Presentation of Matthew Gianni, Deep Sea Conservation Coalition (DSCC), during the webinar "From the seabed to the high seas: How international negotiations can save the ocean's future".
Deep Sea Mining and advanced technologies for ocean mining monitoringkai pohlmann
Rudolf Bannasch as one of the most reputated experts in bionics and member of the board from the deepsea mining alliance made a first presentation about deep sea monitoring technologies he and his team developed together with our team from Sea & Sun Technology and others. The presentation was part of a meeting with Michael Lodge, Secretary General of the International Seabed Authority in the Business Club Hamburg, organized by the Sea & Sun Technology and the Deepsea Mining Alliance.
Presentation for THE LEGAL PROVISIONS ABOUT THE EXPLORATION OF HYDROCARBONS IN AN EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE
Course:Oil and Gas Law
MSc Oil and Gas Technology Eastern Macedonia and Thrace Institute of Technology School of Engineeringms, http://msc.petrotech.teikav.edu.gr/
The Takshashila Institution and the US Consulate, Chennai, hosted a roundtable conference on reviewing India’s coastal security architecture at The Hyatt MG Road, on 23 September 2016.
The slides provide an overview of the event, the key challenges faced by India in securing its coastline, views and recommendations by the discussants on ways to overcome them.
Deep Sea Mining and advanced technologies for ocean mining monitoringkai pohlmann
Rudolf Bannasch as one of the most reputated experts in bionics and member of the board from the deepsea mining alliance made a first presentation about deep sea monitoring technologies he and his team developed together with our team from Sea & Sun Technology and others. The presentation was part of a meeting with Michael Lodge, Secretary General of the International Seabed Authority in the Business Club Hamburg, organized by the Sea & Sun Technology and the Deepsea Mining Alliance.
Presentation for THE LEGAL PROVISIONS ABOUT THE EXPLORATION OF HYDROCARBONS IN AN EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE
Course:Oil and Gas Law
MSc Oil and Gas Technology Eastern Macedonia and Thrace Institute of Technology School of Engineeringms, http://msc.petrotech.teikav.edu.gr/
The Takshashila Institution and the US Consulate, Chennai, hosted a roundtable conference on reviewing India’s coastal security architecture at The Hyatt MG Road, on 23 September 2016.
The slides provide an overview of the event, the key challenges faced by India in securing its coastline, views and recommendations by the discussants on ways to overcome them.
Comanagement is a non-financial arrangement between a physician performing surgery and a comanaging physician who provides care to the patient for some portion of the global follow-up period.
presentation was provided by Prof W.U Chandrasekara
Department of Zoology and Environmental Management
For Coastal and Marine resource management course
THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION ITS IMPLICATIONS AND BENEFITS TO UGANDA.
RIO Multi-lateral Environment Agreements and National Frameworks in Uganda
ON 8TH NOVEMBER 2019
By Stephen Muwaya UNCCD National Focal Point
Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries
Blue carbon research: An Indian PerspectiveCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Dr Gurmeet Singh, Futuristic Research Division, National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management Ministry of Environment Forest & Climate change at Mangrove Research in Indian sub-continent: Recent Advances, Knowledge Gaps and Future Perspectives on 8 - 10 December 2021
INTERNATIONAL PETROLEUM CONTRACTS & PRACTICE IN NEGOTIATIONSpetroEDGE
This 5 days course (24-28 August 2015, Kuala Lumpur) will help you develop an in-depth understanding of the legal and contractual framework as applied in the upstream oil & gas industry. It opens with an explanation of the geopolitical forces which shape the modern oil industry and then covers the major technical, legal, financial, economic and fiscal issues that form current E&P agreements worldwide. You will learn the philosophy, evolution and fundamentals of international petroleum contracts.
