Total control over citizens to change society towards “some utopian
vision”
-tries to control what is happening inside peoples mind
-tries to change the way they think
-Fascism and communism are 2 sects of totalitarianism
A. Fascism:
1.) As an ideology: extreme nationalism based on ethnicity
-State is more important than citizens-Citizens share no real importance
2.) example: Hitler in Germany (Blonde Hair and Blue Eyes)
-not trying to spread globally, just fix Germany
B. Communism Totalitarianism: Stalin in U.S.S.R.
-no free marker
-getting rid of ethnic nationalism/huge contrast to Fascism
-Stalin’s Utopia: Marx’s idea of Utopia
o Everyone working together for the good of the state
o Eliminate all classes-Workers should have the power
o “United Workers of the World”: wanted to spread globally
o eliminate capitalism
o eliminate private ownership of property
o government must exercise complete control to do this
Characteristics of Totalitarianism-“Friedrich and Brzezinski (1965)”
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4. Autocracy Democracy
I
Not Free Free
-Totalitarianism Auth.
-Fascism
-Communism
Fascism vs. Communism
o Fascism: Imperial predominance of ethnic nationalism
o Communism: World revolution of the proletariat
1.) All encompassing ideology
2.) Single political party led by 1 man
3.) Terrorist police control
4.) Total control of mass communication
5.) Monopoly of weapons(only agents of the State can own weapons)
6.) Central control of the economy
Contrast of Authoritarianism and Totalitarianism
AUTH.: 1.) Leader makes all decisions
2.) Transitions not by F and F elections
3.) Control of media/ no free speech
4.) No party competition
TOTAL.: 1.) All encompassing ideology
2.) Single party led by one man
3.) Terrorist police control
4.) Total control of the mass communication
5.) Monopoly on weapons
6.) Central economy
*N. Korea fits example of totalitarianism today
IV. Democracy
A. Development of the concept
-Locke is an early democratic theorist-Theorize about equal rights-not explicit, but
ideology has in common with LOCKIAN LIBERALISM
-Tocqueville: danger of the tyranny of majority
-questioning democracy in its simplest form
-democracy cannot just be a majority rule, must have equal protections for the
minority
-w/o this democracy is nothing but another system of Authoritarian government
o Utilitarianism: Greatest good for the Greatest number
-Bentham: 1st
theorist on utilitarianism-Does not care what makes people happy
-Example of Util.: If you have a society in which the pop. Enjoys torturing people
and the Gov. promotes this than the Gov. is doing their job
J.S. Mill: Modifies utilitarianism in light of Tocqueville criticism: Legit. Forms of
happiness/higher levels of happiness
-no notion of justice, no notion of protection
-individual rights and freedoms
-Mill’s Harm Principle
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5. -Use your hand for anything until you punch (harm) someone
J.S. Mill: Torturing is not a legitimate form of happiness; must have intellectual
pop. And they can make the best/ most educated decision
Characteristics of a modern democracy:
1.) Constitutional limits on government and protections of rights
2.) Civil society: people associating outside of the government
o Increased trust among people
Putnam: “Bowling Alone”: TV is the culprit for declining civil society
3.) Free and fair elections
4.) Free Political party competition
5.) Protection of basic freedoms
Putnam’s- “Bowling Alone”: Civil society dissipating in today’s culture (TV is culprit)
-Negated all of these other reasons for dissipation
-Business
-Economic hard times
-Movement to suburbs
-Movement of women into paid workforce
-The 60’s in general
Autocracy: A type of authoritarian regime where one person is in control of the laws and
policies of the state
-Deny their citizens the right to freely participate
-Most promise to provide their citizens with rights and freedom, few ever deliver on these
promises
-Citizens have few guarantees and even under the most decent of rulers, the citizens still serve at
the whims of the leaders
-No constitutional freedoms, and by definition subject to the demands and expectations of each
regime
Characteristic 1: Authoritarian Leaders are the primary source of laws and policy
choices within their state’s borders
Characteristic 2: The Transition of Power in an Authoritarian State is determined by
Means other than free and open elections
Characteristic 3: Authoritarian states limit Free Speech and Control the Press in an
attempt to Maintain Political Power
Characteristic 4: Authoritarian states lack representative political parties
Oligarchy: A type of authoritarian state in which the laws and policies are in the hands of a
small group of people
Absolute monarchy: A rule by one person who is the creator and enforcer of all legislation.
