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PHARMACOLOGY
Derived from Greek word i.e. Pharmacon means a
drug and logos means to Study
It is the branch of Medical Science, which deals
with the mechanism of action, use and unwanted
effects of drugs.
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY:
It is the science in which deals with the study of
pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokienetics of the
drug during the treatment of the disease.
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PHARMACY
It is science and art of preparing, compounding and
dispensing of drugs for medical purposes.
MATERIA MEDICA
It deals with origin, preparation and clinical use of
drugs.
DOSE:
A measured portion of any therapeutic agent to be
administered at one time.
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DRUG:
A chemical, physiological or biological agent used
for treatment, prevention and diagnosis of human
and animal diseases.
MEDICINE
A measured or calculated substance used for the
treatment or prevention of disease.
THERAPEUTICS
It is concerned with the cure of disease and the relief
of suffering. There are three types of therapeutics
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EMPERICAL THERAPEUTICS
In it the disease is treated by own experience. Cause
of disease and effect of drug is not known
RATIONAL THERAPEUTICS
These are the application of methods, which are
based on the knowledge of Physiology,
Pathophysiology and pharmacological effects of
drugs.
ACCESSORY THERAPEUTICS
In it we change the climate, food, clothing etc or by
exercise for better treatment of diseases.
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CHEMOTHERAPY:
It is the use of drugs to destroy invading organisms
without damaging to host cells.
PHARMACOTHERAPY
It deals with the use of drugs for prevention and
treatment of disease.
ENDOCRINE PHARMACOLOGY
It is the branch of science which deals with the study
of effects and action of endocrine gland secretion
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METROLOGY
It is the study of weight and measures as applied to
the preparation and administration of drugs.
PHARMACOGENETICS:
It is the study of effects of genetic factors on the
individual organism’s response to drugs.
PHARMACOGNOSY:
It deals with the sources of drugs.
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POSOLOGY
It deals with the doses of drugs.
VERMICIDAL
Any substance which cause the death of parasitic
worms e.g. Kamala
VERMIFUGE
Any substance, which causes the expulsion of
parasitic, worms e.g. Phenothiazine
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AQUAE
These are prepared either by distilling the drug with
water and preserving the distillate or by making a
simple solution of the agent in distilled water e.g.
Aquae Rosae
ACETA (Vinegars)
Prepared by dissolving the active principles of drug
in Acetic acid or by macerating the drug itself in
acetic acid e.g. Acetum cantharidini
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DECOCTA (Decoction)
Are prepared by boiling the drug in distilled water for
a certain time and then straining e.g Decoctum
haematoxyli
INFUSA (Infusions)
Are prepared by treating the prepared drug with
boiling water and than straining e.g. Infusum
digitalis
TINCTURES
Solutions of medicinal agents in alcohol e.g Tin.opii
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EXTRACTA (Extracts)
May be solid, Semi-solid or liquid .g Extractum
Belladonna Siccum etc
GLYCERINA
Are solutions of various drugs in glycerin e.g.
glycerinum Boracis
MELLITA (honeys)
Mellita are thick liquid preparations containing
honey e.g. MelBoracis
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SPIRTUS (Spirits)
Spirtus are solutions of drugs in rectified spirit e.g.
Spirtus camphorae.
LIQUORES (Liquors)
These are solutions of medicinal agents in water &
in many instances the process of preparation is
complex.e.g Liquor Ammonia Acetatis Fortis.
PULVERS (Powders)
These are mixtures of finely powdered drugs e.g.
Pulvis ginger.
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SYRUPI (Syrups)
Syrups consists of strong solution of refined sugar in
distilled water ,to which is added the medicinal
agent in the state of solution e.g. Syrupus tolutanus
MISTURES (Mixtures)
Mixtures are fluid preparations consisting of one or
more drugs dissolved in water os suspended in some
thick fluid, intended for internal use.
