The objectives of Deadlocks in Operating Systems are:
- To develop a description of deadlocks, which prevent sets of concurrent processes from completing their tasks
- To present a number of different methods for preventing or avoiding deadlocks in a computer system
This document discusses different methods for handling deadlocks in computer systems, including deadlock prevention, avoidance, detection, and recovery. It presents the four conditions required for deadlock, describes resource allocation graphs and how they can indicate deadlock situations. Prevention methods restrain how processes request resources to ensure deadlock cannot occur. Avoidance algorithms like the banker's algorithm dynamically assess the resource allocation state to guarantee a safe state where deadlock is not possible. Detection algorithms search allocation and wait graphs periodically to find any cycles indicating deadlock, and recovery aims to resolve deadlocks when they are detected.
The document discusses deadlocks in operating systems. It defines deadlocks as a situation where a set of concurrent processes are prevented from completing tasks due to circular resource dependencies. The document outlines four conditions required for deadlock and presents methods for handling deadlocks, including prevention, avoidance, detection, and recovery. It provides examples using resource allocation graphs and the banker's algorithm to model processes and resources to ensure the system remains in a safe state to avoid deadlocks.
Deadlock in Real Time operating Systempptxssuserca5764
This document discusses deadlocks in operating systems. It begins by defining a deadlock as a set of blocked processes each holding a resource and waiting for a resource held by another process. It then covers various methods for handling deadlocks including prevention, avoidance, detection, and recovery. Prevention methods restrain how processes can request resources to ensure deadlocks cannot occur. Avoidance methods allow requests but ensure the system never enters an unsafe state. Detection finds deadlocks after they occur, while recovery rolls back processes or preempts resources to break deadlock cycles.
14th November - Deadlock Prevention, Avoidance.pptUnknown664473
This document discusses various techniques for handling deadlocks in operating systems. It begins by defining the deadlock problem and characterizing the conditions required for a deadlock to occur. It then presents different methods for preventing, avoiding, detecting, and recovering from deadlocks, including deadlock prevention, avoidance using safe states and the banker's algorithm, detection using wait-for graphs and the resource allocation graph, and recovery through process termination or resource preemption.
OS - Unit 3 Deadlock (Bankers Algorithm).pptxGovindJha93
Here is the solution to the Bankers Algorithm example 3:
A) The content of the Need matrix will be:
Process | A | B | C
P0 | 3 | 1 | 3
P1 | 2 | 4 | 2
P2 | 7 | 4 | 5
P3 | 8 | 4 | 6
P4 | 8 | 5 | 5
B) The system is not in a safe state. The available resources (3, 3, 2) are not sufficient to fulfill the need of process P2 (7, 4, 5).
C) If process P1 requests one more instance of resource A and two instances of resource C, the request can be granted as
The document discusses the Banker's algorithm for deadlock avoidance in operating systems. It explains that the Banker's algorithm works by simulating resource allocation to determine if allocating additional resources would put the system in an unsafe state. It outlines the key data structures used - available resources, maximum resources per process, allocated resources per process, and needed resources per process. It then describes the Safety algorithm and Resource Request algorithm that use these data structures to determine if a resource request would be safe or if a process needs to wait. An example is provided to illustrate applying the Banker's algorithm to determine the safe sequence of processes.
This document discusses deadlocks in operating systems. It defines deadlock and indefinite postponement. It describes the four conditions required for deadlock: mutual exclusion, hold and wait, no preemption, and circular wait. It discusses different approaches to handling deadlocks such as prevention, avoidance, detection, and recovery. It provides examples of resource allocation graphs and the banker's algorithm to illustrate deadlock avoidance techniques.
This document discusses different methods for handling deadlocks in computer systems, including deadlock prevention, avoidance, detection, and recovery. It presents the four conditions required for deadlock, describes resource allocation graphs and how they can indicate deadlock situations. Prevention methods restrain how processes request resources to ensure deadlock cannot occur. Avoidance algorithms like the banker's algorithm dynamically assess the resource allocation state to guarantee a safe state where deadlock is not possible. Detection algorithms search allocation and wait graphs periodically to find any cycles indicating deadlock, and recovery aims to resolve deadlocks when they are detected.
The document discusses deadlocks in operating systems. It defines deadlocks as a situation where a set of concurrent processes are prevented from completing tasks due to circular resource dependencies. The document outlines four conditions required for deadlock and presents methods for handling deadlocks, including prevention, avoidance, detection, and recovery. It provides examples using resource allocation graphs and the banker's algorithm to model processes and resources to ensure the system remains in a safe state to avoid deadlocks.
