The document discusses Ptolemy's Geography (GH) and its relationship to earlier works of geography and cartography. It provides context on Ptolemy's sources including Marinos of Tyre and notes key differences between chorography and geography as Ptolemy defined them. The document also analyzes several aspects of Ptolemy's work, including his treatment of locations, boundaries, precision of coordinates and use of temporal data. It argues Ptolemy's GH was an original composition that incorporated rich chorographic details into geography, and proposes this provides a new understanding of pre-history of mapping.
The document provides an overview of cartography and the key elements involved in mapmaking. It discusses important concepts like map projections, datums, geographic coordinates, and the common elements of maps such as titles, legends, scales, and directional indicators. It also examines different types of map projections including conic, cylindrical, and planar projections; and factors to consider in map design like the target audience, level of detail to include, appropriate use of symbols, colors and labeling. In the end, it shares some examples of excellent maps created by cartographers and acknowledges the sources of information.
This document discusses different types of map projections and their tradeoffs in accurately representing the spherical Earth on a flat surface. It provides examples of common projections like Mercator, Robinson, and Peters and explains how they differently distort features like size, shape, and distance to prioritize certain map qualities. Overall, no single projection is perfect, and mapmakers have devised many methods to flatten the globe while minimizing distortions for specific mapping needs.
This document provides an introduction to maps, including what maps are, why they are made, and how to read them. It discusses that maps are generalized views of areas seen from above that represent spatial relationships in a concise manner. It also covers map scales, symbols, projections, and how topographic maps specifically show both 2D and 3D features through the use of contour lines.
This document discusses the challenges of representing landscapes through drawings. It provides 3 key reasons for this:
1. Landscape architects have indirect and detached access to the landscape medium, unlike fine artists who directly engage with their medium.
2. Drawings are incongruent with the lived experience of landscapes, which are all-enveloping, situated in place, and change over time in ways drawings cannot capture.
3. Drawings must be generative and determine the landscape prior to its construction, whereas other artforms are reflective of a pre-existing subject.
While these characteristics make drawings an imperfect representation, they also give drawings the potential to reveal new landscape possibilities not yet realized. The document examines
This document provides an overview of cartography. It begins with definitions of cartography and discusses the importance and history of maps. The history section outlines some of the earliest maps from ancient civilizations like Babylonia, Egypt, and Greece. It also describes important contributions from figures like Ptolemy, including his world map and map projections. The document emphasizes that cartography has progressed from early conceptual maps to more accurate representations incorporating scientific principles.
The document discusses three different map projections: Robinson, Mercator, and Azimuthal.
The Robinson projection has low area distortion near the equator but becomes increasingly distorted near the poles. It is not conformal, so shapes are distorted, and it is not equidistant.
The Mercator projection was designed for navigation but significantly distorts sizes, making higher latitudes appear larger than they are. Distortion increases further from the equator and poles.
The Azimuthal projection is a mathematical tool useful for showing distances from its central point but has increasing distortion further from the center. It does not represent the equatorial area well.
A map is a representation of an area of land or sky, usually drawn on a flat surface, that depicts the features within that area at an accurate scale and in proper sizes and positions relative to each other according to standard mapmaking conventions. A map shows landforms, mountains, rivers, and other geographic elements or celestial objects in a region using a grid, compass, scale, and key to establish location and provide a consistent representation.
This document outlines a landscape architecture course project that involves students exploring their personal sense of place through experiential activities and creative representations. In the first part, students will visit Peel Tower and record their sensory experiences and emotional responses to the landscape through sketches and writings. The second part involves mapping sensory qualities of three contrasting public spaces in Manchester through group drawings, data collection, and comparison. The goal is for students to develop skills in analyzing landscapes from their unique perspectives and communicating those analyses creatively.
The document provides an overview of cartography and the key elements involved in mapmaking. It discusses important concepts like map projections, datums, geographic coordinates, and the common elements of maps such as titles, legends, scales, and directional indicators. It also examines different types of map projections including conic, cylindrical, and planar projections; and factors to consider in map design like the target audience, level of detail to include, appropriate use of symbols, colors and labeling. In the end, it shares some examples of excellent maps created by cartographers and acknowledges the sources of information.
This document discusses different types of map projections and their tradeoffs in accurately representing the spherical Earth on a flat surface. It provides examples of common projections like Mercator, Robinson, and Peters and explains how they differently distort features like size, shape, and distance to prioritize certain map qualities. Overall, no single projection is perfect, and mapmakers have devised many methods to flatten the globe while minimizing distortions for specific mapping needs.
This document provides an introduction to maps, including what maps are, why they are made, and how to read them. It discusses that maps are generalized views of areas seen from above that represent spatial relationships in a concise manner. It also covers map scales, symbols, projections, and how topographic maps specifically show both 2D and 3D features through the use of contour lines.
This document discusses the challenges of representing landscapes through drawings. It provides 3 key reasons for this:
1. Landscape architects have indirect and detached access to the landscape medium, unlike fine artists who directly engage with their medium.
2. Drawings are incongruent with the lived experience of landscapes, which are all-enveloping, situated in place, and change over time in ways drawings cannot capture.
3. Drawings must be generative and determine the landscape prior to its construction, whereas other artforms are reflective of a pre-existing subject.
While these characteristics make drawings an imperfect representation, they also give drawings the potential to reveal new landscape possibilities not yet realized. The document examines
This document provides an overview of cartography. It begins with definitions of cartography and discusses the importance and history of maps. The history section outlines some of the earliest maps from ancient civilizations like Babylonia, Egypt, and Greece. It also describes important contributions from figures like Ptolemy, including his world map and map projections. The document emphasizes that cartography has progressed from early conceptual maps to more accurate representations incorporating scientific principles.
The document discusses three different map projections: Robinson, Mercator, and Azimuthal.
The Robinson projection has low area distortion near the equator but becomes increasingly distorted near the poles. It is not conformal, so shapes are distorted, and it is not equidistant.
The Mercator projection was designed for navigation but significantly distorts sizes, making higher latitudes appear larger than they are. Distortion increases further from the equator and poles.
The Azimuthal projection is a mathematical tool useful for showing distances from its central point but has increasing distortion further from the center. It does not represent the equatorial area well.
A map is a representation of an area of land or sky, usually drawn on a flat surface, that depicts the features within that area at an accurate scale and in proper sizes and positions relative to each other according to standard mapmaking conventions. A map shows landforms, mountains, rivers, and other geographic elements or celestial objects in a region using a grid, compass, scale, and key to establish location and provide a consistent representation.