This is in contrast to a “constitutional monarchy”, which can be said to describe the governments
of Great Britain, the Netherlands, and Spain: All of which have limited monarchical authority
and strong representative traditions
Utopian Society: In relation to totalitarian states-(Nazi Germany-Hitler and Stalin-Soviet
Union)-powerful enough to change the political mindset of its citizens; These rulers did not only
desire power for themselves, but also an ideological change in the very fabric of their citizens
5

6. Communism: A type of TOTALITARIAN state is one in which power is controlled by the
government and whose policies are based on the suppression of religion, nationalism, and private
property. In communist states, the economy is said to be centrally planned, that is, prices and
salaries are controlled and regulated by the state
Fascism: A type of totalitarian state in which power is tightly controlled by the government and
is derived from extreme nationalist policies. The beliefs of the state are held above those of the
individual and each individual is forced into working for the success of the entire state. The
concept emerged in Italy in the 1920s under the leadership of Benito Mussolini as an
antidemocratic and antisocialist ideology
Authoritarianism
Totalitarianism (from Friedrich and Brzezinski)”: A(from the Book)]: defined as those that desire
to maintain power(as all authoritarian states do) but more importantly, to create a utopian society
that is powerful enough to change the political mindset of its citizens-“the state” as their highest
duty
B.(from Friedrich and Brzezinski)}:
1.) All encompassing ideology
2.) Single political party led by 1 man
3.) Terrorist police control
4.) Total control of mass communication
5.) Monopoly of weapons(only agents of the State can own weapons)
6.) Central control of the economy
Regime type of: North Korea: Many outside organizations describe North Korea as a
totalitarian, single-party Stalinist dictatorship
-One of the most militarized states in the world
-Leader is King Jong II
-Part of the axis of evil: possess nuclear weapons; unstable authoritative government
-The Democratic People’s Republic of North Korea
-Came about due to a split with South (US support during the Cold War 1950’s) and the North
(Communist Support)
-New system of “juche” or self-reliance
-Trade from Western countries dwindled and private initiatives within N. Korea disappeared;
PDS( Public Distribution System) became the centerpiece for bureaucracy
China: Mao’s Communist Party-People’s Republic of China
o Tiananmen Square protest for human rights and democratic values
o Mao developed a theory of governing that incorporated elements of Marxism-
Leninism into a largely peasant-based society
o Chinese Communist Party
o Media is directly controlled by the Communist Party’s Central Propaganda
Department
Saudi Arabia: Absolute Monarchy: “Constitution: that the throne shall remain in the hands of
the sons and grandsons of the kingdom’s founder”. Al Saud-Royal Family
6

7. o Wahabbism: A form of Sunni Islam established in the 18th
century by Muhammad
Ibn Abdul-abl-Wahhab. It is considered by most scholars as one of the most
conservative interpretations of the Muslim holy book, the Koran.
o Patriarchy: A concept that is used to define societies that places men in positions
of power over women
o Three advisory boards: Council of Ministers, Shura Council, and Consultative
Council
o Advisory boards established due to recent “waves of democratization” in the
M.E., ruling family had to distract away from the authoritative government in
place
Sen article
Utilitarianism: The greatest good for the greatest number; As long as the greatest number of
people experienced the greatest amount of happiness, the democratic government would be
justified and its legislation deemed legitimate
Characteristics of Democracy:
#1.) Democracies enumerate Citizens Rights and Government structures, procedures, and
limitations by means of a constitution
#2) Democracies Rely on the presence of a civil society
-Civil Society: An indicator of political stability that has been used as a characteristic of
democracies. Within a civil society, individuals and organizations promote a diversity of
interests and respect for civil liberties
#3) Free, Fair, and Open Elections
#4) Free Political Parties
-Platform: The ways that political parties articulate their stances on economic, political,
and social issues
#5) Democracies accept the basic freedoms of Speech, Press, Religion, Protest, and Economy
Number of democracies since 1950s (increased or decreased? Slightly or dramatically?)
