Presentation for THE LEGAL PROVISIONS ABOUT THE EXPLORATION OF HYDROCARBONS IN AN EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE
Course:Oil and Gas Law
MSc Oil and Gas Technology Eastern Macedonia and Thrace Institute of Technology School of Engineeringms, http://msc.petrotech.teikav.edu.gr/
The law of the sea is a body of customs, treaties, and international agreements by which governments maintain order, productivity, and peaceful relations on the sea.Law of the sea is also known as Maritime law which is that branch of public International Law which regulates the rights and duties concerning the regulation of states with respect to the sea. It governs the legal rules regarding ships and shipping. It is one of the principal subjects of international law and is a mixture of the treaty and established or emerging customary law.
The law of the sea forms the basis of conducting maritime economic activities, the codification of navigation rules and to protect oceans from abuse of power. It covers rights, freedoms and obligations in areas such as territorial seas and waters and the high seas, fishing, wrecks and cultural heritage, protection of the marine environment and dispute settlement.
The law of the sea is a body of customs, treaties, and international agreements by which governments maintain order, productivity, and peaceful relations on the sea.Law of the sea is also known as Maritime law which is that branch of public International Law which regulates the rights and duties concerning the regulation of states with respect to the sea. It governs the legal rules regarding ships and shipping. It is one of the principal subjects of international law and is a mixture of the treaty and established or emerging customary law.
The law of the sea forms the basis of conducting maritime economic activities, the codification of navigation rules and to protect oceans from abuse of power. It covers rights, freedoms and obligations in areas such as territorial seas and waters and the high seas, fishing, wrecks and cultural heritage, protection of the marine environment and dispute settlement.
The oceans had long been subject to the freedom of-the-seas doctrine - a principle put forth in the seventeenth century essentially limiting national rights and jurisdiction over the oceans to a narrow belt of sea surrounding a nation's coastline. The remainder of the seas was proclaimed to be free to all and belonging to none. While this situation prevailed into the twentieth century, by mid-century there was an impetus to extend national claims over offshore resources. There was growing concern over the toll taken on coastal fish stocks by long-distance fishing fleets and over the threat of pollution and wastes from transport ships and oil tankers carrying noxious cargoes that plied sea routes across the globe. The hazard of pollution was ever present, threatening coastal resorts and all forms of ocean life. The navies of the maritime powers were competing to maintain a presence across the globe on the surface waters and even under the sea……..
The oceans were generating a multitude of claims, counterclaims and sovereignty disputes.
The hope was for a more stable order, promoting greater use and better management of ocean resources and generating harmony and goodwill among States that would no longer have to eye each other suspiciously over conflicting claims……
On 1 November 1967, Malta's Ambassador to the United Nations, Arvid Pardo, asked the nations of the world to look around them and open their eyes to a looming conflict that could devastate the oceans, the lifeline of man's very survival……..
The Conference was convened in New York in 1973. It ended nine years later with the adoption in 1982 of a constitution for the seas - the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. During those nine years, shuttling back and forth between New York and Geneva, representatives of more than 160 sovereign States sat down and discussed the issues, bargained and traded national rights and obligations in the course of the marathon negotiations that produced the Convention.
This presentation will enlighten you on various law of the sea. You will be able to learn about the basic term of Ocean laws. you will also understand the critical points of boundary delimitation among many countries around the world.
Geographically, the Indian Ocean extends from Africa on the west to Australia and Indonesia on the east. Asia lies to the north and Antarctica to the south. The Indian Ocean is bounded by Iran, Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh to the north. It is also bounded by the Malay Peninsula, the Sunda Islands of Indonesia, and Australia to the east. In the southwest it joins the Atlantic Ocean south of the southern tip of Africa, and to the east and southeast its waters mingle and merge with those of the Pacific. The ocean is 9,980 kilometres wide between the southern points of Africa and Australia.
Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and other Celestial Bodies
Presentation by Justin Ordoyo
University of the Philippines College of Law
Exclusive Economic Zone and Sustainable Ocean.pptxS M Masum Billah
The lecture focuses on the regime of the exclusive economic zone under the UNCLOS and discusses its various uses and implications for sustainable ocean management by referring to case laws.
The oceans had long been subject to the freedom of-the-seas doctrine - a principle put forth in the seventeenth century essentially limiting national rights and jurisdiction over the oceans to a narrow belt of sea surrounding a nation's coastline. The remainder of the seas was proclaimed to be free to all and belonging to none. While this situation prevailed into the twentieth century, by mid-century there was an impetus to extend national claims over offshore resources. There was growing concern over the toll taken on coastal fish stocks by long-distance fishing fleets and over the threat of pollution and wastes from transport ships and oil tankers carrying noxious cargoes that plied sea routes across the globe. The hazard of pollution was ever present, threatening coastal resorts and all forms of ocean life. The navies of the maritime powers were competing to maintain a presence across the globe on the surface waters and even under the sea……..
The oceans were generating a multitude of claims, counterclaims and sovereignty disputes.
The hope was for a more stable order, promoting greater use and better management of ocean resources and generating harmony and goodwill among States that would no longer have to eye each other suspiciously over conflicting claims……
On 1 November 1967, Malta's Ambassador to the United Nations, Arvid Pardo, asked the nations of the world to look around them and open their eyes to a looming conflict that could devastate the oceans, the lifeline of man's very survival……..
The Conference was convened in New York in 1973. It ended nine years later with the adoption in 1982 of a constitution for the seas - the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. During those nine years, shuttling back and forth between New York and Geneva, representatives of more than 160 sovereign States sat down and discussed the issues, bargained and traded national rights and obligations in the course of the marathon negotiations that produced the Convention.
This presentation will enlighten you on various law of the sea. You will be able to learn about the basic term of Ocean laws. you will also understand the critical points of boundary delimitation among many countries around the world.
Geographically, the Indian Ocean extends from Africa on the west to Australia and Indonesia on the east. Asia lies to the north and Antarctica to the south. The Indian Ocean is bounded by Iran, Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh to the north. It is also bounded by the Malay Peninsula, the Sunda Islands of Indonesia, and Australia to the east. In the southwest it joins the Atlantic Ocean south of the southern tip of Africa, and to the east and southeast its waters mingle and merge with those of the Pacific. The ocean is 9,980 kilometres wide between the southern points of Africa and Australia.
Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and other Celestial Bodies
Presentation by Justin Ordoyo
University of the Philippines College of Law
Exclusive Economic Zone and Sustainable Ocean.pptxS M Masum Billah
The lecture focuses on the regime of the exclusive economic zone under the UNCLOS and discusses its various uses and implications for sustainable ocean management by referring to case laws.
The Legal Regime of Continental Shelf under the UNCLOS 1982S M Masum Billah
The lecture defines the concept of continental shelf, describes t he nature of rights and duties of the states upon it, then it discusses how any dispute relating to the claim over the continental shelf be resolved with reference to decided cases by the ICJ, ITLOS an Arbitral bodies.
maritime boundaries law of the sea (marine spaces landward of the baseline)prabathchamila444
‘Internal Waters include littoral areas such as ports, rivers, inlets and other marine spaces landward of the baseline (low-water line) where the port state has jurisdiction to enforce domestic regulations.’’