This document outlines a landscape architecture course project that involves students exploring their personal sense of place through experiential activities and creative representations. In the first part, students will visit Peel Tower and record their sensory experiences and emotional responses to the landscape through sketches and writings. The second part involves mapping sensory qualities of three contrasting public spaces in Manchester through group drawings, data collection, and comparison. The goal is for students to develop skills in analyzing landscapes from their unique perspectives and communicating those analyses creatively.
This document discusses different types of map projections used to represent the spherical Earth on a flat surface. It describes terrestrial globes which do not distort the Earth's surface but are not useful for studying details. It then explains that all map projections inevitably introduce some distortion and describes three main categories of projections - equivalent, equidistant, and conformal - based on how they portray specific characteristics. The rest of the document provides details on cylindrical, conic, and azimuthal/zenithal projection types and their unique properties and distortions.
Gives details about maps, projections,their uses and also about data presentation. Made for students for 11th and 12th standard. Also helpful for competitive examinations. This file is made from NCERT books of class 11th and 12th books titled "Practical work in Geography"
This geography assignment asks students to draw a map of their "Dream Island" that includes key map elements. Students should sketch the island first, then add main features in pencil before finer details. The map should have a border, orientation, legend, title, and both linear and ratio scales to receive full marks. Creativity, symbols used, neatness, accuracy, and inclusion of all BOLTS elements will be assessed.
This document provides an overview of key geographic concepts and tools. It discusses what geography is, the importance of maps, and different types of maps. It describes common map elements like legends, scales, and compass roses. It also covers geographic grid systems using latitude and longitude, map projections, and the five fundamental themes of geography - location, place, human-environment interactions, movement, and regions. The goal is to understand how maps are created and used to study both physical and human geography.
This document provides an overview of key geographic concepts and tools. It discusses what geography is, the importance of maps, and different types of maps. It describes common map elements like legends, scales, and compass roses. It also covers geographic grid systems using latitude and longitude, map projections, and the five fundamental themes of geography - location, place, human-environment interactions, movement, and regions. The goal is to understand how maps are created and used to study both physical and human geography.
This document discusses drawing techniques used by Australian artist Lloyd Rees. It describes how Rees would map landscapes by selecting, exaggerating, and manipulating objects like roads, fences, and rock textures. Rees used techniques like perspective, tonal massing, overlapping screens, and expressive mark making to convey a sense of three-dimensional space and depth on a two-dimensional surface. Specifically, he would employ overlapping "screens" of forms and tonal barriers and passages to guide the viewer's eye through the illusory landscape. Later in his career, Rees relied more on his drawing instincts and sense of space, making confident, bold marks with graphite that expressed the landscape. The workshop was developed to honor Rees
The document discusses key concepts related to maps including:
1. Maps provide spatial representations that show distance, direction, size and shape to depict what is located where. However, maps inherently distort representations of the curved Earth onto a flat surface.
2. Map scale expresses the relationship between distances on a map and the actual distances on the ground through graphic, fractional or verbal scales. Large and small scale maps portray different sized areas at different levels of detail.
3. Key components of maps include titles, dates, legends, scales, directions, locations, data sources and projection types. Globes can more accurately depict spatial relationships but maps are more practical.
Cartography is the science and art of map making. Maps are representations of areas of the earth on a flat surface and include titles, scales, legends, and source statements. Scale expresses the ratio between distances on a map and in real life using statements of scale, representative fractions, and linear scales. There are different units of measurement for distances and scales can be small, showing larger areas with less detail, or large, showing smaller areas with more detail. Maps are also classified based on their communicative objectives like reference maps or thematic maps, and by their subject matter and function like cadastral, topographic, soil, weather, and population maps.
This document provides an overview of common map types and key map elements:
1) It describes several common types of maps including general reference maps, projection maps, charting maps, topical maps, and cartograms. It also highlights topographic maps, which show elevation and physical features.
2) It explains basic geographic elements including hemispheres defined by the equator and prime meridian, as well as cardinal directions shown on compasses.
3) It notes that maps use scales to relate distances on maps to actual distances, and that legends provide keys to symbols and colors used on maps.
This document provides information about maps and globes. It discusses that a globe is a 3D model of the Earth that can be rotated, while maps are representations of the Earth drawn on a flat surface. Globes accurately show the spherical shape of the Earth but cannot display details, while maps can show more details but distort shapes and sizes. The document also describes different types of maps like political, physical, topographical, climatic, and thematic maps. It outlines the advantages and disadvantages of maps and globes and their various uses.
This document outlines the key elements of maps, including the 9 parts of a map like lines of latitude and longitude, labels, and a compass rose. It also discusses elements that add texture to maps such as elevation, relief, and different types of landforms. The key thing to know is that topography refers to the shape of the land, and that maps and globes represent features of Earth using symbols and scale distances measured in degrees from the equator and prime meridian.
This document provides an introduction to key concepts in human geography. It discusses what geography is, its main themes and tools. Geography is defined as the systematic study of phenomena on Earth's surface and their interactions. The five main themes covered are location, place, human-environment interaction, movement and regions. Common geographic tools introduced include maps, GIS, remote sensing and surveys. The document aims to outline foundational concepts for students beginning to study human geography.
The document discusses different types of map projections used to represent the spherical Earth on a flat surface. It describes distortions inherent in all flat map projections and highlights several specific projections including the Mercator, interrupted, Peters, Robinson projections. The key point is that no single projection is perfect and mapmakers must choose one best suited to their specific needs, minimizing important distortions.
Artist Research & Inspiration - Slow Shutter Speedsdusty96
The document discusses various artists' use of slow shutter speeds in photography to create interesting effects. Several people comment on different photos, praising how the artists employ slow shutter speeds to evoke feelings of calm, space, and surrealism by blurring movement while retaining clarity in non-moving elements. One commenter notes how an artist used lights and slow shutter speeds to create a stop motion video of light drawings forming musical notes.
This document defines map projections and their basic concepts. It discusses that map projections are a means of representing the earth's spherical surface on a flat plane. The key aspects covered are:
- Map projections transform the 3D globe onto a 2D surface through techniques like developing surfaces (cones, cylinders, planes) and projection planes.
- Properties of map projections include accurate representation of areas, distances, directions, and angles, but no single projection can achieve all properties.
- Common classifications of projections include planar, cylindrical, conical based on the projection surface, and equal area, equidistant based on properties maintained.