-At the beginning of the 1950s, only 22 countries were considered democratic , and today there
are over 120
Factors of the increase:
#1.) WWII ended the military and political establishments of Germany and Japan, but also
European colonialism in general
-One by one, the states of W. Europe lost their colonies in Africa, the M.East, and Asia, as a
result the number of independent states tripled and quadrupled over the next two decades.
7

8. -Although most newly independent states had desired a democratic system of rule at the time of
their independence, certain problems related to poverty and historical differences prevented a
smooth transition from colonial status to democracy.
-This rocky transition best defines our understanding of those states we define as newly
democratic
#2.) the collapse of communism
Putnam on social capital
Chapter 9
• Diamond, “The Spirit of Democracy”
• Sarsar, “Quantifying Arab Democracy”
Presidential System of Dem.: A system in which the executive branch is separate from that of
the legislature
Parliamentary System: A System in which the executive branch is part of the legislation-I.e.
England. The prime minister is head of the executive and legislative branches. Elected by
colleagues in parliament. Elected officials, not the citizens, the opportunity of choosing the head
of government
Federal systems (why would a state be federal system?)
A system of government that divides authority between a national government and local/regional
governments. Fed. Systems rely on the belief that limited governmental authority is the best type
of governmental authority. This thinking goes, if the regions or provinces have constitutionally
defined power (even if it s superior), in theory there is a lesser chance of tyranny because neither
will have absolute authority. Those in favor of federalism have argued that provinces or regions
should have the constitutional authority to create and pass legislation within their own regions
because the local or regional governments are best suited to understand their own region’s
policies, problems, and people. (Australia, United States, and Switzerland)
Unitary systems (why would a state be unitary?)
The central government has absolute authority and is the sole repository of legislation. The
national Gov. is not only superior to the regional or provincial governments but also has absolute
authority because it adds to the general stability of the state. In unitary states, the national
parliament serves as the sole repository of legislation. Unitary systems have both the
8

9. constitutional authority to create all of the state’ legislation and also the ability to overrule the
legislation of smaller provinces or regions. The classic example of the unitary system of rule was
France, where it was once joked that all of the school bells in France ring simultaneously,
underling the notion that the seat of the national government in Paris ruled all lesser provinces
and regions.
Unicameral/bicameral (advantages of each)
Bicameral
-A lower house, like the British House of Commons, is designed to best represent the will of the
people. Thus, its members are elected directly by the people and their representation is based on
population
-Upper House, An upper house is intended to be removed from the day-to-day activities of
legislature. Thus, it promotes the national interest and provides consultation on serious issues
Madison’s solution was therefore to create two houses, designed with different powers and
electoral procedures that could not only balance the authority of the executive, but also limit the
power of factions that could develop within the legislature itself.
1. British Bicameral system: House of Lords: the upper house in the British parliament. The
House of Lords reflects the history and traditions of British society. Today it serves as a
deliberative body that can no longer prevent the passage of legislation, but simply delay
it.
House of Commons: The lower house in the British parliament. Members of the House
of Commons(Known as members of parliament or MPs) are directly elected by the
people and therefore are charged with the duty of passing legislation
2. Japan’s Bi-cameral system: National Diet: The formal name of the Japanese Legislature
composing the House of Councilors and the House of representatives
-House of Councilors: The upper house in the Japanese parliament. It is designed to
approve proposed legislation that has already been passed in the lower House of Reps.
However, if it chooses to reject the proposed law, its ruling can be overturned in the
House of Reps by a two thirds majority rule
-House of Representatives: The lower house in the Japanese parliament. Its members
are voted on directly by the people and it is the ultimate source of authority in the
legislative process
-Multiparty Parliamentary Democracy: A democratic state that has more than two
active political parties in legislature
Unicameral
-Legislatures that have only one house
Three advantages:
1.) Greater efficiency
• Faster time, no competition between two parties in Bicameral system
2.) Greater Accountability
• Upper house has no real accountability, removed from political opinion
3.) Fewer expenses
-Unicameral states are usually possess more similar features. First, unitary, unicameral states are
usually more culturally and linguistically homogeneous than federal, bicameral states. It is
believed that one-chambered houses are designed to concentrate the beliefs of individuals and or
political parties, yet also reflect the nation as a whole. Ideological differences are valued as
necessary to democracies but should never be powerful enough to destroy the entire system; one-
chambered houses like Ukraine and Costa Rica, reflect this attitude
9

10. Secondly, unitary unicameral states are the most common form of government in the world
today. With the end of the colonial era and a rise in those who believe in direct representation,
most newly created states have opted for unitary, unicameral systems. Most new states that share
a common culture and history have opted f/ unicameralism .