The Legal Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage. The UNESCO 2001 Convent...UNESCO Venice Office
Author: Ulrike Guérin, Secretariat of UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (2001)
SESSION 2
Regional meeting on the implementation and ratification of the 2001 Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage in South-East Europe - 30 September – 1 October 2014. Zadar, Croatia
DISCLAIMER
The ideas and opinions expressed in the above presentations are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the documents do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city of area or of its authorities or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
One of my last article about Global LNG Industry which was used as PR material for FSRU Asia Summit 2016, http://www.fsrusummit.com/ The original article can be read in this link https://energyroutes.eu/2016/05/08/global-lng-market-trends-and-future-outlook/
Eastern Macedonia & Thrace Institute of
Technology
Dept. of Petroleum & Natural Gas Engineering
M.Sc. in Oil & Gas Technology
Course Assignment for Energy Policy - Geostrategy
"Greek Exclusive Economic Zone: A Geopolitical Approach”
The purpose of this essay is to properly reflect all factors available on the internet for Norway and present in this research to the reader a complete picture of this country as a reference in the industry of hydrocarbons.Basically it is presentation of all available data for Norway in the reference area of hydrocarbons and primary job is not mine, my aim is to get the reader what we mean when we say that Greece should follow the model of Norway. It was published from the Institute of Research and Training on European Affairs – I.R.T.E.A, you can see the publication in this link: http://www.irtea.gr/?lang=en
Eastern Macedonia and Thrace Institute of Technology
Dept. of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering
MSc in Oil & Gas Technology
“Oil Trading”
“Cyprus: An update on gas exploration and reserves”
Supervisor: N. Kontinakis
January 2014
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Top 10 Oil and Gas Projects in Saudi Arabia 2024.pdf
Exclusive economic zone and legal provisions
1. Oil and Gas Law 08/12/2014
MSc Oil and Gas Technology
Eastern Macedonia and Thrace Institute of
Technology
School of Engineering Technology
2. Continental shelf
• The boundary of a continent is not its coastline, but the edge
of the continental shelf that lies under the ocean. Even
though it is underwater, continental shelf is part of the
continent and contains the sea-bed and subsoil of the
submarine areas that extend beyond the territorial sea.
Coastal nations have control of all resources on or under it,
living or not, but no control over any living organisms above
the shelf that are beyond its exclusive economic zone.
3. Exclusive economic zone
• An exclusive economic zone (EEZ) is a sea-zone prescribed by the
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), over
which a coastal state has sovereign rights to explore and exploit,
conserve and manage its natural resources. It stretches from the
seaward edge of the state's territorial sea out to 200 nautical miles
(nm). When two (or more) state’s coastal baselines are less than 400
nm apart, overlap of EEZs occurs and it is up to the states to delineate
the actual maritime boundary.
• Territorial waters or territorial sea, as defined by the UNCLOS of 1982
(Art 3), is a belt of coastal waters extending at most 12 nm from the
baseline of a coastal state. The territorial sea is regarded as the
sovereign territory of the state.
4. Rights of the coastal State over
the continental shelf
• The coastal State exercises over the continental shelf sovereign rights for the
purpose of exploring it and exploiting its natural resources.
• The rights referred to in paragraph 1 are exclusive in the sense that if the coastal
State does not explore the continental shelf or exploit its natural resources, no
one may undertake these activities without the express consent of the coastal
State.
• The rights of the coastal State over the continental shelf do not depend on
occupation, effective or notional, or on any express proclamation.
• The natural resources referred to in this Part consist of the mineral and other
non-living resources of the seabed and subsoil together with living organisms
belonging to sedentary species, that is to say, organisms which, at the harvestable
stage, either are immobile on or under the seabed or are unable to move except
in constant physical contact with the seabed or the subsoil.
5. Article 87-Freedom of the high
seas
• The high seas are open to all States, whether coastal or land-locked. Freedom of the high seas is
exercised under the conditions laid down by this Convention and by other rules of international
law. It comprises, inter alia, both for coastal and land-locked States:
1. freedom of navigation
2. freedom of overflight
3. freedom to lay submarine cables and pipelines,
4. freedom to construct artificial islands and other installations permitted under international
law,
5. freedom of fishing
6. freedom of scientific research
• These freedoms shall be exercised by all States with due regard for the interests of other States in
their exercise of the freedom of the high seas, and also with due regard for the rights under this
Convention with respect to activities in the Area.
6. Rights, jurisdiction and duties of the
coastal State in the exclusive economic
zone
In the exclusive economic zone, the coastal State has jurisdiction :
• the exploration, utilization and management of all natural resources,
the waters, the sea bed and the soil underneath the sea bed
• the production of energy
• the utilization of manmade islands, installations and structures
• scientific research
• the protection of the environment and
• all rights and duties provided by the UN Convention.