- Standard parallels and commonly used projections like UTM, polyconic, Lambert conform
This document provides an overview of cartography and mapmaking. It discusses the processes involved, such as data collection, design, and reproduction. It covers the uses and functions of maps, different types of maps and symbols used. It also explains important concepts like map projections and technological changes in the field. The document highlights both the advantages of maps in conveying spatial information efficiently, as well as their limitations in providing complete accuracy.
The document discusses the history and concepts of geography and cartography. It explores early examples of geographic representations from thousands of years ago, as well as modern digital mapping and web mapping. Key geographic concepts such as place, space, and scale are examined, alongside the links between geography, cartography, and other disciplines involved in mapmaking.
AP Human Geography: Unit 1 - Introduction to GeographyDaniel Eiland
This image demonstrates the properties of density, concentration, and pattern in the following ways:
Density - The number of dots per square unit of space shows the density is highest in the center and decreases moving outwards.
Concentration - The dots are most closely packed together in the center, showing high concentration, and become more dispersed towards the edges, demonstrating lower concentration.
Pattern - The dots are arranged in a circular pattern, with the highest density and concentration forming a circle in the center, and the density and concentration decreasing in concentric circles as you move outwards from the center.
So in summary, this image uses the spatial distribution of dots to illustrate concepts of density, concentration, and pattern that are key to
Maps are a geographer's tool for representing the three-dimensional real world in two dimensions. While flat maps necessarily distort features like shape, size or direction to varying degrees, cartographers use map projections to minimize these distortions. Common projections include cylindrical, azimuthal, conic, and pseudocylindrical projections. Topographic maps produced by the USGS precisely represent land elevations and relief using contour lines. However, what and what is not represented on maps can reflect biases and influence how we perceive the world.
This document provides an introduction to the subject of geography. It defines geography as the study of the relationship between people and their environments. It outlines the major branches of geography such as physical geography, which studies the physical features of the Earth, and human geography, which studies human populations and culture. The document also discusses important concepts in geography like place, region, environment, location, and movement. It explains the tools used in geography like maps, globes, tables, graphs and charts. Finally, it provides background on the major continents of the world.
This document discusses different types of map projections used to represent the spherical Earth on a flat surface. It describes terrestrial globes which do not distort the Earth's surface but are not useful for studying details. It then explains that all map projections inevitably introduce some distortion and describes three main categories of projections - equivalent, equidistant, and conformal - based on how they portray specific characteristics. The rest of the document provides details on cylindrical, conic, and azimuthal/zenithal projection types and their unique properties and distortions.
Gives details about maps, projections,their uses and also about data presentation. Made for students for 11th and 12th standard. Also helpful for competitive examinations. This file is made from NCERT books of class 11th and 12th books titled "Practical work in Geography"
This geography assignment asks students to draw a map of their "Dream Island" that includes key map elements. Students should sketch the island first, then add main features in pencil before finer details. The map should have a border, orientation, legend, title, and both linear and ratio scales to receive full marks. Creativity, symbols used, neatness, accuracy, and inclusion of all BOLTS elements will be assessed.
This document provides an overview of key geographic concepts and tools. It discusses what geography is, the importance of maps, and different types of maps. It describes common map elements like legends, scales, and compass roses. It also covers geographic grid systems using latitude and longitude, map projections, and the five fundamental themes of geography - location, place, human-environment interactions, movement, and regions. The goal is to understand how maps are created and used to study both physical and human geography.
This document provides an overview of key geographic concepts and tools. It discusses what geography is, the importance of maps, and different types of maps. It describes common map elements like legends, scales, and compass roses. It also covers geographic grid systems using latitude and longitude, map projections, and the five fundamental themes of geography - location, place, human-environment interactions, movement, and regions. The goal is to understand how maps are created and used to study both physical and human geography.
This document discusses drawing techniques used by Australian artist Lloyd Rees. It describes how Rees would map landscapes by selecting, exaggerating, and manipulating objects like roads, fences, and rock textures. Rees used techniques like perspective, tonal massing, overlapping screens, and expressive mark making to convey a sense of three-dimensional space and depth on a two-dimensional surface. Specifically, he would employ overlapping "screens" of forms and tonal barriers and passages to guide the viewer's eye through the illusory landscape. Later in his career, Rees relied more on his drawing instincts and sense of space, making confident, bold marks with graphite that expressed the landscape. The workshop was developed to honor Rees
The document discusses key concepts related to maps including:
1. Maps provide spatial representations that show distance, direction, size and shape to depict what is located where. However, maps inherently distort representations of the curved Earth onto a flat surface.
2. Map scale expresses the relationship between distances on a map and the actual distances on the ground through graphic, fractional or verbal scales. Large and small scale maps portray different sized areas at different levels of detail.
3. Key components of maps include titles, dates, legends, scales, directions, locations, data sources and projection types. Globes can more accurately depict spatial relationships but maps are more practical.
Cartography is the science and art of map making. Maps are representations of areas of the earth on a flat surface and include titles, scales, legends, and source statements. Scale expresses the ratio between distances on a map and in real life using statements of scale, representative fractions, and linear scales. There are different units of measurement for distances and scales can be small, showing larger areas with less detail, or large, showing smaller areas with more detail. Maps are also classified based on their communicative objectives like reference maps or thematic maps, and by their subject matter and function like cadastral, topographic, soil, weather, and population maps.
This document provides an overview of common map types and key map elements:
1) It describes several common types of maps including general reference maps, projection maps, charting maps, topical maps, and cartograms. It also highlights topographic maps, which show elevation and physical features.
2) It explains basic geographic elements including hemispheres defined by the equator and prime meridian, as well as cardinal directions shown on compasses.
3) It notes that maps use scales to relate distances on maps to actual distances, and that legends provide keys to symbols and colors used on maps.
This document provides information about maps and globes. It discusses that a globe is a 3D model of the Earth that can be rotated, while maps are representations of the Earth drawn on a flat surface. Globes accurately show the spherical shape of the Earth but cannot display details, while maps can show more details but distort shapes and sizes. The document also describes different types of maps like political, physical, topographical, climatic, and thematic maps. It outlines the advantages and disadvantages of maps and globes and their various uses.
This document outlines the key elements of maps, including the 9 parts of a map like lines of latitude and longitude, labels, and a compass rose. It also discusses elements that add texture to maps such as elevation, relief, and different types of landforms. The key thing to know is that topography refers to the shape of the land, and that maps and globes represent features of Earth using symbols and scale distances measured in degrees from the equator and prime meridian.