The class include participants from both NOC’s, IOC’s contractors, which adds further realism to the exercises. The detailed training agenda can be downloaded here: http://bit.ly/1B2zMCL
For more information, email susy@asiaedge.net
MARPOL is an international convention adopted by IMO for the prevention of marine pollution. Marpol and its annexes are included in this ppt. Happy reading
Environmental Impact of Deep Sea Mining A ChatGPT Analysisijtsrd
Deep Sea mining has emerged as a promising frontier in mineral extraction to meet the increasing global demand for metals and minerals. However, this industrial activity poses significant environmental challenges due to the unique and delicate ecosystems found in the deep sea. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the environmental impacts of deep sea mining, focusing on potential consequences for biodiversity, marine ecosystems, and the overall health of the ocean. By evaluating existing research and studies, we identify the key ecological concerns and discuss potential mitigation strategies to minimize the negative effects of deep sea mining. Manish Verma "Environmental Impact of Deep-Sea Mining: A ChatGPT Analysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-4, August 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59777.pdf Paper Url:https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/59777/environmental-impact-of-deepsea-mining-a-chatgpt-analysis/manish-verma
A presentation delivered to Friends of the Earth by The FREdome Visionary Trust about Operation OASIS - a project to reclaim arid lands for agroforestry - enabling the large-scale natural conversion of carbon emissions into diminishing carbon resources, such as food and fuel.
Comanagement is a non-financial arrangement between a physician performing surgery and a comanaging physician who provides care to the patient for some portion of the global follow-up period.
presentation was provided by Prof W.U Chandrasekara
Department of Zoology and Environmental Management
For Coastal and Marine resource management course
THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION ITS IMPLICATIONS AND BENEFITS TO UGANDA.
RIO Multi-lateral Environment Agreements and National Frameworks in Uganda
ON 8TH NOVEMBER 2019
By Stephen Muwaya UNCCD National Focal Point
Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries
Blue carbon research: An Indian PerspectiveCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Dr Gurmeet Singh, Futuristic Research Division, National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management Ministry of Environment Forest & Climate change at Mangrove Research in Indian sub-continent: Recent Advances, Knowledge Gaps and Future Perspectives on 8 - 10 December 2021
INTERNATIONAL PETROLEUM CONTRACTS & PRACTICE IN NEGOTIATIONSpetroEDGE
This 5 days course (24-28 August 2015, Kuala Lumpur) will help you develop an in-depth understanding of the legal and contractual framework as applied in the upstream oil & gas industry. It opens with an explanation of the geopolitical forces which shape the modern oil industry and then covers the major technical, legal, financial, economic and fiscal issues that form current E&P agreements worldwide. You will learn the philosophy, evolution and fundamentals of international petroleum contracts.
The class include participants from both NOC’s, IOC’s contractors, which adds further realism to the exercises. The detailed training agenda can be downloaded here: http://bit.ly/1B2zMCL
For more information, email susy@asiaedge.net
MARPOL is an international convention adopted by IMO for the prevention of marine pollution. Marpol and its annexes are included in this ppt. Happy reading
Environmental Impact of Deep Sea Mining A ChatGPT Analysisijtsrd
Deep Sea mining has emerged as a promising frontier in mineral extraction to meet the increasing global demand for metals and minerals. However, this industrial activity poses significant environmental challenges due to the unique and delicate ecosystems found in the deep sea. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the environmental impacts of deep sea mining, focusing on potential consequences for biodiversity, marine ecosystems, and the overall health of the ocean. By evaluating existing research and studies, we identify the key ecological concerns and discuss potential mitigation strategies to minimize the negative effects of deep sea mining. Manish Verma "Environmental Impact of Deep-Sea Mining: A ChatGPT Analysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-4, August 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59777.pdf Paper Url:https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/59777/environmental-impact-of-deepsea-mining-a-chatgpt-analysis/manish-verma
A presentation delivered to Friends of the Earth by The FREdome Visionary Trust about Operation OASIS - a project to reclaim arid lands for agroforestry - enabling the large-scale natural conversion of carbon emissions into diminishing carbon resources, such as food and fuel.
