The document summarizes observations from a trip to the Nammal Gorge, where various geological formations from the Late Permian to Early Eocene were observed. The key formations discussed include:
1) The Wargal Limestone from the Late Permian, which displayed talus structures and weathering.
2) The Chiddru Formation from the Late Permian, showing chopboard weathering.
3) A paraconformity between the Chiddru and overlying Triassic Mianwali Formation.
4) Structures like cross-bedding, bivalve and ammonite fossils observed in various formations ranging from the Late Permian to Early Eocene exposed in the Nammal Gorge
This document summarizes the stratigraphic sequence and geological formations observed in the Hazara area. It describes 14 formations from the Late Precambrian to Early Paleocene in age, including their lithology, contacts, fossils, and age. Key formations discussed include the Hazara Slate Formation, Samanasuk Limestone, Chichali Shale, Lumshiwal Sandstone, and Kawagarh Limestone. The document also lists structures observed in the field such as folds, faults, veins, and contacts between units.
The document summarizes various rock formations observed along the Mansehra Balakot Road section over 4 days. It describes the Tanawal Formation as consisting of quartz schist, quartzite and conglomerate. The Mansehra granite observed contains two-mica granite with quartz and feldspar grains displaying a porphyritic texture. Intruded dolerite dykes are also noted. The contact between the Tanawal Formation and overlying Abbotabad Formation is unconformable. Fossils found in the Abbotabad Formation indicate a lower Cambrian age. The Murree Formation consists of sandstone, shale and red clays, and overlies various formations of Eocene age.
This document summarizes the geology of formations in the Khewra Gorge area of Pakistan. It describes 14 different geological formations ranging from Precambrian to Miocene in age. For each formation, it provides information on the age, name, type locality, and any fossil evidence. The formations include the Salt Range Formation, Khewra Sandstone, Kussak Formation, Jutana Dolomite, and others, representing the layered geological history exposed in the Khewra Gorge region.
Report on field work to salt range by tariq aziztariq aziz
The document summarizes a 4-day field trip to the Salt Range in Pakistan taken by geology students and faculty from the University of Swabi. The objectives of the trip were to study the lithology, depositional environments, sedimentary structures, rock types, contacts, and fossils in the area. During the trip, students visited sites representing different geological formations spanning from Precambrian to Eocene in age. These included the Sakesar Limestone, Tobra Formation, Baghanwala Formation, Salt Range Formation, Kusuk Formation, Jutana Formation, Warcha Sandstone, Sardai Formation, Amb Formation, Wargal Formation, Chhidru Formation, Mianwali Formation, King
1. The document describes 10 stratigraphic formations observed in the Khewra Gorge and Chowa Road section in the Salt Range, including their lithology, age, fossils, and contacts.
2. Key formations discussed include the Salt Range Formation (Precambrian-Cambrian), Khewra Sandstone (Early Cambrian), Kussak Formation (Early-Middle Cambrian), and Jutana Formation (Early-Middle Cambrian).
3. Sedimentary structures observed in the field include ripple marks in the Khewra Sandstone formed by migrating ripples, and cross-bedding characterized by inclined layers within horizontal units.
Geological Field report on Salt Range and Hazara AreaHamzaGujjar14
The group conducted field work in the Salt Range area over two days. On the first day, they studied the Tobra and Baghanwala formations exposed along a road near Choa Saidan Shah. The Tobra Formation consisted of poorly sorted, medium to coarse grained sandstone with conglomeratic beds deposited in a glacio-fluvial environment. The overlying Baghanwala Formation contained red sandstone, shale and clay, with salt pseudomorphs, deposited in a lagoonal environment under arid conditions. On day two, the group examined structures in the Khewra Gorge area, including folds, and studied the Khewra Sandstone, Khussak Formation and Jutana Dolom
This document summarizes the source and reservoir rocks found in the major sedimentary basins of Pakistan. It discusses that the primary source rocks in the Upper Indus Basin include the Paleocene Patala Formation. Potential reservoirs in this basin include sandstones and carbonates from the Cambrian to Eocene. In the Lower Indus Basin, the Cretaceous Sember and Paleocene Ranikot formations are the main source rocks, with reservoirs found in the Lower Goru Sands and Habib Rahi limestone. The document briefly outlines source and reservoir rocks in the Balochistan Basin, noting it is the least explored.