Parliamentary government: which state is the model?
-**The United Kingdom, refer to notes on bicameralism and representation through the House of
Lords and the House of Commons (British System in Particular)**
Parliamentary system as fusion of powers/presidential system as separation of powers
(why?)
-In PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM: The PM serves as head of both the executive and legislative
branches. PM’s come to power through their party and are elected to their position by their
colleagues in parliament. In this way, parliamentary systems are designed to allow their elected
officials, and not the citizens, the opportunity of choosing the head of government.
-In PRESENDENTIAL SYSTEM: Presidential systems are defined by the presence of an
independent executive branch, determined by the citizens directly. Checks on power.
Judicial review/parliamentary sovereignty
Judicial Review: The power granted to certain supreme courts to declare acts and laws passed
by legislatures and executives to be invalid if they are in conflict with the state’s constitution.
Parliamentary Sovereignty: A distinction that holds that the legislature is the most powerful
source of law making and interpretation. The UK does not have a SC, uses a system of
Parliamentary Sovereignty and Common Law.
Winner-Take-All-System: An electoral system that grants victory to the candidate who receives
the majority of votes in his/her system.
• The candidate that receives the majority of votes (51%) in his/her particular
district wins the seat. There are no seats for second, third or, fourth place
• The only candidate that reps the district is the candidate that wins the majority
of people’s votes.
• US House of Reps: 435 Districts in 50 States
• UK-House of Commons: 650 Districts-650 seats
•
Indefinite Term: Term that is defined by the head of government, not by a constitutional decree.
For example, the PM of the UK must call for general elections at some point before a five-year
period expires, but its timing is up to his/her discretion.
-The British system, like all parliamentary systems fuses the authority of the executive (PM)
with that of the legislature. After an election if held, the winning party (majority party) in the
House of Commons names the PM
Political Parties: Political parties who members vote according to the established party platform
and rarely vote according to their own consciences
Undisciplined Political Parties: Political parties whose members are free to vote according to
their own personal beliefs
10

11. Proportional Representation Systems: An electoral system that is designed to send a number
of different party representatives to the national legislature (Party A, B, C, D, E, 35% to A, 30%
to B, 15% to C, 10% to D, and 10% E each are represented by proportional number of seats
Personalized Proportional system: A hybrid approach to selecting party representation that
combines elements of the winner-take- all and PR system
• Used in Germany, for elections for the Bunderstag, its lower house. Citizens vote for half
of the Bunderstag by means of a winner take all election and the other half by
proportional representation
Chapter 10
• Havel, “ The Power of the Powerless
• Nelson, “Hitler’s Propaganda Machine”
Duverger’s Law: Explored in Chapter 8 notes; Definition
Authoritarianism: more or less prevalent historically?
