2. Pharmacology
embraces the knowledge of:
History, Source, Physical and chemical properties,
Absorption, Distribution, Biotransformation and
Excretion of drugs,
Biochemical and physiological effects,
Mechanism of Action,
Therapeutic and Other uses of drugs.
5. DRUG
A drug may be broadly defined as
any chemical agent which affects living
protoplasm.
According to definition of WHO,
a drug is any substance or product that is used
or
intended to be used to modify or explore
physiological systems or pathological states
for the benefit of recipient.
It means a chemical used in prevention,
diagnosis or
treatment of disease.
6. Components of a Drug Profile
• Source
• Names
• Classification
(with prototype)
• Routes of
Administration
• Pharmacokinetics
• Mechanism of Action
• Indications / Uses
• With doses
• Contraindications
• Side Effects
• Drug Interactions
• How Supplied
21. Pharmacodynamics
The word ‘dynamis’ means power / activity.
Thus this branch deals with the study of
“ What the drug does to the body”.
It is concerned with the response of living
organism to the chemical substances or drugs.
22. It deals with physiological and biochemical
changes produced by the drugs and their
mechanism of action at macromolecular
level.
It is concerned with the relationships
between
the concentration of drugs at its site of
action
and the magnitude of effect that is
achieved.
24. Pharmacokinetics
( kinesis movement )
This branch deals with the study of
“What the body does to the drug”.
This refers to the movement of drug in the body and
alteration of drug by the body.
25. Pharmacokinetics
It is the study of time-course of absorption,
distribution, metabolism and excretion of
drugs.
Pharmacokinetics explores the factors that
determine
The relationship between
drug dosage and
the time-varying concentration of
drug at its site of action.
27. Clinical Pharmacology
It is the scientific study of drugs in
healthy volunteers and in patients.
It includes :
pharmacodynamic and
pharmacokinetic investigations and it
evaluates the efficacy and safety of
drugs
28. CHEMOTHERAPY
It is the treatment of systemic
infections/malignancy with drugs
which have selective toxicity for
the infecting organism/malignant
cell with no/minimal effects on the
host cells
29. PHARMACY
It is the art and science of
compounding and dispensing
drugs and preparing suitable
dosage forms
30. PHARMACOGNOSY
It deals with :
source, identification and physical
and chemical properties
characteristics of drugs obtained
from plants
31. TOXICOLOGY
It deals with the :
adverse effects of drugs and the
toxic effects due to poisoning by
drugs
33. IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY
It deals with :
the study of immunological aspects
of drug action including effects of
drugs on immune response and
production of antibodies in
response to drugs
35. PLACEBO
It is defined as :
an inactive dummy preparation
which is deliberately used for its
nonspecific, psychological effect
on a patient, on symptoms or on
an illness
36. PHARMACOPOEIAS
Pharmacopoeia is an :
authoritative list of useful drugs,
published by many countries
every five years,
for the guidance of physician and
pharmacist which gives all the details
about drugs
37. PHARMACOPOEIAS
molecular and structural fomulae,
method of preparation,
actions,
uses
adverse effects.
It lays down standards of
composition and purity to which
all the drugs should conform
39. Drug Nomenclature
A drug has three categories of names.
a). Chemical:
It describes the substance chemically.
For example,
alpha-aminobenzyl penicillin.
It is long and cumbersome.
code name may be assigned by the
manufacturer,
e.g., RO 15-1788 – later named flumazenil
41. b). Generic name or non-proprietary name.
This name is used in :
text-books,
pharmacopoeias
journals.
For example, Ampicillin.
It is also known as ‘approved name’.
When it is included in Pharmacopoeia, it
is called
‘Official Name’
42. (c) Proprietary Name or
Brand Name:
This name is given by pharmaceutical
company and it is its trade mark and
property.
One drug may have multiple proprietary
names.
43. One drug may have Multiple Proprietary
Names, e.g., Ampicillin:
Penbritin® Omnipen®
Standacillin®
(GSK) (Wyeth)
(Novartis /
Sandoz)
44. • Generic Name:
Lidocaine/Lignocaine hydrochloride
• Official Name:
Lidocaine/Lignocaine Hydrochloride
(USP)
• Brand (Trade) Name: Xylocaine®
• Code Name:
Much More Useful