Taming the Resource Curse: Understanding the Philippine Framework for Extraction; A presentation by Atty. Grizelda Mayo-Anda for the Seminar-Workshop and Media Fellowship on Covering the Extractive Industries: Digging Out Stories that Matter
Deep Sea Mining and the Circular Economy Opportunities and Challengesijtsrd
Deep Sea mining has the potential to play a significant role in the circular economy, which aims to minimize waste and maximize resource efficiency by reusing and recycling materials. By extracting valuable minerals from the ocean, deep sea mining can reduce the reliance on non renewable resources and support the development of a more sustainable and circular economy. Also, there are significant challenges associated with integrating deep sea mining into the circular economy. For example, the recovery of minerals from the ocean floor can generate significant amounts of waste and create new environmental risks. Additionally, there may be concerns about the social and economic impacts of deep sea mining on coastal communities, particularly those that depend on traditional fishing or tourism activities. The bottom of the ocean bed is rich in cobalt rich crusts, polymetallic nodules, polymetallic sulfides, and rare earth rich sediments. There are wide deep sea reserves of Ni, Co, Mn, etc. To maximize the opportunities and minimize the challenges associated with deep sea mining and the circular economy, it is important to develop robust regulatory frameworks that prioritize sustainability and social responsibility. This may include measures such as environmental impact assessments, community engagement and consultation, and the establishment of protected areas to preserve vulnerable ocean ecosystems. This paper discusses the various aspects of deep sea mining skillfully. Manish Verma "Deep Sea Mining and the Circular Economy: Opportunities and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd56278.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/56278/deep-sea-mining-and-the-circular-economy-opportunities-and-challenges/manish-verma
To Mine or Not to Mine
The Case of the Tampakan Copper-Gold Project: Mindanao, Philippines
Presented to the Department of National Defense. Conference Room , 3rd Floor, DND Building. Camp Aguinaldo.
Quezon City, Philippines
May 31, 2012
Esteban C. Godilano, Ph.D.
With contributions by Atty. Christian S. Monsod
Climate
Change
Congress of the
Philippines
Autonomous Marine Systems, A Driver of Growth in the Blue EconomyGregory Yovanof
Currently, an industrial revolution is unfolding under the seas. Rapid progress in the development of autonomous systems, robotics, maritime surveillance, satellite systems, AI, and data science are opening up whole new sectors of ocean use and research.
Biodiversity loss and nature-based solutions: A view from re/insuranceCesar Henrique Arrais
Presentation by Oliver Schelske, Swiss Re Institute, Director, Natural Assets & ESG Research Lead, as part of the webinar "Nature-Based Solutions as a Catalyst for Achieving Mutual Benefits for People, Nature, and Climate: Lessons learned from China and globally."
Los compromisos climáticos del Grupo BIDAIDA_Americas
Presentación de Javier Dávalos, coordinador del Programa de Clima de la Asociación Interamericana para la Defensa del Ambiente (AIDA), en el seminario web "El rol del Grupo BID en la transición energética justa en América Latina y el Caribe", realizado el 28 de febrero de 2024.
Presentación de Julio Prieto, abogado de la Unión de Afectados por Texaco (UDAPT), en el seminario web "Aportes para el litigio climático desde Ecuador", realizado el 5 de julio de 2023.
Litigio Climático en Ecuador: Análisis de CasosAIDA_Americas
Presentación de Carla Luzuriaga y Diana Herrera, relatoras para la jurisdicción de Ecuador de la Plataforma de Litigio Climático para América Latina y el Caribe, en el seminario web "Aportes para el litigio climático desde Ecuador", realizado el 5 de julio de 2023.
El caso del proyecto BioCLIMA ante el IRMAIDA_Americas
Presentación de Florencia Ortúzar, Asociación Interamericana para la Defensa del Ambiente (AIDA), en el seminario web "Fondo Verde del Clima: Actualización para América Latina", realizado el 27 de abril de 2023.
Incremento de la Resiliencia Climática basada en Ecosistemas de Comunidades R...AIDA_Americas
Presentación de Wilson Rocha, FAO Bolivia, en el seminario web "Fondo Verde del Clima: Actualización para América Latina", realizado el 27 de abril de 2023.
Presentación de Sandra Valenzuela, WWF Colombia, en el seminario seminario web "Fondo Verde del Clima: Actualización para América Latina", realizado el 27 de abril de 2023.
Reseña general de la última reunión de la Junta del FVC (B.35) y de sus princ...AIDA_Americas
Presentación de Bertha Argueta, Germanwatch, en el seminario web "Fondo Verde del Clima: Actualización para América Latina", realizado por el 27 de abril de 2023.
