INTERPRETACION DE TEXTOS

1. UNELLEZ VIPI
SUB PROYECTO INGLÉS INSTRUMENTAL
PROGRAMA INGENIERIA ARQUITECTURA Y TECNOLOGIA
Prof. Heglé Herrera
1
TEXTO 1
MÓDULO 1 VALOR 10%
DIA DE EVALUACIÓN TSU TOPOGRAFIA MARTES 10/03/2015
LOS ALUMNOS DEBERAN INTERPRETAR EL CONTENIDO DE TODO EL
TEXTO DENTRO DE UN SENTIDO LÓGICO DEL TEMA EN CADA UNA DE
SUS PARTES. NO ES TRADUCCIÓN ES INTERPRETACIÓN. ES INDIVIDUAL.
USEN LA METODOLOGIA PLANTEADA EN LA GUIA: LEER INGLÉS TÉCNICO
Y CIENTIFICO ENTENDIENDOLO. VEAN EL VIDEO: TÉCNICA DE LECTURA
EN EL IDIOMA INGLES. GOOD LOOK!
Definition Surveying.
It is the science and technique of measurements of angles and distances in
extensions ground sufficiently small to be able to neglect the effect of the curvature
Earth, then process them and get coordinates of points, directions,
elevations, areas or volumes, in graphical and / or numerical form, as required
work.
Topography within the study of instruments used by it is included, its
operating principles, components and operation. Theory is also studied error, since
in many surveying certain values of accuracy required in the results, values which
in turn determine the methods and accuracy of instruments used in the project.
Surveying Division.
The various components that make up the topography are grouped into
three groups distinct:
Error Theory and calculation of compensation: is the grouping of methods
mathematical connection to minimize the inevitable errors in the measurements,

2. UNELLEZ VIPI
SUB PROYECTO INGLÉS INSTRUMENTAL
PROGRAMA INGENIERIA ARQUITECTURA Y TECNOLOGIA
Prof. Heglé Herrera
2
and also help establish appropriate methods and instruments used in various
surveying, for maximum quality in the same.
Instrumentation: in this division the different types of used equipment are
studied in topography to perform measurements, angles or distances, to establish
their operating principles, to carry out maintenance and achieve optimal use
Topographic Methods: The set of operations required to obtain the projection
Horizontal and the coordinates of the points measured in the field. Generally
projections horizontal are calculated independently of the coordinates of the points,
differing then into two groups: planimetric methods.
Altimetry methods. The mapping, which includes the planimetric methods only
take into account the projection the land on an imaginary horizontal plane that is
supposed to mean surface of the Earth.
Altimetry, altimetry grouping methods, taking into account the differences in
level existing between different ground points [Torres, A., E. 2001. Villate].
For the preparation of a topographic map, it is necessary to know both the
planning as altimetry to determine the position and elevation of each point on the
ground that will be represented.
Topography relationship with other sciences.
Currently, the topography is encompassed within the Geodesy, which is
known also the name of common geodesy [Wahl, 1964]. Within this general
science, composed of various disciplines, topography interacts with them, primarily
to:
- Mapping: topographic surveys required for production and cartographic
updating for different purposes.
- Photogrammetry: as a basis for controlling photographs and
photogrammetric models.

3. UNELLEZ VIPI
SUB PROYECTO INGLÉS INSTRUMENTAL
PROGRAMA INGENIERIA ARQUITECTURA Y TECNOLOGIA
Prof. Heglé Herrera
3
- Geodesy: for densification of geodetic networks for control cadastral
surveys, oil locations etc.
- Geodetic Astronomy.
Importantly, the topography is a valuable tool from the point of view the law
as it is used to determine boundaries between properties and between
administrative areas of the nation.
Difference between surveying and geodesy.
You need to make a small clarification to decouple two sciences that have
more or less the same purpose: to measure tracts of land. These two sciences
differ as to the quantities concerned in each and therefore in methods used.
Topography operates on small portions of land, not taking into account the
true shape of the Earth, but considering the Earth's surface as a plane.
In mistake with this hypothesis is negligible when it comes to extensions not
are too large, considering a bow in the land area of 18 km of length is only 1.5
longer than the string subtended cm, and it just makes a
Error 1 "spherical excess in a triangle that has an area of 190 km2. When it
comes to measuring large tracts of land, for example, to make the letter of a
country, a state or a large city, you can not accept approach that gives the
topography, taking time to consider the true shaped Earth and therefore its surface
is no longer considered a plane but are taken as part of the surface of an ellipsoid
and we have to go to geodesy.