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LINIMENTA (liniments)
Liniments are fluid preparations which have an oily
,Soapy or Alcoholic basis, and are intended for
external use, being either applied with friction or
simply painted on a part e.g. Linimentum
Terebinthina.
LOTOINES (Lotions)
Lotions are solutions intended for external use ,and
are usually washed upon the affected part e.g. Lotis
hydrargyri Flava.
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UNGUENTA (Ointments)
Ointments are semi-solid preparations for external
use and have a fatty substance suc as lard, soft
paraffin or lanolin basis.
OCULENTA (Ointment for Eye)
The basis in each case is prepared by melting
together 90 part by weight of yellow soft paraffin
and 10 parts by weight of wool fat e.g. Oculentum
hydrargyri Oxidi
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ALKALOIDS
Alkaloids represent the active principles of vegetable
drugs. They are alkaline and readily combine with
acids forming salts soluble in water. All contain
nitrogen. Alkaloids have the termination ‘ine’ or
‘ína’ e.g. Morphine ,Atropine etc
GLYCOSIDES
These are neutral principles which splits up into
glucose and other substances (Alcohols, Aldehydes
etc) When acted upon by acids e.g.
Digitalin,Amygdaline
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GUMMI (gums)
These are viscid bodies obtained by exudation from
the stems of certain plants. Their principal
constituent are aralim and bassorin e.g. Acasia,
Tragacanth.
RESINS
These are solid brittle bodies of a complex chemical
nature .They are insoluble in water but soluble in
alcohol and alkaline solutions. e.g. Jalap,
MUCILAGINES
Mucilagines are preparations containing gum in
suspension or solution e.g. mucilage Acaciae.
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PHARMACODYNAMICS
What the drug does to the body Or
Mode of action of drug
It is the study of biochemical and physiological
effects of drugs and there mechanisms of action in
body
PHARMACOKINETICS
What the body does to the drug Or
It deals with drug absorption, distribution,
biotransformation and excretion of drugs
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SUMMATION
If the final response of drug is qualitatively equal to
the sum of expected response.
SYNERISM
When two drug are given together, their combined
effect becomes greater than the sum of their
individual effect.
ANTAGONISM:
When two drugs are given together they exert an
action opposite to that of others.
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BIOAVAILIBITY, BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY:
The proportion of active drug in a formulation that is
absorbed and therefore available to exert its
pharmacological effects.
HALF LIFE (T ½)
It is the time taken for the concentration of drug in
blood or plasma to decline to half of its original
value.
IDIOSYNCRACY
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• INCOMPATIBILITY
• It is said to be occur when a therapeutic,
physical or chemical problem arises during
the compounding, dispensing or
administration of two or more drugs.
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ANTIBIOTICS:
chemical substances produced by the growth of one
species of microorganism and in high dilution can
inhibit the growth or kill other microorganisms e.g.
Penicillin and griseofulvin are produced from mold.
Polymyxine is formed from bacteria.
ANTISEPTICS:
These are chemical sterilizing substances
sufficiently non-toxic for superficial application to
living tissues in order to kill or prevent the growth of
pathogenic microbes.
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BACTERICIDALS:
These are agents which are used to kill the bacteria
e.g. Penicillin, Cephalosporins
BACTERIOSTATICS:
These are various chemotherapeutic substances
which inhibit the growth of bacteria e.g.
Sulphonamide
BROAD SPECTRUM:
Broad spectrum antibiotic is said to be one which is
effective against a wide variety of organisms i.e.
active against both G and G bacteria e.g.
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DISINFECTANTS:
These are agents having lethal effects upon germs
used for sterilizing of instruments and apparatus e.g.
Halogen and its compounds, Metallic salts, Phenol
,Cresols etc.
NARROW SPECTRUM:
One in which antibacterial effect is restricted to a
relatively small number of organisms e.g. Penicillin
is active against G and Streptomycin is active against
G bacteria.
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ANTACIDS:
An agent that is used to counteract the acidity in the
stomach e.g. Sodium bi carbonate.