This document summarizes the stratigraphic sequence and geological formations observed in the Hazara area. It describes 14 formations from the Late Precambrian to Early Paleocene in age, including their lithology, contacts, fossils, and age. Key formations discussed include the Hazara Slate Formation, Samanasuk Limestone, Chichali Shale, Lumshiwal Sandstone, and Kawagarh Limestone. The document also lists structures observed in the field such as folds, faults, veins, and contacts between units.
The document summarizes various rock formations observed along the Mansehra Balakot Road section over 4 days. It describes the Tanawal Formation as consisting of quartz schist, quartzite and conglomerate. The Mansehra granite observed contains two-mica granite with quartz and feldspar grains displaying a porphyritic texture. Intruded dolerite dykes are also noted. The contact between the Tanawal Formation and overlying Abbotabad Formation is unconformable. Fossils found in the Abbotabad Formation indicate a lower Cambrian age. The Murree Formation consists of sandstone, shale and red clays, and overlies various formations of Eocene age.
This document summarizes the geology of formations in the Khewra Gorge area of Pakistan. It describes 14 different geological formations ranging from Precambrian to Miocene in age. For each formation, it provides information on the age, name, type locality, and any fossil evidence. The formations include the Salt Range Formation, Khewra Sandstone, Kussak Formation, Jutana Dolomite, and others, representing the layered geological history exposed in the Khewra Gorge region.
Report on field work to salt range by tariq aziztariq aziz
The document summarizes a 4-day field trip to the Salt Range in Pakistan taken by geology students and faculty from the University of Swabi. The objectives of the trip were to study the lithology, depositional environments, sedimentary structures, rock types, contacts, and fossils in the area. During the trip, students visited sites representing different geological formations spanning from Precambrian to Eocene in age. These included the Sakesar Limestone, Tobra Formation, Baghanwala Formation, Salt Range Formation, Kusuk Formation, Jutana Formation, Warcha Sandstone, Sardai Formation, Amb Formation, Wargal Formation, Chhidru Formation, Mianwali Formation, King
1. The document describes 10 stratigraphic formations observed in the Khewra Gorge and Chowa Road section in the Salt Range, including their lithology, age, fossils, and contacts.
2. Key formations discussed include the Salt Range Formation (Precambrian-Cambrian), Khewra Sandstone (Early Cambrian), Kussak Formation (Early-Middle Cambrian), and Jutana Formation (Early-Middle Cambrian).
3. Sedimentary structures observed in the field include ripple marks in the Khewra Sandstone formed by migrating ripples, and cross-bedding characterized by inclined layers within horizontal units.
Geological Field report on Salt Range and Hazara AreaHamzaGujjar14
The group conducted field work in the Salt Range area over two days. On the first day, they studied the Tobra and Baghanwala formations exposed along a road near Choa Saidan Shah. The Tobra Formation consisted of poorly sorted, medium to coarse grained sandstone with conglomeratic beds deposited in a glacio-fluvial environment. The overlying Baghanwala Formation contained red sandstone, shale and clay, with salt pseudomorphs, deposited in a lagoonal environment under arid conditions. On day two, the group examined structures in the Khewra Gorge area, including folds, and studied the Khewra Sandstone, Khussak Formation and Jutana Dolom
This document summarizes the source and reservoir rocks found in the major sedimentary basins of Pakistan. It discusses that the primary source rocks in the Upper Indus Basin include the Paleocene Patala Formation. Potential reservoirs in this basin include sandstones and carbonates from the Cambrian to Eocene. In the Lower Indus Basin, the Cretaceous Sember and Paleocene Ranikot formations are the main source rocks, with reservoirs found in the Lower Goru Sands and Habib Rahi limestone. The document briefly outlines source and reservoir rocks in the Balochistan Basin, noting it is the least explored.
INTRODUCTION
The Indus Basin of Pakistan is divided into two parts i.e.
3
Lower Indus Basin and Upper Indus Basin. The Upper Indus
Basin is further divided by Sargodha high way into two parts.
Towards the east of the Sargodha highway in Potwar Plateau
and towards the west is Kohat Plateau. The region of the
North Punjab called as Potwar Plateau is bound in the South
by Salt range and in North by MBT as shown below.
This document describes the Baluchistan basin of Pakistan.
stratigraphy, source rocks, reservoir rocks, seal rocks, trapping mechanism of Baluchistan basin.
thanks to my class fellow for help.