This document provides an introduction to key concepts in human geography. It discusses what geography is, its main themes and tools. Geography is defined as the systematic study of phenomena on Earth's surface and their interactions. The five main themes covered are location, place, human-environment interaction, movement and regions. Common geographic tools introduced include maps, GIS, remote sensing and surveys. The document aims to outline foundational concepts for students beginning to study human geography.
The document discusses different types of map projections used to represent the spherical Earth on a flat surface. It describes distortions inherent in all flat map projections and highlights several specific projections including the Mercator, interrupted, Peters, Robinson projections. The key point is that no single projection is perfect and mapmakers must choose one best suited to their specific needs, minimizing important distortions.
Artist Research & Inspiration - Slow Shutter Speedsdusty96
The document discusses various artists' use of slow shutter speeds in photography to create interesting effects. Several people comment on different photos, praising how the artists employ slow shutter speeds to evoke feelings of calm, space, and surrealism by blurring movement while retaining clarity in non-moving elements. One commenter notes how an artist used lights and slow shutter speeds to create a stop motion video of light drawings forming musical notes.
This document defines map projections and their basic concepts. It discusses that map projections are a means of representing the earth's spherical surface on a flat plane. The key aspects covered are:
- Map projections transform the 3D globe onto a 2D surface through techniques like developing surfaces (cones, cylinders, planes) and projection planes.
- Properties of map projections include accurate representation of areas, distances, directions, and angles, but no single projection can achieve all properties.
- Common classifications of projections include planar, cylindrical, conical based on the projection surface, and equal area, equidistant based on properties maintained.
- Standard parallels and commonly used projections like UTM, polyconic, Lambert conform
This document provides an overview of cartography and mapmaking. It discusses the processes involved, such as data collection, design, and reproduction. It covers the uses and functions of maps, different types of maps and symbols used. It also explains important concepts like map projections and technological changes in the field. The document highlights both the advantages of maps in conveying spatial information efficiently, as well as their limitations in providing complete accuracy.
The document discusses the history and concepts of geography and cartography. It explores early examples of geographic representations from thousands of years ago, as well as modern digital mapping and web mapping. Key geographic concepts such as place, space, and scale are examined, alongside the links between geography, cartography, and other disciplines involved in mapmaking.
AP Human Geography: Unit 1 - Introduction to GeographyDaniel Eiland
This image demonstrates the properties of density, concentration, and pattern in the following ways:
Density - The number of dots per square unit of space shows the density is highest in the center and decreases moving outwards.
Concentration - The dots are most closely packed together in the center, showing high concentration, and become more dispersed towards the edges, demonstrating lower concentration.
Pattern - The dots are arranged in a circular pattern, with the highest density and concentration forming a circle in the center, and the density and concentration decreasing in concentric circles as you move outwards from the center.
So in summary, this image uses the spatial distribution of dots to illustrate concepts of density, concentration, and pattern that are key to
Maps are a geographer's tool for representing the three-dimensional real world in two dimensions. While flat maps necessarily distort features like shape, size or direction to varying degrees, cartographers use map projections to minimize these distortions. Common projections include cylindrical, azimuthal, conic, and pseudocylindrical projections. Topographic maps produced by the USGS precisely represent land elevations and relief using contour lines. However, what and what is not represented on maps can reflect biases and influence how we perceive the world.
This document provides an introduction to the subject of geography. It defines geography as the study of the relationship between people and their environments. It outlines the major branches of geography such as physical geography, which studies the physical features of the Earth, and human geography, which studies human populations and culture. The document also discusses important concepts in geography like place, region, environment, location, and movement. It explains the tools used in geography like maps, globes, tables, graphs and charts. Finally, it provides background on the major continents of the world.
Basic geography (graphic presentation of the earth)Dane Bacasno
Maps and globes are valuable tools for geography that show the shapes, sizes, locations, and patterns of distribution of natural and human features on Earth's surface. A map is a graphical representation of all or part of the Earth on a flat surface that presents information about the world, such as population patterns or rainfall. One of the earliest known maps dates back 4,000 years to Mesopotamia, and the art of cartography or mapmaking is believed to have originated from ancient Greece, where scholars like Eratosthenes and Ptolemy developed early maps and theories about the size and shape of Earth. Modern cartography has been enhanced by technologies like air photography, computing, and satellite imagery.
Material for participants. IST Comenius-Grundtvig Course. Europe between Mythology, Modernity and Multiculturalism. Powered by Laboratorio del Cittadino Onlus.
This document provides an overview of geography and geographic concepts. It discusses the definition of geography as the study of the world's environment and human interaction within it. It also outlines key geographic tools like maps and atlases and concepts like the five themes of geography, map projections, grid systems and reading coordinates. The goal is to help readers understand geography and how to make, read and use maps.
Geography is the study of the world's environments and human-environment interactions. It has two components: physical geography, which examines the natural world, and human geography, which studies human cultures and activities. Maps are an important tool for geographers, as they can display large amounts of information visually. Different types of maps include political, physical, and thematic maps. Geographers use tools like GIS, aerial photography, and GPS to collect and analyze geographic data and create maps.
Geography is the study of Earth and the relationship between people and their environments. Geographers analyze locations using five themes: location, place, human-environment interaction, movement, and regions. They study physical features like landforms and oceans as well as human aspects such as population and land use. Maps are important tools that help geographers represent Earth's spherical shape on a flat surface, despite some distortion, using techniques like projections and grids. Globes are also used to depict Earth accurately as a round object.
Geological mapping involves systematically observing and recording rock exposures and structural features in the field to produce maps that show the spatial distribution and relationships of rock units. The document discusses different types of geological maps including reconnaissance, regional, detailed, and specialized maps. It also describes common mapping techniques such as traversing, exposure mapping, drilling, underground mapping, and photo-geology. Field equipment used in mapping includes hammers, chisels, compasses, clinometers, tapes, and notebooks.
Geography is the study of Earth's lands, features, inhabitants and phenomena. It is divided into two branches: physical geography, which studies the natural environment, and human geography, which studies human populations and activities. To locate places on maps, lines of latitude and longitude form a grid system. The Earth is represented through globes, which accurately depict its spherical shape, and maps, which project the globe onto flat surfaces and necessarily distort some areas, shapes or distances. Maps come in many types depending on what features or information they display. New technologies like satellites provide detailed data for modern mapmaking.