ANTIEMETIC:
These are the drugs, which reduce the incidence and
severity of nausea and vomiting.
CARMINATIVE:
Drugs, which are used to facilitate the eructation of
gasses from, stomach e.g. Aniseed, Ginger,
Turpentine oil etc.
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EMETIC:
Agents, which cause vomiting. e.g. Sodium chloride,
Sodium carbonate, Copper Sulphate etc
LAXATIVE:
Agents, which increase the intestinal motility and the
rate of passage of intestinal contents e.g. Liquid
paraffin.
PURGATIVES:
Agents that increase the intestinal motility causing
rapid expulsion of contents from large intestine e.g.
Agar, Bran, Mg. Sulphate.
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STOMACHICS:
A medicine that acts as a tonic on stomach to
improve appetite and assist in the digestive process
e.g. Gentian, Cheritta.
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SIALAGOGUES:
These are agents which increase the secretion of
saliva e.g. Cheritta.
ANTISIALIGOGUE/ANTISALIALICS:
These are the agents which have property of
checking the secretion of saliva e.g. Atropine
DEMULCENTS:
These are substances, which protect mucous
membrane and reduce irritation e.g. gum acacia etc.
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COLAGOGUES:
These are drugs which increase the secretion of bile
into small intestine e.g. Bile salts etc.
ANTICHOLAGOGUES
Agents, which reduce the production of bile.
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DIURETICS:
Drugs, which increase the urine, flow e.g. Potassium
nitrate.
APHRODISIACS:
Drugs, which are capable of stimulating sexual, desire
e.g. Yohimbine
ANAPHRODISIACS:
Drugs, which are capable of decreasing sexual desire
e.g. Sodium bromide.
ECBOLICS:
Agents used to stimulate the uterus and thus
accelerate the expulsion of fetus e.g. Ergot, Pituitary
extracts etc.
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GALACTAGOGUES:
Agents, which increase the flow of, milk from
mammary glands e.g. Oxytocin.
ANTIGALACTIGOGUES:
Agents, which suppress the secretions of, milk from
mammary glands e.g. Belladona
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ANAESTHATICS;
Drugs used to produce anaesthesia (Senselessness) ar
called anaesthetics. E.g. Chloral hydrate.
ANALGESICS:
Agents used to reduce pain e.g. Asprin.
ANODYNE:
An drug which stills pain or quiets disturbed feelings
e.g. Camphor.
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HYPNOTICS:
Drugs, which have property of inducing sleep or
have an anodyne effect e.g. Phenobarbitone.
NARCOTICS:
Drugs that induces stuporus condition or sleep and
may have addiction properties e.g. Opium.
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MYOTICS:
Agents that cause contraction of pupil of eye e.g.
Pilocarpine.
MYDRIATICS:
Drugs, which cause dilation of pupil e.g. Atropine
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ANTIPYRETIC or FABRIFUGE:
A drug or any other remedy for allaying of fever is
called antipyretic e.g. Paracetamol, Asprin.
CAUSTICS or CORROSIVES:
Substances, which destroy tissues by chemical
corrosion or by burning e.g. Silver, nitrate, Caustic
potash (KOH) etc.
HEMOSTATICS:
Agents which arrest hemorrhages are called
hemostatics e.g. Alum, Calcium salts.
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HEMATINICS:
Drugs which increase the production of blood and its
substances e.g. Ferrous Sulphate.
HYDROTICS:
Drugs which are used to stimulate sweat glands and
result in profused sweating e.g. Adrenaline, Thyroxin
tabs.
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ASTRINGENT:
Drug having the ability of arresting secretions and
causing contraction of tissue e.g. tannic acid.
COUNTER IRRITANTS:
Agents used to produce inflammation on skin. There
are three stages of counter irritation
1. Rubefacient: Production of redness.
2. Vesication: Severe irritation and blister
formation e.g. Red iodide of mercury.
3. Postulation: Formation of pus like
substances.