Authoritarianism is much more historically prevalent than democracy. This fusion of religion
and politics has been occurring for centuries. Religion and Politics provided a similar function:
to create the best laws in order to create the greatest amount of order, which will, in turn, create
the greatest level of happiness and virtue. Scholars of the ancient and medieval worlds decided
that universal laws-those laws that apply to all humans-were out of humanity’s reach b/c they
were divine in origin
Justifications of authoritarianism
-At the end of the medieval period, political science witnessed the beginning of a new rationale
for authoritarianism; one that argued that security and power, on their own, are strong enough to
provide justification to ruling parties
o Machiavelli’s justification: Machiavelli’s negative view of humanity yielded his
belief in the installation of one powerful leader to provide both national unity and
security
o Hobbes: Auth. is a “natural” consequence-Hobbes LEVIATHON argues that
man’s natural level of selfishness and greed perpetuated the desire for
authoritarianism. Hobbes in effect argues that the reason author
Havel article
11

12. Nelson article
Chapter 11
• Sun Tzu, The Art of War-Considered one of the earliest accounts of classic realism
• Marx and Engels, Communist Manifesto
Hard power/soft power
o Power: The ability to make others do something that they would otherwise not have done
o Hard Power: Using military and or/ economic pressure in a way that allows one state to
force another to do something it might have wanted to do
o Soft Power: Using methods other than military/economic coercion to receive desired
outcomes. For example, getting another country to “want” the things we want can create
a system of security
Classical realism: concepts and assumptions
o Classic Realism: The school of thought in international relations that sees power as the
main goal of each state. In addition, classic realists claim that the state is the main actor
in international relations, that it is to be thought of as a unitary actor, and that
international politics is inherently chaotic
Three Core Assumptions:
1.) Classic realists have maintained that the STATE is the dominant actor in
international affairs. The evolution of the international system has given states
the primary task of conducting international affairs. Why? B/c states have
sovereignty, the ability to collect taxes, and to wage war. Other actors in the
international system do not. It is from this initial premise that classic realism
flows
2.) Classic realists asset that states are rational, unitary actors. This means that
states are assumed to behave like rational individuals with the ability to
evaluate certain strengths and weaknesses as they relate to their own security.
3.) C.R’s claim that the international system is anarchical and chaotic. This
determination is based on the fact that the international system does not have a
world Gov. capable of stifling conflict and war. It is this absence that has
placed the state as the only legitimate actor capable of creating stability on an
international level
12

13. Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War
o Wrote in Western tradition at the same time as Sun Tzo
o Credited as one of the first written histories
o Discussion of “power politics” bring to light his unique contribution to the field of IR
o EX. OF CR in action; Island of Melos must choose b/w death or slavery; This is a classic
example of how “might makes right” and that the powerful will do what is in their
interest and the weak can only accept the consequences
Idealism
o Expansion of Kant’s interpretation of Liberalism: The school of thought that is centered
on the creation of international institutions designed to enhance the natural tendencies of
cooperation found in human nature
o Kant: Peace is only possible through the establishment of republican states that value the
necessity of the system in equal proportion to that of its own. This model creates the
perpetual peace theory because national legislation will become international law and
will therefore not only have to protect domestic, civil rights, but also those at the
international level, namely cosmopolitan or universal rights.
o Idealism: Personified by Woodrow Wilson, idealism is based on the notion of ethical
determinations in foreign policy and the spreading of democratic principles, including the
(1) right of self-determination, (2) free speech, (3), Fair and Free Elections;
o Wilson’s contribution to idealism is embodied in his famous 14 points;
 A list of necessary principles written at the end of the WWI, the 14 points
outlined that through: (1): proper education, (2): democratic governance,
(3): the promotion of equality, (4): most importantly, an international
relations agenda committed to collective security, peace was possible;
Collective security
o The idea that an attack on one particular state by another, should be understood as an
attack against all states
Neoliberalism
o The school of though that says because states are constantly interacting with each other
they value cooperation as part of their own self-interest
o Idealized by the prisoner’s dilemma
Liberals vs. Neoliberals
o For Classic liberals, states cooperate in international institutions b/c they argue that
humans are generally good-natured and have the capacity to better the human experience
by constantly reforming the ills of existing institutions.
o Neoliberals, on the other hand, argue that b/c states are constantly interacting with one
another they value cooperation as a part of their self-interest
Marxism
o Long-term class struggle b/w who controls the mode of production (bourgeoisie) and
those who work within the confines of such a system (proletariat).