Radiografía de los Litigios Climáticos en MéxicoAIDA_Americas
Presentación de Thalia Viveros y Aranza Montero Guizar, relatoras de la Plataforma de Litigio Climático para América Latina y el Caribe (jurisdicción México), en el seminario web "Situación del litigio climático en México: Avances y retos", realizado el 30 de marzo de 2023.
El caso de los Acuerdos del CENACE y la SENER del 2020AIDA_Americas
Presentación de Úrsula Garzón, gerente de litigio del Centro Mexicano de Derecho Ambiental A. C. (CEMDA), en el seminario web "Situación del litigio climático en México: Avances y retos", realizado el 30 de marzo de 2023.
Riesgo de falla de presa de relaves: Proyecto Minero Mirador-EcuadorAIDA_Americas
Presentación de David Cañas, geógrafo y asesor científico de la Asociación Interamericana para la Defensa del Ambiente (AIDA), en el seminario web "Impactos de la minería en Centroamérica: Estudios de casos", realizado el 15 de noviembre de 2022.
Pérdida de Biodiversidad y Afectación al Corredor Biológico Mesoamericano del...AIDA_Americas
Presentación de Isaías Ramos (panameño, biólogo con especialización en gestión ambiental y miembro del Centro de Incidencia Ambiental), en el seminario web "Impactos de la minería en Centroamérica: Estudios de casos", realizado el 15 de noviembre de 2022.
Minería en Crucitas:Costa Rica 2008-2022 ppp 18-10-22 (1).pptxAIDA_Americas
Presentación de Marino Marozzi (costarricense, doctor en economía aplicada, catedrático titulado y consultor) en el seminario web "Impactos de la minería en Centroamérica: Estudios de casos", realizado el 15 de noviembre de 2022.
Boletim da Litigancia Climática no Brasil 2022AIDA_Americas
Boletín compartido por Danielle de Andrade Moreira, profesora de Derecho Ambiental en el Programa de Postgrado en Derecho de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Río de Janeiro (PUC-Rio) y coordinadora del Grupo de Investigación sobre Derecho, Medio Ambiente y Justicia en el Antropoceno (JUMA/NIMA/PUC-Rio), en el seminario web "El impulso de Brasil al litigio climático: avances y desafíos", realizado el 11 de octubre de 2022.
Litígio climático BNDES/BNDESPar: Mudanças climáticas, direitos humanos e de...AIDA_Americas
Presentación de Gabriel Mantelli, Defensa de los Derechos Socioambientales de Conectas Direitos Humanos, en el seminario web "El impulso de Brasil al litigio climático: avances y desafíos", realizado el 11 de octubre de 2022.
Reclaiming hydrogen for a renewable futureAIDA_Americas
Presentación de Lauren Withey, de Earthjustice, en el seminario web "Hidrógeno: Retos, riesgos y oportunidades para Latinoamérica", realizado el 7 de septiembre de 2022.
Hidrógeno como propuesta energética: Situación en Latinoamérica, retos, riesg...AIDA_Americas
Presentación de Daniela García y Hugo Mobarec, de la Asociación Interamericana para la Defensa del Ambiente (AIDA), en el seminario web "Hidrógeno: Retos, riesgos y oportunidades para Latinoamérica", realizado el 7 de septiembre de 2022.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Deep Sea Mining & the International Seabed Authority: The case for a moratorium
1. Deep Sea Mining & the International Seabed
Authority
The case for a moratorium
Matthew Gianni
Co-founder, political and policy advisor
Deep Sea Conservation Coalition
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Aida side event: Current International Ocean Negotiations
UN Ocean Conference
29 Jun 2022
2.
3. UNCLOS Part XI: Seabed Mining
Article 145
Protection of the marine environment
• “Necessary measures shall be taken…to ensure effective
protection for the marine environment from harmful effects”
and “the prevention of damage to the flora and fauna of the
marine environment”
Additional obligations Part XII: e.g. Art 194.5
4. UNCLOS Part XI
The International Seabed Authority is obligated to
act ‘on behalf of’, and ‘for the benefit of’, humankind as a
whole
UNCLOS Articles 137, 140, 143 and paragraph 6 of the Preamble
5. Biodiversity loss from deep-sea mining
Nature Geoscience June 2017
Biodiversity loss from deep-sea mining unavoidable,
irreversible on human timescales and offsets in the
deep-sea “scientifically meaningless”
Biodiversity of the Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone
One-half of species discovered to date depend on nodules &
nodules and nodule-dependent animals may take millions of years
to recover from the impacts of mining, and even the partial
recovery of the animals living in the sediment may take hundreds
to thousands of years.”