Deadlock in Real Time operating Systempptxssuserca5764
This document discusses deadlocks in operating systems. It begins by defining a deadlock as a set of blocked processes each holding a resource and waiting for a resource held by another process. It then covers various methods for handling deadlocks including prevention, avoidance, detection, and recovery. Prevention methods restrain how processes can request resources to ensure deadlocks cannot occur. Avoidance methods allow requests but ensure the system never enters an unsafe state. Detection finds deadlocks after they occur, while recovery rolls back processes or preempts resources to break deadlock cycles.
14th November - Deadlock Prevention, Avoidance.pptUnknown664473
This document discusses various techniques for handling deadlocks in operating systems. It begins by defining the deadlock problem and characterizing the conditions required for a deadlock to occur. It then presents different methods for preventing, avoiding, detecting, and recovering from deadlocks, including deadlock prevention, avoidance using safe states and the banker's algorithm, detection using wait-for graphs and the resource allocation graph, and recovery through process termination or resource preemption.
OS - Unit 3 Deadlock (Bankers Algorithm).pptxGovindJha93
Here is the solution to the Bankers Algorithm example 3:
A) The content of the Need matrix will be:
Process | A | B | C
P0 | 3 | 1 | 3
P1 | 2 | 4 | 2
P2 | 7 | 4 | 5
P3 | 8 | 4 | 6
P4 | 8 | 5 | 5
B) The system is not in a safe state. The available resources (3, 3, 2) are not sufficient to fulfill the need of process P2 (7, 4, 5).
C) If process P1 requests one more instance of resource A and two instances of resource C, the request can be granted as
The document discusses the Banker's algorithm for deadlock avoidance in operating systems. It explains that the Banker's algorithm works by simulating resource allocation to determine if allocating additional resources would put the system in an unsafe state. It outlines the key data structures used - available resources, maximum resources per process, allocated resources per process, and needed resources per process. It then describes the Safety algorithm and Resource Request algorithm that use these data structures to determine if a resource request would be safe or if a process needs to wait. An example is provided to illustrate applying the Banker's algorithm to determine the safe sequence of processes.
This document discusses deadlocks in operating systems. It defines deadlock and indefinite postponement. It describes the four conditions required for deadlock: mutual exclusion, hold and wait, no preemption, and circular wait. It discusses different approaches to handling deadlocks such as prevention, avoidance, detection, and recovery. It provides examples of resource allocation graphs and the banker's algorithm to illustrate deadlock avoidance techniques.
This document discusses deadlocks in operating systems. It defines deadlock as when a set of processes are all waiting for resources held by each other in a cyclic manner, preventing any progress. Four conditions must hold for deadlock to occur: mutual exclusion, hold and wait, no preemption, and circular wait. Detection methods include using a resource allocation graph to model processes and resources. Prevention techniques enforce restrictions like requiring processes request resources in a predefined order to avoid circular waits. The banker's algorithm is also described, which uses matrices to model available resources and ensure the system remains in a safe state to avoid deadlocks.
Deadlocks operating system To develop a description of deadlocks, which prevent sets of concurrent processes from completing their tasks
To present a number of different methods for preventing, avoiding, or detecting deadlocks in a computer system
e.t.c
This document discusses different approaches to handling deadlocks in operating systems. It begins by defining deadlocks and providing examples. It then describes four conditions required for deadlock to occur. Various methods for handling deadlocks are discussed, including prevention, avoidance, detection, and recovery. Prevention methods aim to restrict system states that could lead to deadlocks. Avoidance methods dynamically allocate resources to ensure the system cannot reach an unsafe state. Detection methods identify deadlocks after they occur, while recovery rolls back processes or terminates them. A combined approach uses elements of multiple methods.
The document discusses deadlocks in computer systems. It defines deadlocks as when a set of blocked processes each hold a resource and wait for a resource held by another process in the set, creating a circular wait. It presents methods for handling deadlocks including prevention, avoidance, detection, and recovery. Prevention methods restrict how processes can request resources to avoid deadlock conditions. Avoidance methods use additional information to ensure the system never enters an unsafe state allowing deadlocks. Detection finds cycles in a wait-for graph to detect existing deadlocks while recovery schemes deal with detected deadlocks.
The objectives of Deadlocks in Operating Systems are:
- To develop a description of deadlocks, which prevent sets of concurrent processes from completing their tasks
- To present a number of different methods for preventing or avoiding deadlocks in a computer system
The document discusses the deadlock problem in operating systems. It defines deadlock as a state where a set of blocked processes are each holding resources and waiting for additional resources held by other processes in the set, resulting in none of the processes being able to progress. Four conditions must hold simultaneously for deadlock to occur: mutual exclusion, hold and wait, no preemption, and circular wait. Methods for handling deadlocks include prevention, avoidance, and detection/recovery. The banker's algorithm is presented as a deadlock avoidance strategy that uses a resource allocation graph and ensures the system is always in a safe state where deadlocks cannot occur.