7.
8.
9. Sea Around Us Project
• The Sea Around Us Project (SAUP) is an international research group
based at the University of British Columbia Fisheries Centre that is
devoted to studying the impacts of fisheries on the world's marine
ecosystems. To achieve this, project staff have used a Geographic
Information System (GIS) to map global fisheries catches from 1950 to
the present, under explicit consideration of coral reefs, seamounts,
estuaries and other critical habitats of fish, marine invertebrates,
marine mammals and other components of marine biodiversity.
10.
11.
12.
13. Exploitation of Offshore Trans
boundary Oil and Gas Reservoirs
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) provides a legal framework for
maritime boundary delimitation and the exploitation of hydrocarbons in the contained areas.
BUT
What happens when the hydrocarbons reservoirs are located in between the boundary limits of two
or more neighbouring states?
According to the international law exploitation of shared resources in disputed maritime areas is
prohibited without the cooperation from all the states.
Even if a state has not signed to UNCLOS the same obligation exists under International Customary
Law
14. There are two cases of transboundary Oil ans Gas reserves
• A) The boundaries between the neighbouring countries are established
• Exploitation of hydrocarbons is defined in Cross Border Unitization Agreements
B) Deposits are found in a disputed territory
• Exploitation of hydrocarbons is defined in Joint Development Agreements (JDAs)
Both serve the same purpose, which is the agreement on the standards of the cooperation
between the neighbouring countries.
15. The first question that comes up is:
• Who will guarantee the cooperation of the exploitation and development of the shared
reserves?
• A unit operator for the reserves is appointed by agreement between the licensees of the
two governments
It is as if the separate leases and licenses are merged into one single lease or license,
with a single supervisor appointed to manage the development of the field
The free movement of persons and material, safety, inspections and other matters are
also regulated in the JDA
16. The second question is:
• Which are the financial provisions? Do all states have the same financial rights on the reserves?
• Sharing of production and cost is usually agreed on a pre-negotiated formula and not on any
geomorphologic basis
Equal sharing is the most common practiced measure
Variations do exist:
Timor Sea Treaty provides that upstream taxation of revenue from the JDZ is to be split between
Australia Timor-Leste on a 90/10 basis
Under the Nigeria STP Treaty, Nigeria shares 60% of the resources and 40% goes to Sao Tome and
Principe
17. What if there is after all a disagreement between the states involved?
• In most cases JDAs provide for an informal dispute resolution mechanism between parties
In other words the states usually agree on a arbitral committee to resolve their disputes
For example: Australia –Timor Leste treaty provides for dispute resolution by the Council of
Ministers and if unresolved, to be resolved by an arbitral commitee of three arbitrators
appointed by the states
If the dispute is still not resolved the states may therefore resort to thirds parties for expert
advise
18. According to the CIA The World Fact
book
Albania:
• territorial sea: 12 nm
• continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Italy:
• territorial sea: 12 nm
• continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Libya:
• territorial sea: 12 nm
• note: Gulf of Sidra closing line - 32 degrees, 30 minutes north
• exclusive fishing zone: 62 nm
19. Cyprus:
• territorial sea: 12 nm
• contiguous zone: 24 nm
• continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Egypt:
• territorial sea: 12 nm
• contiguous zone: 24 nm
• exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
• continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Turkey:
• territorial sea: 6 nm in the Aegean Sea; 12 nm in Black Sea and in
Mediterranean Sea
• exclusive economic zone: in Black Sea only: to the maritime boundary
agreed upon with the former USSR
24. Why a State to declare Exclusive
Economic Zone?
• Production of Wind Energy
• Offshore Installations
• Scientific Research, such as seismic data for the detection of the
hydrocarbons and methane hydrate deposits
• Fishing Industry
• LNG Structure of Alexandoupoli
• Protection of Marine Habitats and Ecosystem- Tourism Industry
• Protection of the Enviroment