What is Geophagy?
Themes of Geography
Traditions of Geography
Tools of Geography.
• MAPS
• ATLAS
• GLOBE
• AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
• SATELLITE PHOTOGRAPHS
• INFORMATION GRAPHICS
• GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM
Cartography is the science of map making related to geography, mathematics, geodesy, and human habitat, economy and society. Its a discipline developed during the early period of human civilization. With the development of science and technology, it has changed its paradigm twice. Its been digital, more integrated and very useful global media for communication.
Maps represent the three-dimensional Earth on a two-dimensional surface, inevitably introducing some distortion. Different map projections attempt to minimize this distortion in different ways, prioritizing accuracy of shapes, areas, or distances depending on the projection. No single projection can accurately depict the entire globe without compromising some property of geographic accuracy.
This document discusses the definition, nature, and scope of cartography. It can be summarized as follows:
1) Cartography is the science and art of making maps. It combines elements of geography, earth science, and communication to graphically portray spatial information about the earth or other celestial bodies.
2) Cartography relies on techniques from fields like surveying, remote sensing, and geography to collect and generalize data, which is then designed and constructed into maps to convey messages and facts to users.
3) Advances in technology like satellites, computers, and the internet have significantly impacted cartographic processes by providing new data sources, analysis tools, and modes of map production and sharing. However, traditional
This document provides an introduction to studying geography through maps, globes, graphs, charts, and diagrams. It discusses the essential elements and themes of geography, including location, place, human-environment interaction, movement, and regions. It also explains different types of maps, projections, map symbols and keys, as well as graphs, charts and pictographs used to display geographic data.
Throughout the last decade, network analysis has become an increasingly popular method of archaeological research, but the complexity of the archaeological record poses a fundamental challenge. Data sets can be comprised of hundreds or thousands of entities as well as several types of objects, demanding special caution of the design of such studies. Therefore, an appropriate way of storing and querying data is a crucial first step. For this purpose, graph databases are especially well suited. The storing of data as nodes and edges introduces relationship-based thinking already in the early stages of data preparation and acquisition. For archaeological use-cases, the CIDOC CRM suggests itself as the ontology after which to model the structure of the database. The talk will present a mapping of the CIDOC CRM to the model of a graph database containing Late Bronze Age elite graves and explore possibilities of graph databases to archaeological network analysis in further detail.
In the last years several web services emerged that manage and make accessible place gazetteers for the archaeologies and historical sciences. By using semantic technologies these gazetteers act as linked data hubs connecting multiple datasets of varying thematic focus and of different structural properties. Just as important as the geo-spatial properties of research objects are their temporal classifications. In this talk we describe a time gazetteer web service that assumes a role similar to that of place gazetteers but for temporal concepts and cultural periods.
The detection of textual variants is a crucial step in Classical Philology. It represents both the first stage of collation and the preliminary phase for recognising quotation and text reuse in the indirect tradition. As digital tools can improve the mechanical stage of textual comparison, the interaction between automated process and traditional philological methods is in this case very promising.
iAligner performs pairwise intralanguage syntaxbased automatic alignment on Ancient Greek, Latin and English, and it is now being tested on other languages. Texts are aligned at line or sentence level, at any length chosen by the user. They are then converted to vectors of single tokens, and pairwise alignment is performed through Needleman-Wunsch algorithm. Additional languagedependent criteria can be established by the user for further refinement, according to the purpose of the alignment: nonalphabetical characters and diacritics can be ignored, the alignment can be set as case sensitive and Levensthein distance metric can be applied to adjust the tolerance threshold.
Religion was woven into the fabric of Roman society, its visibility ranging from monumental temples to the practice of festival activity. Religious processions, in particular, were carefully choreographed rituals that linked disparate spaces and people together within the cityscape. Despite their acknowledged regularity within the Roman world, our understanding of religious processional movement remains extremely limited. Studies concerning Triumphal, funerary, and circus processions dominate current scholarship due to their greater documentation by the ancient literary sources. These processions, however, formed only a fraction of Roman processional activity. Recent years have seen an increase of scholarship interested in different aspects of processions and movement within the cityscape. In light of this, a reconsideration of the degree to which we can study processions within the archaeological record is warranted. As the record of the performance of processions was primarily held in the memories of those who took part of heard about them, the ways in which they can be studied is challenging. Adopting a theoretical and computer based approach, a critical analysis of the relationship between a procession’s movement patterns and engagement with the urban environment can be studied.
A few years ago, scholars of Greek and Latin literature called for a “cyberinfrastructure” that would facilitate a new generation of digital collections - an infrastructure that uses linked open data approaches to organize the myriad of web resources related to classical studies. Already such frameworks are being built on the basis of existing claves, digital transcriptions of texts, and other tools that comprise standards in the fields of Greek and Latin.
A key claim made by Hero of Alexandria in his work Περί αὐτοματοποιητικῆς (On the making of the Automata, hereafter Automata) is that he has improved upon previously described automata, making them more feasible and more easily reproduced in practice. A three-year, Leverhulme-funded project is testing Hero’s devices and his claims. Working from a fresh analysis of the Greek text, the two automata described by Hero are being built, initially in the computer-aided design (CAD) package SolidWorks, and then in the physical world. A primary objective is to determine to what extent the Automata is a technical treatise, exaggeration/self-aggrandisement and/or a jeu d’esprit.
The new method of solid 3d modelling presented in this study allows new statistical perspectives for archaeological, geophysical and geochemical records in a 3D GIS environment. The micro-scale analysis investigates archaeological excavation trenches of the West Porticus in Ostia.
Maya writing is a semi-deciphered logographic-syllabic system with approximately 10,000 text carriers discovered in sites throughout Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and Honduras (300 B.C. to A.D. 1500). It is one of the most significant writing traditions of the ancient world. As a graphic manifestation of language, writing mediatizes human thought, communication, and cultural knowledge in the form of texts. Deciphering a script allows ideas, values, conceptions, and believes to be reconstructed, and thus permits insight into the memory of past communities. In order to achieve this, the writing system and the spoken language that underlies it must be known. For Classic Mayan, this breakthrough in decipherment has already been achieved; however, in spite of great progress made in recent decades, some 40% of the script’s more than 800 signs remain unreadable even today. One reason for this situation is their lack of systematic attestation. Even in cases in which the signs are legible, texts may still elude understanding, because the Classic Mayan language itself has not survived; instead, it can only be reconstructed through comparison of the 30 Mayan languages documented since European conquest and still spoken today. However, much pre-Hispanic Mayan cultural vocabulary has been lost in the aftermath of European colonization. Consequently, comprehensive documentation and decipherment of the approximately 10,000 extant hieroglyphic texts, reconstruction of the language that they record, and documentation of that language in a dictionary are necessary prerequisites for acquiring a deeper understanding of Classic Maya culture, history, religion, and society.