This document discusses deadlocks in computer systems. It defines a deadlock as when two or more processes are waiting for resources held by each other in a circular chain. It describes the four conditions required for a deadlock to occur: mutual exclusion, hold and wait, no preemption, and circular wait. Methods to handle deadlocks include deadlock prevention, avoidance, detection, and recovery. Prevention ensures conditions don't hold, avoidance uses additional process information, detection uses graphs to find cycles indicating deadlocks, and recovery aborts processes or preempts resources.
There are three main methods for dealing with deadlocks in an operating system: prevention, avoidance, and detection with recovery. Prevention ensures that the necessary conditions for deadlock cannot occur through restrictions on resource allocation. Avoidance uses additional information about future resource needs and requests to determine if allocating resources will lead to an unsafe state. Detection identifies when a deadlock has occurred, then recovery techniques like process termination or resource preemption are used to resolve it. No single approach is suitable for all resource types, so systems often combine methods by applying the optimal one to each resource class.
This document discusses various techniques for handling deadlocks in operating systems, including prevention, avoidance, detection, and recovery. Deadlock prevention methods ensure deadlock conditions cannot occur by restricting resource usage. Deadlock avoidance algorithms dynamically examine the resource allocation state to guarantee the system remains in a safe state. Detection algorithms search for resource allocation cycles to identify deadlocks. Recovery methods terminate or roll back processes involved in deadlocks. The document provides examples to illustrate these deadlock handling techniques.
1. There are three methods to handle deadlocks: prevention, avoidance, and detection with recovery.
2. Deadlock prevention ensures that at least one of the necessary conditions for deadlock cannot occur. Deadlock avoidance requires processes to declare maximum resource needs upfront.
3. The Banker's algorithm is a deadlock avoidance technique that dynamically checks the resource allocation state to ensure it remains safe and no circular wait can occur.
The document summarizes different approaches to handling deadlocks in operating systems, including prevention, avoidance, detection, and recovery. It describes the four conditions required for deadlock, and models for representing resource allocation and processes waiting for resources, such as resource allocation graphs and wait-for graphs. Detection algorithms allow the system to enter a deadlocked state and then identify cycles in wait-for graphs to detect deadlocks.
The document discusses techniques for deadlock avoidance, including ensuring that systems are in a safe state by having a safe sequence for allocating resources and using the Banker's Algorithm which analyzes maximum resource needs to determine if allocating additional resources will keep the system in a safe state. It also outlines the data structures needed to implement the Banker's Algorithm, including available resources, maximum resource demands, current allocations, and remaining needs.
The implementation of Banker's algorithm, data structure and its parserMatthew Chang
The document summarizes a student project presentation on implementing Banker's algorithm for deadlock avoidance. It includes:
1) An overview of Banker's algorithm and how it checks for safe states to avoid deadlock by dynamically evaluating resource requests.
2) Details on the data structures and parsing approach used to represent the banker's algorithm information and process resource requests.
3) A demonstration of the program loading sample data from a file, displaying the banker's algorithm information, and handling different user commands and error scenarios.
This document discusses different methods for handling deadlocks in computer systems, including deadlock prevention, avoidance, and detection. Deadlock prevention methods aim to ensure a system will never enter a deadlocked state by enforcing rules like mutual exclusion of resources and requiring processes to request all resources before starting. Deadlock avoidance uses algorithms like the banker's algorithm to dynamically examine the system state and ensure it remains in a "safe" state where deadlocks cannot occur. Deadlock detection allows the system to enter a deadlocked state but periodically checks a wait-for graph representing resource dependencies between processes to detect any cycles that indicate a deadlock.
The Deadlock Problem
System Model
Deadlock Characterization
Methods for Handling Deadlocks
Deadlock Prevention
Deadlock Avoidance
Deadlock Detection
Recovery from Deadlock
This document discusses deadlocks in a multiprogramming system. It defines deadlock as a situation where a set of processes are waiting indefinitely for resources held by each other in a circular chain. Four necessary conditions for deadlock are explained: mutual exclusion, hold and wait, no preemption, and circular wait. Methods for handling deadlocks include prevention, avoidance, detection and recovery. Prevention methods aim to enforce restrictions to ensure at least one condition cannot be met, such as allocating all resources for a process upfront or not allowing processes to hold resources while waiting for others.
The document discusses different methods for handling deadlocks in computer systems, including deadlock prevention, avoidance, detection, and recovery. It describes the four necessary conditions for deadlock, and models like the resource allocation graph and banker's algorithm that can be used to prevent or avoid deadlocks by ensuring the system remains in a safe state where deadlocks cannot occur. Detection methods allow the system to enter a deadlocked state before taking action to recover through rollback or preemption.