Potential source rocks in Pakistan range in age from Cambrian to Eocene and are distributed across four basins. In the Upper Indus Basin, the primary source rock is the Paleocene Patala Formation. In the Middle and Lower Indus Basins, the important source rock is the Early Cretaceous Sembar Formation shales. Within these basins, the Kirthar and Sulaiman Fold Belts also contain source rocks like the Ranikot and Goru Formations. In the Baluchistan Basin, the Rakhshani Formation and Kharan Limestone from the Paleocene to Eocene are source rocks. Finally, in the Pishin Basin, source facies include dark gray
The document provides information on the geology of the Salt Range and Kohat Potwar basin regions of Pakistan. It describes the stratigraphy and formations found in the Salt Range, including the Salt Range Formation, Khewra Sandstone, and others. It then discusses the geology, stratigraphy, structure, and hydrocarbon potential of the Kohat Potwar fold and thrust belt, noting that the Patala Formation is an important source rock. Exploration history by companies like AMOCO and MOL is also summarized.
This document is a field report submitted by Ahmad Ghani to his professors Sir Naveed Anjum and Sir M. Azhar from the University of Peshawar. It provides an overview of a field study to the Salt Range in Pakistan, including descriptions of the geology, stratigraphy, lithology and fossils found in formations like the Nammal Formation and Sakesar Limestone within the Chharat Group in the Central Salt Range. The field report aims to document the students' understanding of the geology of the Salt Range gained during the educational field study.
The document discusses ophiolites, which are sections of the Earth's oceanic crust and upper mantle that have been uplifted and exposed above sea level. It describes the typical sequence of rocks found in an ophiolite, including sediments, pillow lavas, sheeted dykes, gabbros, and ultramafic rocks. It notes that ophiolites provide insights into ancient subduction zones and mantle processes. The document also discusses occurrences of ophiolites around the world and examples from India, as well as the economic resources sometimes associated with ophiolites, such as chromite, asbestos, and massive sulfides.
This document provides an overview of a geological field work trip to the Hazara area of northern Pakistan led by Dr. Azmat khan. It discusses the stratigraphy and regional tectonics observed. The key points are:
1) The trip involved studying the stratigraphy of the Hazara arc and surrounding areas over 3 days, making stops to examine formations from the Precambrian to Miocene ages.
2) The Hazara arc forms the western border of the Hazara-Kashmir syntaxes and is bounded by thrust faults. It has undergone folding and faulting due to the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates.
3) The stratigraphy includes metamorphic and sedimentary
The document summarizes observations from a 4-day field trip by students to study the geology of the Salt Range in Pakistan. On the first day in the Eastern Salt Range, students observed and described rock formations from the Cambrian period, including the Khewra Sandstone, Kussak Formation, and Jutana Dolomite. Key observations included sedimentary structures like ripple marks, cross-bedding, and bioturbation traces. Dip and strike measurements were also recorded from various locations.
The document describes the Baluchistan basin located in Pakistan. It discusses the three main mountain ranges in the region, as well as the geological history and stratigraphy of the basin. The basin covers an area of about 300,000 sq km and presents a different geological history compared to the Indus basin, characterized by an arc-trench system from north to south where the Arabian oceanic plate is subducting beneath the Eurasian plate. The stratigraphy ranges from Cretaceous to recent periods, with older rocks exposed in the north and younger in the south.
1. The Palaeozoic succession of Spiti, India contains a complete record of marine sedimentary rocks ranging in age from Cambrian to Permian.
2. The succession includes the Haimanta Group (Cambrian), Thango Formation (Ordovician), Takche Formation (Silurian), Muth Formation (Devonian), Kanawar Group (Carboniferous), and Kuling Group (Permian).
3. These sedimentary rocks comprise limestones, dolomites, shales, quartzites, and sandstones that provide a rich fossil record documenting the evolution of life during the Palaeozoic era in the region.
The document summarizes the geology of the Vindhyan Basin located in central India. It describes the basin's stratigraphy, consisting of the lower and upper Vindhyan groups composed of sandstone, shale, and carbonate deposits. Key economic minerals found in the basin include diamonds, pyrite, coal, and limestone. The Vindhyan Supergroup represents one of India's most important Precambrian sedimentary basins.
The document outlines the stratigraphy and geology of an area located between the Pub and Kirthar Ranges in Karachi, describing the lithology and thickness of the exposed sedimentary rock formations that range in age from Eocene to recent, including the Kirthar, Nari, Gaj, Manchar, and Dada Formations. Key formations discussed in more detail include the Kirthar Formation composed of limestone hills, the Nari Formation divided into lower and upper members with limestone and sandstone, and the Gaj Formation with a lower member comprised of three limestone and clay units.