The interpretation of archaeological surface survey data is not straightforward. The aim of this paper is to critically evaluate the interpretative potential of the surface survey record in terms, on the one hand of demography and settlement pattern, on the other hand of consumption and changing social patterns of commodities distribution and access, using the microregional ceramic dataset collected during fieldwork in the region of Thugga (Tunisian High Tell). By analyzing rural surface pottery assemblages among settlements pattern and topography, I will show the application of a spatial and quantitative approach to the survey record and discuss its potential and risks. At the macroregional scale, consumption patterns will be considered in a comparative perspective among urban and rural settlements as well as coastal sites and rural hinterland of the Roman Province Africa Proconsularis. The reconstruction of a geography consumption allows a ceramic view on the economic development of the Roman Province and on its integration in the inter-regional and long distance markets.
In the last few years, we have attempted to reconstruct the Roman transport conditions by modelling travel costs and times with the help of GIS and Network Analysis applications. The main geographical focus of this project was the NE of Hispania. It was necessary devote a significant effort to the gathering, documentation, analysis and digitisation of Roman communications with high precision. With the aim of using these methodology in a much broader geographic frame, the entire Iberian Peninsula, Italy and Britain were analysed with less detailed transport networks . It allows us to discover very interesting patterns. The results of such applications provide us with new information to understand the distribution of commodities, product competition and problems of stagnation in ancient economies such as that of Ancient Rome.
Das Feld der Linguistik ist in den Digital Humanities seit dessen Anfängen von großer Bedeutung. Ob die abstrakten Strukturen der Informationstechnik den Sprachstrukturen besonders leicht nahe kamen, ob die Datenmengen die Verwendung von Computern interessant machten, oder ob hier noch ganz andere Faktoren im Spiel waren, darf eine offene Frage bleiben. Als ein Ertrag der Computerlinguistik stellte sich in jedem Falle heraus, dass das Sammeln von Daten nicht nur mit dem Ziel, ein elektronisches Nachschlagewerk zu erhalten, verfolgt werden könnte, sondern dass durch systematische Weiterverarbeitung und Darstellung der Daten bestimmte, meist quantitative, aber auch strukturorientierte Fragen gestellt werden könnten, deren Ergebnisse dem Forscher Hinweise auf bislang nicht erkannte Phänomene geben könnten.
After historical research has applied to the visual aspects of human perception for a long time now, as of recently the investigation of acoustic matters arouse an increased scientific interest too.1 So far still largely unresearched has been the concrete speech situation in premodern times before electro-acoustic amplification. In a large-scale study the department of ancient history in close collaboration with acousticians of the Frauenhofer-institute as well as other research disciplines attempts to adequately reconstruct and simulate ancient historic speech situations.
In a first stage of the project on Theban witnesses in Demotic documents, we illustrated social network analysis and data visualisation as a technique for identifying and disambiguating historic actors in a large dataset. This next phase will present you with an example of how historical research can evolve after having used the identification method.
Throughout Greek and Roman history, naval warfare played a prominent role. Gaining, exerting and contesting sea power was an important characteristic of many a conflict from the Archaic period right down to Late Antiquity; indeed, from the Persian to the Punic wars, contesting control of the sea was often at the very centre of the conflict. Yet despite its importance naval power in general and naval action in particular is extremely poorly understood, and already the most basic questions regarding an ancient naval action – what could and what did actually happen – remain to this day mostly unanswered.
Philology is the aggregate of those practices by which we exploit the linguistic record to engage culture perspectives that are distant from us in time, space, and/or perspective. Whether we are exploiting post-colonial theory, corpus linguistics, or some aspect of the cognitive and brain sciences, we are practicing philology. In the 21st century, we confront the challenge of managing interactions across boundaries of space, language, and culture that are unprecedented in speed and complexity, which each point on the globe now able to interact with any other point in real time. We must think in terms of a World Literature – as Goethe suggested almost two centuries ago – and to do so we must articulate a new philology, one that exploits every possibility of new digital media. Ultimately, we need to establish a sustainable set of evolving cultures – a dynamic Global Culture that provides a voice for many different cultures within it. The field of Altertumswissenschaft has an opportunity to play a fundamental role in this larger process but realizing that opportunity requires a reexamination of what we do, why we do it and for whom.
The study of intertextuality in Classical poetry often presents itself as a specialized case of text-reuse detection: commentaries and other close readings of a work concern themselves with the identification and exegesis of phrases borrowed from earlier texts. Yet it has long been understood that larger-scale, structural parallelisms can also exist between texts (Genette 1997), and that these can provide the context necessary to establish an allusive or intertextual link between two phrases (Wills 1996). Automatic detection of intertextuality must take into account features at various scales: from individual phonemes to larger syntactic units and type scenes.
*ABSTRACT*
This seminar will revolve around two Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) projects based at the University of Cologne on ancient Greek texts. The first deals with the Herculaneum Papyri. Preserved through carbonisation when Mount Vesuvius erupted in 79 CE, these papyri constitute the largest surviving ancient library in the world. For over two centuries scholars have sought to unroll and read the c.1800 papyrus scrolls found in the Villa dei Papyri. Recent infrared RTI has resulted in a major leap forward for revealing further writings and providing vital information about the physical structure of the rolls. The second project, “Magica Levantina”, aims to create an edition of Greek magical texts from Cyprus and the ancient Near East. Over 300 texts, dating from c.100-600 CE and comprised mainly of curses and some protective spells, are incised on various metals and gypsum. Material properties, writing technique and poor condition present challenges to legibility that are successfully tackled through the use of visible spectrum RTI.
Several themes arise from the case studies presented. The conventional use of the digital image as a resource for interpreting past written meaning will be contrasted with a more active concept of the digital image as constitutive of both past reconstructions and the interpretive process. This latter concept will be developed to argue for greater reflexivity in image data use and increased epistemological awareness of the role of the digital image — whether employed for research on the Classical world or the ancient world more generally.
