The study of intertextuality in Classical poetry often presents itself as a specialized case of text-reuse detection: commentaries and other close readings of a work concern themselves with the identification and exegesis of phrases borrowed from earlier texts. Yet it has long been understood that larger-scale, structural parallelisms can also exist between texts (Genette 1997), and that these can provide the context necessary to establish an allusive or intertextual link between two phrases (Wills 1996). Automatic detection of intertextuality must take into account features at various scales: from individual phonemes to larger syntactic units and type scenes.

1. Thema&c features for
intertextual analysis
Digital Classicist Seminar Berlin
10.13.2015
Christopher W. Forstall, cforstall@gmail.ch
Lavinia Galli Milić, lavinia.gallimilic@unige.ch
Damien Nelis, damien.nelis@unige.ch

2. Intertextuality: plus quam verba
D. Bamman and G. Crane. “The logic and discovery of textual allusion.” Paper
presented at the Second Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural
Heritage Data (LaTeCH 2008), Marrakesh, Morocco.
D. Bamman. “Intertextuality beyond Words”, blog posted on February 17,
2014 on the website hWp://tesserae.caset.buffalo.edu
N. Coffee, J.-P. Koenig, S. Poornima, R. Ossewaarde, C. Forstall, and S.
Jacobson. “Intertextuality in the Digital Age.” Transac;ons of the
American Philological Associa;on 142.2 (2012): 318-419.
Ongoing work by Memorata Poebs and eTRAP

3. Verbal text re-use and digital tools :
Searching for words
Boolean searching
- Musisque deoque hWp://www.mqdq.it/mqdq/home.jsp
- PHI (Packard Humani;es Ins;tute) hWp://labn.packhum.org/
- Bibliotheca Teubneriana La;na
hWp://www.degruyter.com/view/db/btl
- Brepolis LLT-A / LLT-B
hWp://apps.brepolis.net/BrepolisPortal/default.aspx

4. Verbal text re-use and digital searching :
Comparing texts
• Comparing one text to many
Musisque deoque hWp://www.mqdq.it/mqdq/cooccorrenze.jsp
• Comparing two texts
Tesserae hWp://tesserae.caset.buffalo.edu/index.php
TLG hWp://stephanus.tlg.uci.edu/Iris/inst/ngram.jsp
• Comparing two texts against the rest of the corpus
Tesserae (mulb-text search)
hWp://tesserae.caset.buffalo.edu/mulb-text.php

5. Tesserae
• Goals include both
– Detecbon of allusions, as in commentaries
– Developing general model of intertextuality
• Current featuresets
– Principally word-based (incl. lemmata)
• Experimental featuresets
– Semanbcally related lemmata
– Character-level n-grams
– Paragraph-level themes

6. Test case I:
intertextuality and genre in Sta&us’ Achilleid
• How does Stabus deploy allusions to epic and elegiac sources
in book 1 of the Achilleid?
• Is the tone of the source text relevant to readers of the later,
alluding text?
• Does Stabus’ work itself contain “epic” and “elegiac” passages?
• If so, what relabonship does the later, alluding context bear to
the source context?

7. Excursus: Digital Humani&es in the classroom
• 8 students
• Tradibonal exegebcal work,
translabon
• Data collecbon from
commentaries
• Work with digital tools (Tesserae)
Masters seminar on Stabus’ Achilleid at University of Geneva
• Each session began with 15 minute summary of work in progress
• Online incremental reports appeared (belatedly) on Tesserae research blog
hWp://tesserae.caset.buffalo.edu/blog/

8. Stylis&c markers for genre, I
Corpus
Feature Set
• 21,000 term frequencies
• Principal Components Analysis
Sample Size
• Whole texts
Elegies Epics
Ovid Amores
Ovid Ars Amatoria
Ovid Remedia
Ovid Heroides
Vergil Aeneid
Ovid Metamorphoses
Stabus Thebaid
Stabus Achilleid

9. Stylis&c markers for genre, I

10. Stylis&c markers for genre, II
Corpus
Feature Set
• 2,000 term frequencies (beginning from rank 51)
• Principal Components Analysis
Sample Size
• 50 (consecubve) verse lines
Elegies Epics
Tibullus Elegies
Properbus Elegies
Ovid Amores
Ovid Ars Amatoria
Ovid Remedia
Ovid Heroides
Vergil Aeneid
Ovid Metamorphoses
Lucan Civil War
Stabus Thebaid
Stabus Achilleid
Silius Italicus Punica
Valerius Flaccus Argonau;ca

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samples of 50 lines
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elegy
epic
Ov. Met.
Stylis&c markers for genre, II