The objectives of Deadlocks in Operating Systems are:
- To develop a description of deadlocks, which prevent sets of concurrent processes from completing their tasks
- To present a number of different methods for preventing or avoiding deadlocks in a computer system
This document appears to be notes from a lecture on deep learning and artificial neural networks given by Ms. Harika Pudugosula. It discusses key concepts like binary classification, linear perceptrons, feed-forward neural networks, activation functions like sigmoid and ReLU, and softmax output layers. Examples are provided to explain how neural networks can be used for problems like predicting exam performance based on sleep and study hours. Links are included at the end to additional explanatory videos on neural network topics.
This document appears to be a lecture presentation on deep learning. It includes:
1) An evaluation scheme for the course with various assessments worth different percentages of the total marks.
2) An overview of topics to be covered including neural networks, neuron types, and feedforward networks.
3) A textbook definition of deep learning as a machine learning approach that trains models on examples rather than explicit rules.
This document discusses deadlocks in operating systems. It defines deadlock as when a set of processes are all waiting for resources held by each other in a cyclic manner, preventing any progress. Four conditions must hold for deadlock to occur: mutual exclusion, hold and wait, no preemption, and circular wait. Detection methods include using a resource allocation graph to model processes and resources. Prevention techniques enforce restrictions like requiring processes request resources in a predefined order to avoid circular waits. The banker's algorithm is also described, which uses matrices to model available resources and ensure the system remains in a safe state to avoid deadlocks.
Deadlocks operating system To develop a description of deadlocks, which prevent sets of concurrent processes from completing their tasks
To present a number of different methods for preventing, avoiding, or detecting deadlocks in a computer system
e.t.c
This document discusses different approaches to handling deadlocks in operating systems. It begins by defining deadlocks and providing examples. It then describes four conditions required for deadlock to occur. Various methods for handling deadlocks are discussed, including prevention, avoidance, detection, and recovery. Prevention methods aim to restrict system states that could lead to deadlocks. Avoidance methods dynamically allocate resources to ensure the system cannot reach an unsafe state. Detection methods identify deadlocks after they occur, while recovery rolls back processes or terminates them. A combined approach uses elements of multiple methods.
The document discusses deadlocks in computer systems. It defines deadlocks as when a set of blocked processes each hold a resource and wait for a resource held by another process in the set, creating a circular wait. It presents methods for handling deadlocks including prevention, avoidance, detection, and recovery. Prevention methods restrict how processes can request resources to avoid deadlock conditions. Avoidance methods use additional information to ensure the system never enters an unsafe state allowing deadlocks. Detection finds cycles in a wait-for graph to detect existing deadlocks while recovery schemes deal with detected deadlocks.
The objectives of Deadlocks in Operating Systems are:
- To develop a description of deadlocks, which prevent sets of concurrent processes from completing their tasks
- To present a number of different methods for preventing or avoiding deadlocks in a computer system
The document discusses the deadlock problem in operating systems. It defines deadlock as a state where a set of blocked processes are each holding resources and waiting for additional resources held by other processes in the set, resulting in none of the processes being able to progress. Four conditions must hold simultaneously for deadlock to occur: mutual exclusion, hold and wait, no preemption, and circular wait. Methods for handling deadlocks include prevention, avoidance, and detection/recovery. The banker's algorithm is presented as a deadlock avoidance strategy that uses a resource allocation graph and ensures the system is always in a safe state where deadlocks cannot occur.
This document discusses deadlocks in computer systems. It defines a deadlock as when two or more processes are waiting for resources held by each other in a circular chain. It describes the four conditions required for a deadlock to occur: mutual exclusion, hold and wait, no preemption, and circular wait. Methods to handle deadlocks include deadlock prevention, avoidance, detection, and recovery. Prevention ensures conditions don't hold, avoidance uses additional process information, detection uses graphs to find cycles indicating deadlocks, and recovery aborts processes or preempts resources.
There are three main methods for dealing with deadlocks in an operating system: prevention, avoidance, and detection with recovery. Prevention ensures that the necessary conditions for deadlock cannot occur through restrictions on resource allocation. Avoidance uses additional information about future resource needs and requests to determine if allocating resources will lead to an unsafe state. Detection identifies when a deadlock has occurred, then recovery techniques like process termination or resource preemption are used to resolve it. No single approach is suitable for all resource types, so systems often combine methods by applying the optimal one to each resource class.
This document discusses various techniques for handling deadlocks in operating systems, including prevention, avoidance, detection, and recovery. Deadlock prevention methods ensure deadlock conditions cannot occur by restricting resource usage. Deadlock avoidance algorithms dynamically examine the resource allocation state to guarantee the system remains in a safe state. Detection algorithms search for resource allocation cycles to identify deadlocks. Recovery methods terminate or roll back processes involved in deadlocks. The document provides examples to illustrate these deadlock handling techniques.