Further information: http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1780-0000-0024-BF5F-2
ABSTRACT
How does a researcher or analyst determine whether two records refer to the same person or are related in some other way, and whether other related information refers to both people equally? Starting with three large datasets from the classical world: the Lexicon of Greek Personal Names, an Oxford-based corpus of persons mentioned in ancient Greek texts; Trismegistos, a Leuven-run database of names and persons from Egyptian papyri; Prosopographia Imperii Romani, a series of printed books listing senators and other elites from the first three centuries of the Roman Empire, SNAP:DRGN aims to create a lightweight model to bring this prosopographic and onomastic data together.
Web and Linked data technologies offer ways to model and share this information; linking from references in primary texts to, and between, authoritative lists of persons and names. The SNAP project looks to the many prosopographies and onomastica that already exist, initially within the restricted domain of Greco-Roman antiquity, for whom the same questions of identity and provenance apply and asks whether combining these approaches will allow us to create a shared resource for classical scholars who wish to disambiguate their data.
SNAP:DRGN is an AHRC-funded project exploring the interlinking data collections of persons (prosopographies), names (onomastica) and person-like entities managed in heterogeneous systems and formats. This paper will explore the background to, and results of, the work.
http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1780-0000-0024-5F70-E
ABSTRACT
The study of the Roman economy is populated by a large number ofsometimes conflicting descriptive models. These models are rarelyformally compared, and many remain untested due to the limited use offormal hypothesis testing methods in Roman studies and the significantdata requirements to enable their use. This paper illustrates how broadpatterns in large archaeological datasets allow for aspects of thesemodels to be tested, and suggests agent-based network modelling as aparticularly fruitful approach for the study of the Roman economy.
As an example, this paper presents the Market Economy and Roman CeramicsRedistribution agent-based network model (MERCURY, after the Roman godof commerce). It represents the structure of social networks betweentraders that act as the channels for the flow of commercial informationand goods. MERCURY was created to formally represent and compare twodescriptive models of the functioning of the Roman trade system (PeterBang's Roman bazaar (2008) and Peter Temin's (2013) Roman marketeconomy) and how these give rise to differences in the distributionpatterns of Roman tablewares. The results of experiments using MERCURYare subsequently compared to archaeologically observed tablewaredistribution patterns. The results suggest that, contrary to Bang'shypothesis, limited availability of reliable commercial information fromdifferent markets is unlikely to give rise to the large differences inthe wideness of tableware distributions observed in the archaeologicalrecord. This paper concludes that the study of the Roman economy wouldvery much benefit from embracing computational modelling approachesbecause (i) it forces scholars to consider the comparability ofdescriptive models, (ii) it allows comparison of simulated outputs witharchaeologically observed outputs, and (iii) it allows to map out thegrey zone between extreme hypotheses and refocus our descriptive modelsaway from hypotheses that do not compare favourably with thearchaeological record.
http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1780-0000-0024-5022-5
ABSTRACT
The talk will present an ongoing research project (Γ-project from now) aiming at designing a dynamic grammar of Ancient Greek. Just as many other languages, Ancient Greek is characterized by a complex interplay between its rich morphological features, its wide range of semantic roles and its diverse syntactic functions. The nodes where these three types of features intersect are commonly known as grammar rules. This means that grammatical rules, in sharp contrast to their static presentation in grammar books as well as online grammars can be regarded as the result of many-to-many relationships. To secure its dynamic structure, the Γ-project is constructed around these many-to-many relationships. Exploring these relations, students will acquire Greek language skills, while also acquiring a more profound knowledge of language structures. Hence, the Γ-grammar will be a novel instrument for learning and understanding ancient languages. As the technology of Γ-grammar will be available under a Creative Commons license, a similar application for other (ancient or modern) languages would be conceivable.
Full abstract: http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1780-0000-0024-412A-0
[DCSB] Yannick Anné and Toon Van Hal (U of Leuven), "Creating a Dynamic Gramm...
[DCSB] Dr Leif Isaksen "The Practical Prognosticator - On the Use and Abuse of Ptolemy’s Geography" (Southampton)
1. The Practical Prognosticator:
On the use and abuse of
Ptolemy’s ‘Geography’
Leif Isaksen
University of Southampton
Digital Classicist Seminar, Berlin, 5 February 2013
2. Or,
New Perspectives on the
Pre-History of the Map
Leif Isaksen
University of Southampton
Digital Classicist Seminar, Berlin, 5 February 2013
3. “The Universal Cosmography according to the Tradition of
Ptolemy and the Voyages of Amerigo Vespucci and others”
Waldseemüller, M. (1507)
4. “The Universal Cosmography according to the Tradition of
Ptolemy and the Voyages of Amerigo Vespucci and others”
Waldseemüller, M. (1507)
5. “The Universal Cosmography according to the Tradition of
Ptolemy and the Voyages of Amerigo Vespucci and others”
Mar inos Ale xa n dro s
Pt o le m y, C.
Waldseemüller, M. (1507)
7. The “Geōgraphikē
Hyphēgēsis”
Book 1 Books 2-7.4 Books 7.4-8
Theory,
Theory Catalogue Captions
[& Maps?]
8. Chorography vs.
Geography (GH 1.1)
Chorography Geography
“It should be the task of chorography to present “Geography should present the the countries
together even the most minute features” themselves along with their grosser features”
“Chorography requires landscape drawing and “Geography does not require [landscape drawing]
no one but a man skilled in drawing would do at all, since it enables one to show the positions
chorography.” and general configurations [of features] purely by
means of lines and labels.”
“Chorography has no need of mathematical “[mathematical method] takes absolute
method.” precedence.”
“Chorography deals above all with the qualities “Geography...deals with the quantities rather than
rather than the quantities of the things it sets the qualities, since it gives consideration to the
down; it attends everywhere to likeness, and not proportionality of distances for all things, but to
so much to proportional placements” likeness only as far as the coarser outlines [of the
features], and only with respect to mere shape.”
“[Chorography] sets out the individual “While [Geography shows] the known world as
localities...(for example, harbours, towns, a single and continuous entity, it’s nature and
districts, branches of principle rivers, and so on)” how it is situated [including] gulfs, great cities...and
the more noteworthy things of each kind”
9. Chorography vs.
Geography (GH 1.1)
X
Chorography Geography
“It should be the task of chorography to present “Geography should present the the countries
together even the most minute features” themselves along with their grosser features”
“Chorography requires landscape drawing and “Geography does not require [landscape drawing]
no one but a man skilled in drawing would do at all, since it enables one to show the positions
chorography.” and general configurations [of features] purely by
means of lines and labels.”