13

14. o In an international relations context:
-Bourgeoisie(owners): and the government are one in the same
-Since the Gov. benefits from the wealth it can accumulate in terms of taxes, it refuses to
pass laws that could possibly jeopardize economic growth
-States that have succeeded in terms of economic development have done so through the
exploitation of the developing world. British Gov. realized it needed a constant supply of
resources in order that it might remain as one of Europe’s dominant powers
-Once the capitalist government realized that it was unable to create the kinds of profits
necessary for development, it searched out new lands in possession of natural resources
and/or labor. After the colonials (say in India) had been conquered, the British created a
political system that kept the people from revolting, kept its resources growing,
strengthened international laws that protected trade policies and routes, and last brought
colonial elites to London to be educated and then transferred them back to the colony.
o Perpetuation and protection of private property is what drove colonialism
Colonialism
o A form of state domination in which one state controls the political system of
another or several others for its own gain
Imperialism:
o The highest stage of capitalism according to V.I. Lenin. It was the stage at which
industrial growth and the banking system became monopolized by a wealthy
group of state and industry leaders. For Lenin, it was the stage immediately before
the worldwide communist revolution
Alienation of labor
o The concept developed by Karl Marx that explained the ways in which modern life
removes the worker from the product he/she is creating
Neo-Marxism
o Neo-Marxism is a loose term for various twentieth-century approaches that amend or
extend Marxism and Marxist theory, usually by incorporating elements from other
intellectual traditions, such as: critical theory, psychoanalysis or Existentialism (in the
case of Sartre).
o Michael Hardt and Negri (leading neo-Marxists) associated new developments in trade
policies(that gave a significant increase of leverage to wealthy capitalist states) with the
rise in what has been referred to as “the new world order”.
o New World Order: For NM this is the way in which the exploitation of the wealthy over
the poor will continue. It is best seen in the ways that large corporations have been
successful in passing legislation that allows them to lower other poorer countries’ tariffs
and gain access to their markets, resources, and labor.
Dependency Theory
1.) Prebisch stated that the world was best understood as one that was divided between
“core” and “peripheral” states (core=wealthy states, peripheral=poor states)
2.) B/C peripheral states produce primary good (AG) for export to the core states and the
CS produce secondary goods(manufactured goods) for export to periphery,
technology took off in the core but remained underdeveloped in the periphery.
3.) The core states gained wealthy B/C they were able to save their money through the
development expansion of trade unions and strong financial institutions
14

15. 4.) B/C the peripheral states did not need technology to produce items for export, its
goods remained cheap and uncompetitive, and their Gov. could not save money and
grow wealth
o Consequently, the peripheral became dependent on the core states
Modernization Theory
o who argued that economic development was based on an evolutionary pattern of growth
and that 3rd
world countries had the ability to become 1st
world countries if they adhered
to certain principles of growth, namely free market principles and capitalism.
o Walt Whitman Rostow argued that there is a formula for economic growth and
development. Prosperity is based on the ability of certain states to assume an economic
formula that will move them from “traditional life” to “mass consumption”
Constructivism
o A school of thought within international relations that examines the impact of values and
norms on the behavior of states
o Tend to believe that the international system is anarchical but do not stress the
assumptions about its outcomes
o Constructivist argue that it is the international community that perpetuates the
development of norms within states. Thus, constructivists argue that norms emerge from
the top (those in positions of authority w/in the international community) and flow
downward into the domestic realm of the state
Chapter 12
• Guo, “Comparing Nixon/Kissinger Foreign Policy to European Diplomacy in Early
to Mid-19th
Century
• Wilson, “War Message”
When did modern international relations begin?
o 30 Years War of 1648:A war fought in Europe during the period 1618-1648 that was
begun by the Catholic states in an attempt to bring the Protestant parts back to the “true”
faith. Its conclusion resulted in the modern idea of the state as we know it today and the
rise of international relations based on political rather than religious motives
Characteristics of modern period of international relations
1.) Sovereignty: The state is the sole source of authority within its borders
2.) Territorial integrity: The State has the right to prevent aggression on its borders
3.) The national interest. The state places the strength of the state as its primary goal
 Secularism was also an important defining characteristic of the modern period of
international relations
Great powers of Europe
1.) France
2.) Great Britain
3.) Russia
4.) Prussia
5.) Austria
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16.  Realized their dominance was beneficial to both themselves sand more
importantly to the stability of Europe
18th
century balance of power (characteristics; When/why did it end?)