1. There are three methods to handle deadlocks: prevention, avoidance, and detection with recovery.
2. Deadlock prevention ensures that at least one of the necessary conditions for deadlock cannot occur. Deadlock avoidance requires processes to declare maximum resource needs upfront.
3. The Banker's algorithm is a deadlock avoidance technique that dynamically checks the resource allocation state to ensure it remains safe and no circular wait can occur.
The document summarizes different approaches to handling deadlocks in operating systems, including prevention, avoidance, detection, and recovery. It describes the four conditions required for deadlock, and models for representing resource allocation and processes waiting for resources, such as resource allocation graphs and wait-for graphs. Detection algorithms allow the system to enter a deadlocked state and then identify cycles in wait-for graphs to detect deadlocks.
The document discusses techniques for deadlock avoidance, including ensuring that systems are in a safe state by having a safe sequence for allocating resources and using the Banker's Algorithm which analyzes maximum resource needs to determine if allocating additional resources will keep the system in a safe state. It also outlines the data structures needed to implement the Banker's Algorithm, including available resources, maximum resource demands, current allocations, and remaining needs.
The implementation of Banker's algorithm, data structure and its parserMatthew Chang
The document summarizes a student project presentation on implementing Banker's algorithm for deadlock avoidance. It includes:
1) An overview of Banker's algorithm and how it checks for safe states to avoid deadlock by dynamically evaluating resource requests.
2) Details on the data structures and parsing approach used to represent the banker's algorithm information and process resource requests.
3) A demonstration of the program loading sample data from a file, displaying the banker's algorithm information, and handling different user commands and error scenarios.
This document discusses different methods for handling deadlocks in computer systems, including deadlock prevention, avoidance, and detection. Deadlock prevention methods aim to ensure a system will never enter a deadlocked state by enforcing rules like mutual exclusion of resources and requiring processes to request all resources before starting. Deadlock avoidance uses algorithms like the banker's algorithm to dynamically examine the system state and ensure it remains in a "safe" state where deadlocks cannot occur. Deadlock detection allows the system to enter a deadlocked state but periodically checks a wait-for graph representing resource dependencies between processes to detect any cycles that indicate a deadlock.
The Deadlock Problem
System Model
Deadlock Characterization
Methods for Handling Deadlocks
Deadlock Prevention
Deadlock Avoidance
Deadlock Detection
Recovery from Deadlock
This document discusses deadlocks in a multiprogramming system. It defines deadlock as a situation where a set of processes are waiting indefinitely for resources held by each other in a circular chain. Four necessary conditions for deadlock are explained: mutual exclusion, hold and wait, no preemption, and circular wait. Methods for handling deadlocks include prevention, avoidance, detection and recovery. Prevention methods aim to enforce restrictions to ensure at least one condition cannot be met, such as allocating all resources for a process upfront or not allowing processes to hold resources while waiting for others.
The document discusses different methods for handling deadlocks in computer systems, including deadlock prevention, avoidance, detection, and recovery. It describes the four necessary conditions for deadlock, and models like the resource allocation graph and banker's algorithm that can be used to prevent or avoid deadlocks by ensuring the system remains in a safe state where deadlocks cannot occur. Detection methods allow the system to enter a deadlocked state before taking action to recover through rollback or preemption.
The objectives of Deadlocks in Operating Systems are:
- To develop a description of deadlocks, which prevent sets of concurrent processes from completing their tasks
- To present a number of different methods for preventing or avoiding deadlocks in a computer system
This document appears to be notes from a lecture on deep learning and artificial neural networks given by Ms. Harika Pudugosula. It discusses key concepts like binary classification, linear perceptrons, feed-forward neural networks, activation functions like sigmoid and ReLU, and softmax output layers. Examples are provided to explain how neural networks can be used for problems like predicting exam performance based on sleep and study hours. Links are included at the end to additional explanatory videos on neural network topics.
This document appears to be a lecture presentation on deep learning. It includes:
1) An evaluation scheme for the course with various assessments worth different percentages of the total marks.
2) An overview of topics to be covered including neural networks, neuron types, and feedforward networks.
3) A textbook definition of deep learning as a machine learning approach that trains models on examples rather than explicit rules.
This document summarizes a lecture on deep learning and artificial neural networks. It includes definitions of deep learning and machine learning. It discusses the neuron as the basic unit of an artificial neural network. It also explains how linear perceptrons can be expressed as neurons, and how neurons are more expressive than linear perceptrons since they can model problems that perceptrons cannot. Examples of parameter optimization and dealing with uneven data distributions are also briefly covered.