“Chorography has no need of mathematical “[mathematical method] takes absolute
method.” precedence.”
“Chorography deals above all with the qualities “Geography...deals with the quantities rather than
rather than the quantities of the things it sets the qualities, since it gives consideration to the
down; it attends everywhere to likeness, and not proportionality of distances for all things, but to
so much to proportional placements” likeness only as far as the coarser outlines [of the
features], and only with respect to mere shape.”
“[Chorography] sets out the individual “While [Geography shows] the known world as
localities...(for example, harbours, towns, a single and continuous entity, it’s nature and
districts, branches of principle rivers, and so on)” how it is situated [including] gulfs, great cities...and
the more noteworthy things of each kind”
10. Marinos of Tyre
“Marinos
of
Tyre
seems
to
be
the
latest
[author]
in
our
6me
to
have
undertaken
the
subject
[of
Geography],
and
he
has
done
it
with
absolute
diligence.”
(GH
1.6)
“We
have
thus
taken
on
a
twofold
task:
first
to
preserve
[Marinos’]
opinions
[as
expressed]
through
the
whole
of
his
compila6on,
except
for
those
things
that
need
some
correc6on;
second
to
see
to
it
that
the
things
he
did
not
make
clear
will
be
inscribed
as
they
should
be,
so
far
as
is
possible,
using
the
researches
of
those
who
have
visited
the
places,
or
their
posi6ons
[as
recorded]
in
the
more
accurate
maps.”
(GH
1.19)
What
did
Marinos
‘not
make
clear’?
What
are
‘the
more
accurate
maps’?
11. The Missing Map
?
“When one is putting the cities in
their positions, one might have
an easier time labelling those
that are on the coast, since in
general some indication of
position is noted for them, but
this is not so for the inland
ones, since their relative
positions with respect to each
other or with respect to the cities
on the coast are not indicated,
with few exceptions - and in
these instances sometimes only
the longitude is defined,
sometimes only the latitude”
(GH 1.18)
“Marinos did not have
time to draw a map” (GH 1.17)
15. Geographic Maps
“A world map requires a large globe, so that the
aforementioned section of it containing the oikumene,
being such a small fraction of it, will be sufficient to
hold the suitable parts of the oikumene with clarity
and give an appropriate display to the spectators.
Now if one can fashion a globe this large it is better to
do it in this way, and let it not have a diameter less
than 10 feet. But if one cannot make a globe of this
size or not much smaller.one ought to draw the map
on a planar surface of at least 7 feet” (Strabo, Geo.
2.5.10)
17. Chorography Revisited
“The coordinates of the places
that have not been so travelled,
because of the sparseness and
uncertainty of the research, have
been estimated according to their
proximity to the more trustworthily
determined positions or relative
configurations, so that none of
the places that are included to
make the oikumene complete will
lack a defined position” (GH 2.1)
Madaba Mosaic (mid-6th C.)
30. A New Pre-history
1. The GH’s purpose is to set terrestrial localities within their
wider cosmological setting.
2. Geography and chorography are individually insufficient.
Geography is too sparse, chorography unrelated to the
earth’s surface, and thus astronomical phenomena.
3. The GH is an entirely original composition, pegging rich
chorographic content to the sparse geo-temporal framework
of Marinos.
4. The traces of these source materials may still be identified,
providing a new window on the (pre-)history of mapping
34. Acknowledgments
Special thanks to:
Pascal Arnaud Gunther Goertz Luis Robles
Martin Austwick Alexander Jones Macías
Catherine Matt Jones Dmitry
Delano-Smith Shcheglov
Joel Phillips
Matthew Edney Neel Smith
Yossef Rapoport
Translations, Maps & Data:
Berggren, J. L. & Jones, A. 2000. Ptolemy’s
Geography. Princeton
Stückelberger A. & Graßhof G., 2006.
Ptolemaios: Handbuch der Geographie. Basel
Wikimedia Commons.
35. The Almagest
“The only remaining topic...is to
determine the coordinates in latitude and
longitude of the cities...which deserve
note, in order to calculate the
[astronomical] phenomena for those
cities. However, the discussion of this
subject belongs to a separate
geographical treatise...in which we shall
use the accounts of those who have
elaborated this field to the extent which is
possible. We shall [there] list for each of
the cities its distance in degrees from the
equator, measured along its meridian
through Alexandria, to the east or west,
measured along the equator (for
[Alexandria] is the meridian for which we
establish the times of the positions [of the
heavenly bodies])” (Almagest 2.13) Star Globe (Almagest 8.3)
36. The Tetrabiblos
“If...a
man
knows
accurately
the
movements
of
all
the
stars,
the
sun,
and
the
moon,
so
that
neither
the
place
nor
the
6me
of
any
of
their
configura6ons
escapes
his
no6ce,
and
if
he
has
dis6nguished...their
natures...such
as
the
sun's
hea6ng
and
the
moon's
moistening,
and
so
on...and
if
he
is
capable
of
determining
in
view
of
all
these
data...the
dis6nc6ve
mark
of
quality
resul6ng
from
the
combina6on
of
all
the
factors,
what
is
to
prevent
him
from
being
able
to
tell
on
each
given
occasion
the
characteris6cs
of
the
air
from
the
rela6ons
of
the
phenomena
at
the
6me,
for
instance,
that
it
will
be
warmer
or
weWer?
Why
can
he
not,
too,
with
respect
to
an
individual
man,
perceive
the
general
quality
of
his
temperament
from
the
ambient
at
the
6me
of
his
birth...and
predict
occasional
37. Geōgraphikē
Hyphēgēsis
“One has to investigate...the earth’s shape,
size, and position with respect to [the
heavens]...so it will be possible to speak of its
known part...and under which parallels of the
celestial sphere each of the localities in this
[known part] lies. From this last, one can also
determine the lengths of nights and days,
which stars reach the zenith or are always
borne above or below the horizon, and all the
things that we associate with the subject of
habitations [oikēseis].” (GH 1.1)
“Using the star globe... [we can] determine
what point...is as many degrees from the
equator as the parallel through the place in
question is in the same direction,
and...conveniently find out whether no star at
all passes through that point, or if there are
many, and [if so,] which one or ones. (GH 8.2) Regional Map of Hibernia and Albion (GH 8.2)
38. The Handy Tables
Conversion tables for
‘simple observations’
to those with respect to
Alexandria.
Primarily used for
calculating horoscopes
and culminations
remotely