12. −15 −10 −5 0 5 10
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samples of 50 lines
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elegy
epic (no Ovid)
Stylis&c markers for genre, II

13. −15 −10 −5 0 5 10
−20−15−10−505
PC1
PC2
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Statius Achilleid
samples of 50 lines
Stylis&c markers for genre, II

14. −15 −10 −5 0 5 10
−20−15−10−505
PC1
PC2
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Statius' Achilleid
scene−divisions of Ripoll−Soubiran
Stylis&c markers for genre, II

15. Stylis&c markers for genre:
a useful contextual feature?
• How does this metric correspond with themabc context?

16. Elegy-epic metric and narra&ve development elegiacepic
Exordium
Invocation
Thetisseestheships
Thetis'monologue
ArrivalofNeptune
ThetisaddressesNeptune
Neptune'sanswer
ThetisvisitsChiron
ThetisandChirontalk
ArrivalofAchilles
Achilles'pastimes
DecisiontohideAchilles
DepartureofTh.andA.
ArrivalonScyros
YounggirlsofScyros
DisguisingAch.
Th.entrustsA.toLycomedes
Thetis'farewells
PreparationsinGreece
MusteratAulis
ThearmycallsAchilles
Protesilaus
Calchas
DiomedesandUlysses
AchillesandDeidamia
Thebacchicrite
Achillesmonologue
TherapeofDeidamia
ArrivalofD.andU.
D.andU.'sConversation
D.andU.withLycomedes
Presentationofthegirls
ConversationofL.andU.
Thegirls'dance
Achillesisrevealed
AchillesandLycomedes
Deidamia'slament
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17. Stylis&c markers for genre:
a useful contextual feature?
• How does this metric correspond with themabc context?
• Does it enrich our interpretabon of verbal allusions?
• If so, can it be used to improve Tesserae scores?

18. Elegy-epic metric and narra&ve development elegiacepic
Exordium
Invocation
Thetisseestheships
Thetis'monologue
ArrivalofNeptune
ThetisaddressesNeptune
Neptune'sanswer
ThetisvisitsChiron
ThetisandChirontalk
ArrivalofAchilles
Achilles'pastimes
DecisiontohideAchilles
DepartureofTh.andA.
ArrivalonScyros
YounggirlsofScyros
DisguisingAch.
Th.entrustsA.toLycomedes
Thetis'farewells
PreparationsinGreece
MusteratAulis
ThearmycallsAchilles
Protesilaus
Calchas
DiomedesandUlysses
AchillesandDeidamia
Thebacchicrite
Achillesmonologue
TherapeofDeidamia
ArrivalofD.andU.
D.andU.'sConversation
D.andU.withLycomedes
Presentationofthegirls
ConversationofL.andU.
Thegirls'dance
Achillesisrevealed
AchillesandLycomedes
Deidamia'slament
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19. Measuring elegiac components
Deidamia’s lament (Ach. 927-960)
• Specific vocabulary: maritus (husband), dulcia furta (sweet
thems), flere (to cry), lacrimas (tears), nimis improbus (too sly)
• New meaning of epic vocabulary: occupare artus
• Verbal and themabc intertextuality with elegiac poems (Prop.
4.3; Ov. Her. 6 and 13)
• Verbal and themabc intertextuality with ‘elegiac-erobc’
secbons of epic poems (Catull. 64; Verg. georg. 4; Aen. 4; Ov.
met. 11; Stat. Theb. 2)

20. Stat. Ach.
1.927
Illius ante oculos nova bella et Xanthus et Ide /
Argolicaeque rates atque ipsas cogitat undas /
auroramque bmet:
n. 3121 Ov. met.
11.563
illam meminitque refertque, / illius ante oculos ut agant
sua corpora fluctus, / optat et exanimis manibus
tumuletur amicis.
Score 7
n. 2782 Ov. met.
11.566
Dum natat, absentem, quobens sinit hiscere fluctus, /
nominat Alcyonen ipsisque inmurmurat undis.
Score 7
Stat. Ach.
1.927
Illius ante oculos nova bella et Xanthus et Ide /
Argolicaeque rates atque ipsas cogitat undas /
auroramque bmet:
A Tesserae search:
Achilleid / Ovid’s Metamorphoses = 7555 matches

21. elegiacepic
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Exordium
Invocation
Thetisseestheships
Thetis'monologue
ArrivalofNeptune
ThetisaddressesNeptune
Neptune'sanswer
ThetisvisitsChiron
ThetisandChirontalk
ArrivalofAchilles
Achilles'pastimes
DecisiontohideAchilles
DepartureofTh.andA.
ArrivalonScyros
YounggirlsofScyros
DisguisingAch.
Th.entrustsA.toLycomedes
Thetis'farewells
intertexts/verse
epic
elegy
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
Thema&c context and verbal allusion