CPU scheduling is the basis of multiprogrammed operating systems. By switching the CPU among processes, the operating system can make the computer more productive
- To introduce CPU scheduling, which is the basis for multiprogrammed operating systems
- To describe various CPU-scheduling algorithms
- To discuss evaluation criteria for selecting a CPU-scheduling algorithm for a particular system
- To examine the scheduling algorithms of several operating systems
This document discusses different CPU scheduling algorithms and their optimization criteria. It describes the First Come First Serve (FCFS) algorithm and provides examples to show how process wait times can vary based on arrival order. The Shortest Job First (SJF) algorithm is also covered, explaining how it selects the process with the shortest remaining CPU burst time to optimize average wait time. The document concludes by discussing how exponential averaging can be used to predict future CPU burst lengths for SJF scheduling.
CPU scheduling is the basis of multi-programmed operating systems. By switching the CPU among processes, the operating system can make the computer more productive
- To introduce CPU scheduling, which is the basis for multi-programmed operating systems
- To describe various CPU-scheduling algorithms
- To discuss evaluation criteria for selecting a CPU-scheduling algorithm for a particular system
- To examine the scheduling algorithms of several operating systems
The objectives of Multithreaded Programming in Operating Systems are:
- To introduce the notion of a thread—a fundamental unit of CPU utilization that forms the basis of multithreaded computer systems.
- To discuss the APIs for the Pthreads, Windows, and Java thread libraries
- To explore several strategies that provide implicit threading.
- To examine issues related to multithreaded programming.
- To cover operating system support for threads in Windows and Linux.
The objectives of Multithreaded Programming in Operating Systems are:
- To introduce the notion of a thread—a fundamental unit of CPU utilization that forms the basis of multithreaded computer systems.
- To discuss the APIs for the Pthreads, Windows, and Java thread libraries
- To explore several strategies that provide implicit threading.
- To examine issues related to multithreaded programming.
- To cover operating system support for threads in Windows and Linux.
The objectives of Multithreaded programming in Operating systems are:
- To introduce the notion of a thread—a fundamental unit of CPU utilization that forms the basis of multithreaded computer systems.
- To discuss the APIs for the Pthreads, Windows, and Java thread libraries
- To explore several strategies that provide implicit threading.
- To examine issues related to multithreaded programming.
- To cover operating system support for threads in Windows and Linux.
The objectives of Memory Management strategies in Operating Systems are:
- To provide a detailed description of various ways of organizing memory hardware
- To discuss various memory-management techniques, including paging and segmentation
- To provide a detailed description of the Intel Pentium, which supports both pure segmentation and segmentation with paging
The objectives of these slides are:
- To provide a detailed description of various ways of organizing memory hardware
- To discuss various memory-management techniques, including paging and segmentation
- To provide a detailed description of the Intel Pentium, which supports both pure segmentation and segmentation with paging
The Objectives of these slides are:
- To provide a detailed description of various ways of organizing memory hardware
- To discuss various memory-management techniques, including paging and segmentation
- To provide a detailed description of the Intel Pentium, which supports both pure segmentation and segmentation with paging
The objectives of these slides are:
- To provide a detailed description of various ways of organizing memory hardware
- To discuss various memory-management techniques, including paging and segmentation
- To provide a detailed description of the Intel Pentium, which supports both pure segmentation and segmentation with paging
The objectives of these slides are:
- To describe the benefits of a virtual memory system
- To explain the concepts of demand paging, page-replacement algorithms, and allocation of page frames
- To discuss the principle of the working-set model
The objectives of these slides are:
- To describe the benefits of a virtual memory system
- To explain the concepts of demand paging, page-replacement algorithms, and allocation of page frames
- To discuss the principle of the working-set model
The objective of these slides are:
- To describe the services that
an operating system provides users, processes, and other systems
- To discuss the various ways of structuring an operating system
- To explain how operating systems are installed and customized and how they boot
This document provides an overview of operating system services, the user and operating system interface, system calls, and system programs. It describes the various services an operating system provides, including user interfaces, program execution, I/O operations, file manipulation, communications, error detection, resource allocation, accounting, and protection. It discusses system call implementation and different types of system calls. Finally, it explains common system programs for file management, system status information, file modification, programming language support, program loading and execution, communications, and background services.