 18th
Century balance of Power (Reactionary Model)- Lack of international
agreements and institutions. The five great powers come together only after a
state has upset the balance
 19th
Century Balance (preemptive): Congress of Vienna was formed to prevent the
collapse of the great powers system
 Concert of Europe: The name given to the European balance of power system of
the 19th
century. While many scholars agree that the 19th
century had several low-
level wars (wars fought between some of the great powers), the system that was
forged in Vienna proved strong enough to prevent war for almost 100 years
Permanent members of UN Security Council
1.) The United States
2.) France
3.) Russia
4.) China
5.) United Kingdom
Cold War system (bipolar/multipolar?)
o Bipolar system-US Capitalism vs. USSR(previously Germany) Communism
o The Cold War (approx. 1945–1991) was a continuing state of political and military
tension between the powers of the Western world, led by the United States and its NATO
allies, and the communist world, led by the Soviet Union, its satellite states and allies.
This began after the success of their temporary wartime alliance against Nazi Germany,
leaving the USSR and the US as two superpowers with profound economic and political
differences. The Soviet Union created the Eastern Bloc with the eastern European
countries it occupied, maintaining these as satellite states. The post-war recovery of
Western Europe was facilitated by the United States' Marshall Plan, while the Soviet
Union, wary of the conditions attached, declined and set up COMECON with its Eastern
allies. The United States forged NATO, a military alliance using containment of
communism as a main strategy through the Truman Doctrine, in 1949, while the Soviet
bloc formed the Warsaw Pact in 1955. Some countries aligned with either of the two
powers, whilst others chose to remain neutral with the Non-Aligned Movement.
Guo article
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17. Wilson, “War Message”
League of Nations (flaws)
o Attempted to achieve stability through a policy of collective security.
o League’s policy of collective security placed an equal share of responsibility and an
assumption of power upon all members
o Each members state possessed an equal vote regardless of its economic or military
capabilities
o Lacked membership from the world’s most powerful states: the United States and The
Soviet Union
Chapter 13
• Huntington, “The Clash of Civilizations”
• Mahbubani “ The Dangers of Decadence”
Deterrence: To deter literally means to stop someone from doing something by frightening him
or her; dissuasion by deterrence operates by frightening a state out of attacking, not because of
launching an attack and carrying it home, but because the expected reaction of the opponent will
result in one’s own sever punishment
Containment:
o A strategy used in the Cold War designed to stop the spread of Soviet power and
communism
Marshall Plan: Provided financial support to Europe following WWII. The United States
realized that in order for it to maintain its dominance in areas of trade, it needed strong,
reliable European trading partners
NATO: The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was established in 1949 and was
designed primarily as a military organization among American and European powers. Its
original purpose was to prevent Soviet aggression in Western Europe
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18. Warsaw Pact: During the Cold War, the collection of Eastern European states that were
controlled by and part of the Soviet Union
Domino Theory: The Cold World Theory that argued that as soon as one country
became communist, the surrounding states would as well
Effects of globalization
Pluralist-interdependence theorists: argue that the traditional concepts of sovereignty
and territorial integrity are no longer capable of explaining how the world works. Instead they
contend that non-state actors (private organizations, private corporations, and private
individuals), which have traditionally been ignored, have become powerful enough to formulate
and carry out policies that have led to a more interconnected world. As a results, new term was
developed for this era: globalization.
o Globalization: The global process that has witnessed a rise in the free movement and
interconnectedness of goods, services, information, and people at the expense of the
nation-state
1.) Globalization has to do with the “free movement” of items from one place
to another; some lawful other unlawful;
2.) Appears that globalization has to do with speed. It’s not just MNC or
terrorist groups, it has to do with improvement with technology and
communication tools
3.) Globalization has to do with the weakening of “state sovereignty” and the
emergence of nontraditional sources of authority
NGOs:
o Groups that seek to privately help raise awareness and money for specific causes. In
many parts of the developing world today, NGOs work in conjunction with governments
to care for people dying of disease, victims of natural disasters, environmental causes,
and the like
MNCs:
o Companies that have the potential for global reach. In other words, they have the capacity
(wealth, technology, personnel) to build, sell, and service products to and from any
location in the world
o MNC’s have more power than the actual government they are in;
Neoliberalism
1.) The ideology that combines the political principles of classical liberalism with those of
neoclassical economics; especially those that argue that the economy must remain
unfettered by the government
Huntington article
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