Deer and elk populations have historically fluctuated in Oregon and Washington due to factors like overhunting and severe winters. These species prefer early seral forest habitat after disturbances for food and cover, though their dietary needs differ. Many other wildlife species also rely on early seral forests for various habitat structures and food sources. While deer and elk populations can indicate early seral forest quality, managing solely for these species would not meet all habitat needs for the diverse wildlife that depend on early seral forests.