Kaiser, S., Smith, C.R. & Arbizu, P.M. Editorial: Biodiversity of the Clarion
Clipperton Fracture Zone. Mar Biodiv 47, 259–264 (2017).
C. L. Van Dover, J. A. Ardron, E.
Escobar, M. Gianni, K. M. Gjerde, A.
Jaeckel, D. O. B. Jones, L. A. Levin, H.
J. Niner, L. Pendleton, C. R. Smith, T.
Thiele, P. J. Turner, L. Watling and P.
P. E. Weaver
https://t.co/2guvyvGfmC
6. Clarion Clipperton Zone
17 Exploration contracts: Belgium, China, Cook Islands, France, Germany, Jamaica,
Japan, Kiribati, Korea, Nauru, Russia, Singapore, Tonga, UK & IOM - Bulgaria, Cuba,
Czech Republic, Poland, Russian Federation and Slovakia = app 1.25 million km2
7. “Within all the nodule abundant ecosystems visited
within the MiningImpact project, stalked biogenic
structures have been abundant habitat
components.”
Stalked structures provide key habitat
resources for some larger mobile
megafauna for periods of their lifecycle.
Here, an octopod was observed brooding
eggs on a stalk in the DISCOL area.
Barnacle and
ophiuroid utilising
a sponge stalk in
the DISCOL region
Sponge smothered by
sediment, in close vicinity
to a disturbance track.
8. Each ISA mining claim area in
CCZ approximately 75,000 Km2
• Mining would occur in multiple areas within claim
(black shapes) over 30 year period of contract – each
CCZ mine would strip mine est 10-12,000 km2 of
seabed in 30-year license period (app 1/3 size of
Belgium) to mine 3MT dry weight/year nodules (app
10K ton/day)
• Sediment plumes across seabed could “easily” cover
another 10,000-30,000 km2; over all footprint
estimated at 20-40,000 km2 (Smith et al, 2020)
• Concentrations in the water column orders of
magnitude higher than natural concentrations
sediment/POC to which organisms are adopted
(MIDAS; JPI Oceans;)
9. Mid-water plumes
Up to 1,400 km - Wastewater, sediment & mining fines
discharged from ships could travel up to 1,400 km through mid-
water in multiple directions before fully settling on bottom
(Muñoz-Royo et al., (2021) “Extent of impact of deep-sea nodule mining midwater
plumes is influenced by sediment loading, turbulence and thresholds.
COMMUNICATIONS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT | https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00213-8)
Impacts of sediment, wastewater, noise & light
on fisheries (e.g. tuna fisheries in eastern & NW Pacific,
western Indian Ocean, Mid Atlantic), migratory
species (e.g. cetaceans, sea turtles, sharks, rays), &
crucially – the biological carbon pump
(Drazen et al., (2020) “Opinion: Midwater ecosystems must be considered
when evaluating environmental risks of deep-sea mining” Proceedings of
the National Academy of Sciences.
https://www.pnas.org/content/117/30/17455 )
10. Impact/Recovery?
Up to half of the larger animals in CCZ believed to be nodule dependent
species (‘nodule obligate’ species). And about half of species sampled to date
in CCZ are ‘singletons’ – not known if a result of undersampling, rarity,
endemism. Many species new to science and only a small number of species
likely to inhabit CCZ have yet been sampled/discovered.
“Nodules and nodule-dependent animals may take millions of years to
recover from the impacts of mining, and even the partial recovery of the
animals living in the sediment may take hundreds to thousands of years.”
Kaiser, S., Smith, C.R. & Arbizu, P.M. Editorial: Biodiversity of the Clarion Clipperton Fracture
Zone. Mar Biodiv 47, 259–264 (2017).