The objectives of these slides are:
- To introduce the notion of a process - a program in execution, which forms the basis of all computation
- To describe the various features of processes, including scheduling, creation and termination, and communication
- To explore interprocess communication using shared memory and message passing
The objectives of these slides are -
- To introduce the notion of a process - a program in execution, which forms the basis of all computation
- To describe the various features of processes, including scheduling, creation and termination, and communication
- To explore interprocess communication using shared memory and message passing
The objectives of these slides are -
- To introduce the notion of a process - a program in execution, which forms the basis of all computation
- To describe the various features of processes, including scheduling, creation and termination, and communication
- To explore interprocess communication using shared memory and message passing
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
2. • System Model
• Deadlock Characterization
• Methods for Handling Deadlocks
• Deadlock Prevention
• Deadlock Avoidance
• Deadlock Detection
• Recovery from Deadlock
2
3. Dead Avoidance
• Possible side effects of preventing deadlocks with Deadlock prevention are -
• Low device utilization and reduced system throughput
• Deadlock avoidance requires additional information about how resources have to
be requested
• Example -
• In a system with one tape drive and one printer
• The system might need to know that process P will request first the tape drive
and then the printer before releasing both resources
• Process Q will request first the printer and then the tape drive
• With this knowledge of the complete sequence of requests and releases for each
process, the system can decide for each request whether or not the process should
wait in order to avoid a possible future deadlock
3
4. Dead Avoidance
• Each request requires that in making this decision, the system follows the followig
approach -
• the resources currently available,
• the resources currently allocated to each process
• the future requests and releases of each process
• Algorithms that use this approach differ in the amount and type of information
required
• The simplest and most useful model requires that each process declare the
maximum number of resources of each type that it may need
• A deadlock-avoidance algorithm dynamically examines the resource-allocation state
to ensure that a circular-wait condition can never exist
• Resource Allocation state is defined by the number of available and allocated
resources and the maximum demands of the processes
4
5. • A state is safe if the system can allocate resources to each process in some order and
still avoid a deadlock
• A system is in a safe state only if there exists a safe sequence
• Safe sequence: A sequence of processes <P1, P2, …, Pn> is a safe sequence for the
current allocation state if, for each Pi , the resources that Pi can still request can be
satisfied by currently available resources + resources held by all the Pj, with j < i
• In this situation,
• If the resources that Pi needs are not immediately available, then Pi can wait until
all Pj have finished
• When all Pj are finished, Pi can obtain needed resources, execute, return
allocated resources, and terminate
• When Pi terminates, Pi +1 can obtain its needed resources, and so on
• If no such sequence exists, then the system state is said to be unsafe
Safe State
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6. • If a system is in unsafe state possibility of deadlock
• An unsafe state may lead to a deadlock
• In an unsafe state, the operating system cannot
prevent processes from requesting resources in such
a way that a deadlock occurs. The behavior of the
processes controls unsafe states
• Avoidance ensure that a system will never enter an
unsafe state
• If a system is in safe state no deadlocks
• As long as the state is safe, the operating system can
avoid unsafe (and deadlocked) states
Safe State
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8. • Resource - Allocation - Graph Algorithm
• Banker’s Algorithm
• Idea behind deadlock avoidance algorithm -
• To ensure that the system will always remain in a safe state
• Whenever a process requests a resource that is currently available, the system
must decide whether the resource can be allocated immediately or whether the
process must wait
• The request is granted only if the allocation leaves the system in a safe state
• In this scheme, if a process requests a resource that is currently available, it may
still have to wait
• Thus, resource utilization may be lower than it would be
• Single instance of a resource type
• Use a resource-allocation graph
• Multiple instances of a resource type
• Use the banker’s algorithm
Two deadlock-avoidance algorithms
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9. • Claim edge - Pi -->Rj indicates that process Pi may request resource Rj at some time
in the future and it is represented by a dashed line
• Claim edge converts to request edge when a process requests a resource
• Request edge converted to an assignment edge when the resource is allocated to
the process
• When a resource is released by a process, assignment edge reconverts to a claim
edge
• Resources must be claimed a priori in the system. That is, before process Pi starts
executing, all its claim edges must already appear in the resource-allocation graph
• Suppose that process Pi requests a resource Rj
• The request can be granted only if converting the request edge to an assignment
edge does not result in the formation of a cycle in the resource allocation graph
• Here, we need a cycle detection algorithm that requires an order of n*n operations,