22. Elegy vs. epic: preliminary results
• Binary classificabon reasonably straighrorward
• At coarse scale, themabc metric supports our intuibons
• Can be used to support close reading
• Relabonship between verbal allusions and context is not a
simple one

23. Test Case II:
Apollonius – Vergil – Valerius Flaccus

24. “A type scene may be regarded as a recurrent block of narrabve with idenbfiable structure”
Mark W. Edwards. ”Homer and Oral Tradibon: The Type-Scene”. Oral tradi;on, 7/2 (1992): 284-330

25. Apollonius, Vergil and Valerius Flaccus
Apollonius, Argonau/ca 2-3
2.815-898 Mariandyni; death and burial
of Idmon and Tiphys; Ancaeus
chosen as helmsman.
2.899-1259
Departure and voyage along
southern coast of Black Sea;
Argonauts pass Carambis and
Prometheus.
2.1260
-1285
Night and arrival in the Phasis.
Prayer of Ancaeus.
[BOOK DIVISION]
3.1-5 Invocabon of the Muse Erato.
3.6-166
Divine intervenbon: Hera,
Athena, Aphrodite and Eros.
Love.
3.167-212 Argonauts make their way to
the city and palace of Aietes.
Vergil, Aeneid 7
[BOOK DIVISION]
7.1-7
Death and burial of Caieta;
departure.
7.8-24
Voyage along the coast;
Trojans pass Circe’s land.
7.25-36
Dawn and arrival in Tiber.
7.37-106
Invocabon of the Muse Erato
and the situabon in Labum.
7.107-147
Meal. Prayer of Aeneas;
sacrifice.
7.286-640
Trojans make their way to the
city and palace of Labnus.
Valerius Flaccus, Argonau/ca 5
[BOOK DIVISION]
5.1-70a Mariandyni; death and burial
of Idmon and Tiphys; Erginus
chosen as helmsman.
5.70b-176 Departure, voyage along
southern coast of Black Sea;
Argonauts pass the
Chalybes, Carambis and
Prometheus.
5.177-216 Evening and arrival in the
Phasis. Prayer of Jason.
5.217-277 Invocabon of a Muse (dea)
and the situabon in Colchis.
5.278-295 Divine intervenbon: Juno
and Minerva. War.
5.296-328 Argonauts make their way to
the city and palace of Aietes.

26. Test case II: new challenges
• Feature set for typical scenes or themes?
• Within rather than between genres
• Need more than two classes

27. Corpus
Themabcally similar
• Ovid Heroides
• Seneca Medea
Epic
• Baebius Italicus Ilias La;na
• Catullus 64
• Corippus Johannis
• Ennius fragments
• Lucan Civil War
• Ovid Metamorphoses
• Silius Italicus Punica
• Stabus Thebaid
• Stabus Achilleid
• Valerius Flaccus Argonau;ca
• Vergil Aeneid

28. Features
• ca. 8,000 term frequencies
(terms common to at least 2, not more than half of all
samples)
• TF-IDF weighbng
• LDA with 50 topics
• All above + k-means clustering
Sample size
• 30 (conbguous) verse lines

29. The effect of authorship: TF-IDF
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−10−5051015
Effects of authorship
TF−IDF by author
PC1
PC2
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baebius_italicus
catullus
corippus
ennius
lucan
ovid
seneca
silius_italicus
statius
valerius_flaccus
vergil

30. The effect of authorship: LDA
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Effects of authorship
LDA by author
PC1
PC2
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baebius_italicus
catullus
corippus
ennius
lucan
ovid
seneca
silius_italicus
statius
valerius_flaccus
vergil

31. ●
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−15 −10 −5 0 5 10 15
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k−means classification of lda
PC1
PC2
classification
class 1
class 2
class 3
class 4
class 5
class 6
class 7
●
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authorship
baebius_italicus
catullus
corippus
ennius
lucan
ovid
seneca
silius_italicus
statius
valerius_flaccus
vergil
Unsupervised classifica&on of LDA

32. F
F
FF
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
FF
F
F
F
F
FF
F
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F
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F F
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F F
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F F F
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F F
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F F
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F V
V
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−5 0 5 10
−50510
Close−up: Vergil vs. Valerius Flaccus
PC1
PC2
classification
class 1
class 2
class 3
class 4
class 5
class 6
class 7
F
V
authorship
valerius_flaccus
vergil
Unsupervised classifica&on of LDA