11. Clarion Clipperton Zone REMP
• 9 APEIs covering app 1.44 million
km2 = app 32% of CCZ (4.5 million
km2)
• BUT APEIs only designed to protect
core area (200x200km) of each
APEI = app 360,000 km2 or app 8%
of CCZ
• 4 new APEIs adopted in December
2021: total area app 44% of CCZ
but only protecting app 11-12%
from mining impacts
12. UN 1st World Ocean Assessment 2016
“This truly vast deep-sea realm constitutes the largest source of species and
ecosystem diversity on Earth…evidence that the richness and diversity of
organisms in the deep sea exceeds all other known biomes… and supports the
diverse ecosystem processes and functions necessary for the Earth’s natural
systems to function”
Deep sea already under stress:
• Climate change related impacts: deoxygenation,
acidification, temperature, reduced food (POC flux)
(Sweetman et al 2017; Levin et al 2016)
• Pollution: plastics, POPs in DS fish (Jamieson et al 2017)
• DW Fisheries impacts 200-2000m+ (1st UN WOA; ICES, others)
4,947 meters on canyon
slope leading to Sirena
Deep in Mariana trench /
NOAA
13. Structural/political concerns re the ISA
• Use it or lose it incentives: mine or risk losing exploration
claim/contract (15yr + multiple extensions?); ‘perverse’ incentive to
mine
• All countries have equal opportunity to mine and/or become a
Sponsoring State – noble idea in 1970s but can the ISA say no to
any that apply today?
• Currently at least 25 of the 31 ISA exploration contracts in the
hands of 7 countries - China, France, Germany, India, Japan, Korea,
Russia - and 3 companies UKSR (UK), GSR (Belgium) Deep
Green/The Metals Company (Canada) – Equity?
14. Structural & political concerns regarding the ISA
• Lack of transparency (contracts, LTC meetings) – decision to grant
mining contracts heavily influenced by LTC
• Voting structure - A MAJOR PROBLEM: If 16 individuals (or less) on
LTC recommend a country/company get a mining license, as few as
2 members of the ISA Council (on Groups A, B or C) can guarantee
the country/company gets a license even if the other 34 Council
members oppose
• 131 Members of the ISA have no vote in deciding whether to issue
mining licenses or not
15. Benefit to humankind as a whole?
• Economics of CCZ mining (MIT): payout to ISA countries – a few hundred
thousand dollars per country per year (if divided equally amongst 167
countries); less if discount rate/Net Present Value is taken into account.
• But potentially very profitable for individual companies & Sponsoring
States – corporate tax (but not all can/will share equally in benefits as
Sponsoring States unless all 167 apply for mining licenses)
• Economics likely to drive industry – if profitable, many countries &
companies may want to join in the ‘gold rush’. The ISA not likely to be able
to say no to (any?) applications to mine
16. So why Mine? The Hype
• “The green transition is going to require hundreds of
millions of tonnes of nickel, copper and cobalt…”
Gerard Barron, CEO The Metals Company (TMC) formerly
DeepGreen Metals
TMC has 3 ISA exploration contracts in the CCZ sponsored by Nauru, Tonga, Kiribati
https://im-mining.com/2020/03/02/allseas-buys-deepwater-drill-ship-adapt-
polymetallic-nodule-mining-partner-deepgreen-metals/
17. Even to simply equal current annual terrestrial production of Ni, Co, Cu, Mn
Main metals
found in
polymetallic
nodules in the
CCZ
Estimated annual
metal production in
tons for each mining
license in CCZ based
on mining 3MT
nodules (dry wt) per
year
Land-based
mined
production in
2018 in tons
(USGS)
Est Number of CCZ
mines needed per
year to equal 2018
terrestrial mining
production
Est total CCZ
seabed area that
would be directly
mined per year
in km2
Cumulative
impact over
30-year license
period in km2
Nickel (Ni) 37,050 2,300,000 62 18,600 558,000
Cobalt (Co) 6,375 140,000 22 6,600 198,000
Copper (Cu) 32,400 21,000,000 648 194,000 5,832,000
Manganese (Mn) 760,000 18,000,000 24 7,200 216,000
Sources: MIT; USGS, GSR: Financial Model Presentation: Techno-Economic Assessment & Financial Payment Regime. Presentation
by Kris Van Nijen, Global Sea Mineral Resources NV, to the Deep Seabed Mining Payment Regime Workshop #3: Exploring a
Financial Model and Related Topics. Singapore, 19-21 April 2017. GBR: Analysis of the Economic Benefits of Developing
Commercial Deep Sea Mining Operations in Regions where Germany has Exploration Licences of the International Seabed
Authority, as well as Compilation and Evaluation of Implementation Options with a Focus on the Performance of a Pilot Mining
Test. Study on Behalf of the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy Division I C 4. Project No. 59/15. 30 September 2016
18. Changing technologies: Batteries without CCZ metals
planned/already in production – no nickel, no cobalt
“Cobalt, nickel free electric car batteries
are a runaway success”
Mining.com 11 March 2021
Sulfur provides promising 'next-gen'
battery alternative
Phys.org 16 June 2020
“Lithium-sulfur batteries…
high energy density, low cost,
abundance, nontoxicity and
sustainability.”