where n is the number of processes in the system
Resource-Allocation-Graph Algorithm
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10. • If no cycle exists, then the allocation of
the resource will leave the system in a
safe state. If a cycle is found, then the
allocation will put the system in an unsafe
state. In that case, process Pi will have to
wait for its requests to be satisfied
• Consider the resource-allocation graph,
suppose that P2 requests R2
• Although R2 is currently free, cannot
allocate it to P2, since this action will
create a cycle in the graph
• A cycle, as mentioned, indicates that the
system is in an unsafe state
• If P1 requests R2, and P2 requests R1,
then a deadlock will occur
Resource-Allocation-Graph Algorithm
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11. • When each resource has multiple instance then banker algorithm is used
• When a new process enters the system, it must declare the maximum number of
instances of each resource type that it may need
• Number may not exceed the total number of resources in the system
• When a user requests a set of resources, the system must determine whether the
allocation of these resources will leave the system in a safe state
• If it will, the resources are allocated; otherwise, the process must wait until some
other process releases enough resources
• When a process gets all its resources it must return them in a finite amount of time
• Data structures must be maintained to implement the banker’s algorithm, to encode
the state of the resource-allocation system
Banker’s Algorithm
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12. • The following data structures are used in this algorithm
n is the number of processes in the system
m is the number of resource types
• Available - Vector of length m. If available [j] = k, there are k instances of
resource type Rj available
• Max - n x m matrix. If Max [i,j] = k, then process Pi may request at most k
instances of resource type Rj
• Allocation - n x m matrix. If Allocation[i,j] = k then Pi is currently allocated k
instances of Rj
• Need - n x m matrix. If Need[i,j] = k, then Pi may need k more instances of Rj to
complete its task
Need [i,j] = Max[i,j] – Allocation [i,j]
• These data structures vary over time in both size and value
Banker’s Algorithm
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13. • The vector Allocationi specifies the resources currently allocated to process Pi
• The vector Needi specifies the additional resources that process Pi may still request
to complete its task
• In Banker’s algorithm, we have two types –
• Safety algorithm
• Resource Allocation algorithm
• Safety Algorithm
• The algorithm for finding out whether or not a system is in a safe state. This
algorithm can be described as follows -
• Let Work and Finish be vectors of length m and n, respectively. Initialize -
• Work = Available
• Finish [i] = false for i = 0, 1, …, n- 1
Banker’s Algorithm
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14. • Safety Algorithm
1. Let Work and Finish be vectors of length m and n, respectively. Initialize:
• Work = Available
• Finish [i] = false for i = 0, 1, …, n- 1
2. Find an index i such that both
• Finish[i] == false
• Needi ≤ Work
If no such i exists, go to step 4
3. Work = Work + Allocationi
• Finish[i] = true
Go to step 2
4. If Finish[i] == true for all i, then the system is in a safe state
• This algorithm may require an order of m × n2 operations to determine whether a
state is safe
Banker’s Algorithm
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15. • Resource Request Algorithm
• Algorithm for determining whether requests can be safely granted
• Let Requesti be the request vector for process Pi
• If Requesti [j] == k, then process Pi wants k instances of resource type Rj
• When a request for resources is made by process Pi , the following actions are
taken
1. If Requesti (less than or equal to) Needi go to step 2. Otherwise, raise error
condition, since process has exceeded its maximum claim
2. If Requesti (less than or equal to) Available, go to step 3. Otherwise Pi
must wait, since resources are not available
3. Pretend to allocate requested resources to Pi by modifying the state as
follows: Available = Available – Requesti;
Allocationi = Allocationi + Requesti;
Needi = Needi – Requesti;
Banker’s Algorithm
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16. Pro: Consider a system with five processes
P0 through P4 and three resource types A,
B, and C. Resource type A has ten
instances, resource type B has five
instances, and resource type C has seven
instances
Sol:
Given: A B C – 3 resource types
A=10 instances; B=5 instances;
C = 7 instances
- Total number of resources = 10+5+7 = 22
resources
- Number of resources available of
Resource type A = 10-7 = 3
B= 5-2 =3
C= 7-5 =2
Banker’s Algorithm
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Proc
ess
Allocati
on
Max Availab
le
Need
A B C A B C A B C A B C
P0 0 1 0 7 5 3 3 3 2 7 4 3
P1 2 0 0 3 2 2 1 2 2
P2 3 0 2 9 0 2 6 0 0
P3 2 1 1 2 2 2 0 1 1
P4 0 0 2 4 3 3 4 3 1
7 2 5
Need [i,j] = Max[i,j] – Allocation [i,j]
17. • Safety Algorithm
Banker’s Algorithm
17
• Work= available then work= 3 3 2
• Finish[i]=false i=0,1,2,3,4 ; false indicate not executed
1. P0
Work= available ; work=3 3 2
finish[i]=false;
need<= work ; 7 4 3<= 3 3 2 --> false
So, P0 has to wait
2. P1
need <= work 1 2 2 <= 3 3 2 true
work= work+ allocation
3 3 2 +2 0 0 = 5 3 2 available; P1 starts its execution
Work = 5 3 2
18. • Safety Algorithm
Banker’s Algorithm
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3. P2
need <= work 6 0 0 <= 5 3 2 false
p2 has to wait
4. P3
need <= work 0 1 1<= 5 3 2 true
work= work+ allocation
5 3 2 +2 1 1 = 7 4 3 available
5. P4
need <= work 4 3 1<= 7 4 3 true
work= work+ allocation
7 4 3 + 0 0 2 = 7 4 5 available