33. 234567
Vergil Aeneid 7
first verse of sample
class
6.887
7.16
7.46
7.76
7.106
7.136
7.166
7.196
7.226
7.256
7.286
7.316
7.346
7.376
7.406
7.436
7.466
7.496
7.526
7.556
7.586
7.616
7.646
7.676
7.706
7.736
7.766
7.796

34. 234567
Vergil Aeneid 7
first verse of sample
class
6.887
7.16
7.46
7.76
7.106
7.136
7.166
7.196
7.226
7.256
7.286
7.316
7.346
7.376
7.406
7.436
7.466
7.496
7.526
7.556
7.586
7.616
7.646
7.676
7.706
7.736
7.766
7.796
“War” half ? “Peace” half ?
Juno’s speech
(Ov. Met. class)
BaWle (Lucan class)

35. Locus Descrip&on Human class K-means class
7,1-4 Apostrophe to Caieta 7
7,5-24 Departure and voyage (Circe's land) Voyage 7
7,25-36 The winds stop blowing ; arrival to the mouth of the Tiber Voyage 7
7,37-45 Invoca&on to the Muse Invoca&on 7
7,45-80 Poli&cal situa&on in La&um; omens of war Prophecy 6
7,81-106 Prophecy of Faunus Prophecy 6
7,107-134 Meal (fulfilled prophecy) Sacrifice::Feast::Prophecy 6
7,135-147 Prayer of Aeneas and sacrifice Sacrifice::Feast 7
7,148-169 Ambassy to the king Embassy 7
7,170-191 The king's palace (descrip&on) Embassy 7
7,192-211 La&nus' speech Embassy 6
7,212-248 Ilionaeus' answer Embassy 6
7,249-285 La&nus' answer; the Trojans come back to their camp Embassy 6
7,286-322 Divine interven&on of Juno (speech) Divine interven&on 4
7,323-340 Juno calls to Allecto for help (in order to provoke war) Divine interven&on 6
7,341-372 Allecto infect the soul of Amata; Amata's words to La&nus Divine interven&on 6
7,373-405 Amata seized with Bacchic fury Divine interven&on 7
7,406-434 Allecto in old lady's clothes pushes Turnus to bahle Divine interven&on 6
7,435-444 Sardonic answer of Turnus Divine interven&on 2
7,445-474 Wrath of Allecto, speech: Turnus seized with furor bellicus Divine interven&on 2 / 7
7,475-510 Allecto among the Trojans; Iulus kills the deer of Tyrrus'children Divine interven&on 7 / 2
7,511-539 First bahle among Trojans and Italic popula&on Bahle::Divine interven&on 2 / 3
7,540-571 Allecto reports to Juno; Juno’s answer; Allecto goes to the Underworld Divine interven&on 3 / 2
7,572-600 Fury of Turnus and of his allies against La&nus ; words of Turnus and La&nus 2
7,601-640 The doors of the war (descrip&on of the habit); Juno opens them; war prepara&ons 2
7,641-645 Invoca&ons to the Muses Invoca&on 2
7,646-654 Catalogue: Mezen&us and his son Lausus Catalogue 2
7,655-669 Catalogue: Aven&nus and his men Catalogue 2
7,670-677 Catalogue: Ca&llus and Coras Catalogue 2
7,678-690 Catalogue: Caeculus with fighters from the countryside Catalogue 2
7,691-705 Catalogue: Messapus with Fescennians and Aequi Falisci Catalogue 2
7,706-722 Catalogue: the Sabinian Clausus and several italic peoples Catalogue 2
7,723-732 Catalogue: Halesus and several italic peoples Catalogue 2
7,733-743 Catalogue: Oebalus Catalogue 2
7,744-749 Catalogue: Ufens Catalogue 2
7,750-760 Catalogue: the priest Umbro Catalogue 2
7,761-782 Catalogue: Virbius from Aricia Catalogue 2
7,783-802 Catalogue: Turnus and his troops: descrip&on of Turnus' armour Catalogue 2
7,803-817 Catalogue: Camilla with the Volsci Catalogue

36. Thank you
University of Geneva Masters Seminar
• Diane Dahan
• Floriane Goy
• Basben Marquis
• Alfonso Norelli
• Adrien Philipp
• Johann Sturzinger
• Mélissande Tomcik
• Kevin Udrisard
Tesserae
• Neil Coffee (Buffalo)
• Walter Scheirer (Notre Dame)
• James Gawley (Buffalo)
• Caitlin Diddams (Buffalo)

37. Contact Us
Christopher W. Forstall, cforstall@gmail.ch
Lavinia Galli Milić, lavinia.gallimilic@unige.ch
Damien Nelis, damien.nelis@unige.ch
Tesserae
hWp://tesserae.caset.buffalo.edu
Neil Coffee, ncoffee@buffalo.edu