These and other alternatives to LMNC/LNCA batteries exist:
LFP: Tesla (50%), BYD (100%), Ford, Volkswagen, others
Lithium-ion and lithium-iron
phosphate (or LFP) dominate the
current EV battery landscape.
EV Battery Technology:
The Road To A Breakthrough
April 2022
https://www.investors.com/news/ev-
battery-technology-hunting-for-the-
next-big-thing/
19. Deep-sea mining not needed to transition to
renewable energy economies
• Metal demands for renewable energy - Transition to
100% renewable energy economy by 2050 can be done
without sourcing metals from deep-sea
• (alternative technologies, substitute materials, recycling,
better product design etc.)
• Copper Cobalt
• Nickel Lithium
• Silver
• Specialty metals (Tellurium)
• Rare Earths (Neodymium, Dysprosium)
Teske, S., Florin, N., Dominish, E. & Giurco, D. 2016, Renewable Energy and Deep Sea Mining:
Supply, Demand and Scenarios. University of Technology Sydney
https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/handle/10453/67336
21. A Tale of Two Instruments under negotiation
• On the one hand, the BBNJ Agreement – an UNCLOS
‘implementing agreement’ for the conservation and sustainable
use of marine biological diversity in ABNJ
• On the other hand, the ISA Mining Code/exploitation regulations
– an instrument under UNCLOS likely to lead to large-scale
biodiversity loss in deep-sea/open ocean ecosystems systems
already under stress (climate change, pollution, plastics)
22. DSM: incompatible with 2030 Sustainable Development
Goals
SDG 14, Target 14.2: “By 2020, sustainably manage and protect marine
and coastal ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts, including by
strengthening their resilience, and take action for their restoration in
order to achieve healthy and productive oceans”
CCZ mining: likely to cause significant adverse impacts on marine
ecosystems; weaken their resilience (e.g. to climate change impacts); &
cause damage from which they may never recover. Also lead to
unsustainable patterns of production and consumption under SDG 12
23. Growing support for a moratorium
European Parliament: “…moratorium, including at the International Seabed Authority, on
deep-seabed mining until such time as the effects of deep-sea mining on the marine
environment, biodiversity and human activities at sea have been studied and researched
sufficiently and deep seabed mining can be managed to ensure no marine biodiversity
loss nor degradation of marine ecosystems” (June 2021)
Chilean Senate, Guam Senate, legislatures of Canary Islands, Galicia, others
Over 600 marine science & policy experts from 44 countries
https://www.seabedminingsciencestatement.org/
BMW Group, Volvo Group, Samsung SDI, Philips, Google, Volkswagen Group, Renault
Group, Scania, Patagonia. Northvolt, Ford and Microsoft stated they will avoid DSM
metals in supply chains. Banks: BBVA, Lloyd’s, NatWest ABN AMRO - More companies
likely… EU’s Long Distance (fishing) Fleet Advisory Council and other EU Councils
http://www.savethehighseas.org/momentum-for-a-moratorium/
24. Moratorium/concern
• 44 government ministries/agencies from 37 countries, 530+ NGOs
indigenous peoples groups supported DSM moratorium resolution 069 at
IUCN World Conservation Congress September 2021
https://www.iucncongress2020.org/motion/069
• Pacific Blue Line “ban” on DSM in the Pacific
https://www.pacificblueline.org/
• UK House of Commons Environment Audit Committee: DSM - “catastrophic
impacts on the seafloor”; ISA benefiting from revenues from mining “a
clear conflict of interest” and “the case for [deep-sea] mining has not yet
been made”(January 2019)
• High Level Panel for a Sustainable Ocean Economy: Ocean Solutions report
(2020); UNEP Finance Initiative: Harmful Marine Extractives: Deep Sea
Mining report (2022) – Deep Sea Mining is unsustainable, should not be
financed nor considered a goal of any ‘sustainable’ blue economy
25. Moratorium on deep-sea mining
• Yes – possible, legally defensible, required under the precautionary
approach, consistent with contemporary commitments to protecting
biodiversity and implementing UN SDGs
• Future role for the ISA? Critical to maintain ISA as a multilateral, global
regulatory body with Authority over activities in the Area / CHM (but need
reform/transformed)
• Reform & transform ISA - instead of mining, ISA c/should promote,
coordinate, and/or conduct marine science research on the deep-sea and
open ocean and role in carbon sequestration and regulation of planetary
climate processes (UN 1st World Ocean Assessment) – knowledge that
would provide an incalculable benefit to humankind as a whole
26. The Anthropocene?
“Clearly we are in the midst of one of the great
extinction spasms of geological history”
E.O. Wilson, The Diversity of Life (1992)
A million species at risk of extinction, many over the
next few decades from direct exploitation/mortality,
habitat loss, climate change…
IPBES report (May 2019)/UNEP February 2021
27. The ISA is now negotiating regulations to mine deep
sea nodules in the central Pacific/CCZ
“It’s one of the most biodiverse areas that we’ve ever sampled on the abyssal
plains”…“We’re about to make one of the biggest transformations that humans have
ever made to the surface of the planet. We’re going to strip-mine a massive habitat,
and once it’s gone, it isn’t coming back.” Jeff Drazen, University of Hawaii
https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2020/01/20000-feet-under-the-
sea/603040/
“Once we destroy vast areas of deep seabed habitat, there will be no going back. These
ecosystems will take millions of years to recover.” Craig Smith, University of Hawaii
https://www.thedailybeast.com/deep-sea-mining-may-uplift-clean-energy-and-curse-
our-oceans
Palau, Fiji, Samoa, Tuvalu call for moratorium at UN Oocean
Conference (Chile proposal SPLOS)
28. DSCC fact sheets on DSM & the ISA
http://www.savethehighseas.org/resources/publications/deep-sea-
mining-factsheets/
• Deep-sea Mining an Introduction
• Also available in: Spanish & French
• Deep-sea mining: the science and
potential impacts
• Also available in: Spanish
• Deep-sea mining: growing support for
a moratorium
• Also available in: Spanish
• Deep-sea mining: where are they
seeking to mine first?
• Also available in: Spanish
• Deep-sea mining: international
commitments
• Also available in: Spanish
• Deep-sea mining: who stands to
benefit?
• Also available in: Spanish
• Deep-sea mining: is the International
Seabed Authority fit for purpose?
• Also available in: Spanish
• Deep-sea mining and the transition
economy
• Also available in: Spanish
• Deep-sea mining: what are the
alternatives?
• Also available in: Spanish
29. Gracias!/Thank-you!
DSM in the news
http://geographical.co.uk/nature/oceans/item/4280-should-we-mine-the-deep-sea-floor-before-we-
discover-its-true-treasures
https://chinadialogueocean.net/19878-deep-sea-mining-code-missing-from-the-agenda-at-first-isa-
meeting-in-two-years/
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/27/race-to-the-bottom-the-disastrous-
blindfolded-rush-to-mine-the-deep-sea
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/28/false-choice-is-deep-sea-mining-required-for-
an-electric-vehicle-revolution
https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/a-mining-startup-s-rush-for-underwater-metals-comes-
with-deep-risks
https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2020/01/20000-feet-under-the-sea/603040/
https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/01/03/mining-the-bottom-of-the-sea