The document summarizes the Jurassic stratigraphy of the Kutch region in India. It describes the key geological formations that date from the Middle Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous periods, including the Pachcham Formation consisting of limestones and corals, the Chari Formation containing sandy limestones and marls, the Katrol Formation made up of shales, limestones and sandstones, and the Umia Formation comprising sandstone, shale and conglomerate. It provides context that these sedimentary rocks formed during a phase of marine transgression in the western part of India during the Jurassic Period.
This document summarizes the stratigraphy of the Cretaceous sediments in the Trichinopoly district of Tamil Nadu, India. It divides the sediments into four groups from oldest to youngest: Uttatur Group, Trichinopoly Group, Ariyalur Group, and Niniyur Formation. Each group contains multiple formations characterized by their lithology, thickness, fossil content, and age. The sediments were deposited in marine environments from the Aptian to early Paleocene stages and include limestones, sandstones, shales, and shell beds. Fossils found include ammonites, bivalves, wood, and dinosaur remains, providing insights into the paleoenvironment and basin evolution.
1. The document summarizes the stratigraphic study of the Salt Range in Pakistan conducted by Muhammad Aslam Khan. It describes the lithology, fossils, and environments of deposition of various rock formations in the Eastern and Western Salt Range based on field visits and observations at 7 stations.
2. Key formations described include the Sakesar Limestone, Tobra Conglomerate, Baghanwala Formation, Khewra Sandstone, and Kussak Formation in the Eastern Salt Range as well as the Tobra Conglomerate, Warchha Sandstone, Amb Formation, and Datta Formation in the Western Salt Range.
3. Contacts between formations, such as conformable and unconformable boundaries
The document describes various rock formations observed in the Murree Road Section and Ghumawan Village area, including their lithology, contacts, fossils, ages, and structures. It provides details on the Samanasuk, Kawagarh, Hangu, Lockhart, Chichali, Lumshiwal, Patala, Margala Hill, and other limestone and shale formations. Photos further illustrate outcrops of these formations, including contacts between layers, folding, faulting, and other geological features.
Geology and Stratigraphy of Hazara,Mansehra and Oghi Khaki Road PakistanHammad Ahmad Sheikh
A detail field report on Stratigraphy of the the Hazara Basin,Mansehra and Oghi Khaki Road.
Beside this there is a detailed description on the Drilling Rig and working and One day visit to Tarbela Dam.
The document summarizes a seminar on carbonatites. Carbonatites are igneous rocks composed of more than 50% carbonate minerals such as calcite or dolomite. They can be intrusive or extrusive. Carbonatites form from low degrees of partial melting in the mantle and have unusual geochemistry dominated by incompatible elements. They are often associated with alkaline complexes and may contain economic concentrations of rare earth elements, niobium, and fluorite. The document outlines the mineralogy, texture, classification, geochemistry, theories of origin, world occurrences, and economic importance of carbonatites.
The document summarizes the geology of the Kohat Sub-basin in Pakistan. It is located west of the Potwar Sub-basin and bounded by mountain ranges and faults. The sub-basin divides into three areas - Northern, Southern, and Western Kohat. The document describes the stratigraphy of each area from oldest to youngest formations. It provides details on the lithology, thickness, fossils, age, and depositional environment of each stratigraphic unit. Overall it provides a comprehensive overview of the geological structure and stratigraphy of the Kohat Sub-basin.
Stratigraphy of Jhelum group (khewra formation, khussak formation, jutana formation, baghanwala formation), its lithology, fossils, thickness, environment of deposition etc.
INTRODUCTION
The Indus Basin of Pakistan is divided into two parts i.e.
3
Lower Indus Basin and Upper Indus Basin. The Upper Indus
Basin is further divided by Sargodha high way into two parts.
Towards the east of the Sargodha highway in Potwar Plateau
and towards the west is Kohat Plateau. The region of the
North Punjab called as Potwar Plateau is bound in the South
by Salt range and in North by MBT as shown below.
This document describes the Baluchistan basin of Pakistan.
stratigraphy, source rocks, reservoir rocks, seal rocks, trapping mechanism of Baluchistan basin.
thanks to my class fellow for help.
Potential source rocks in Pakistan range in age from Cambrian to Eocene and are distributed across four basins. In the Upper Indus Basin, the primary source rock is the Paleocene Patala Formation. In the Middle and Lower Indus Basins, the important source rock is the Early Cretaceous Sembar Formation shales. Within these basins, the Kirthar and Sulaiman Fold Belts also contain source rocks like the Ranikot and Goru Formations. In the Baluchistan Basin, the Rakhshani Formation and Kharan Limestone from the Paleocene to Eocene are source rocks. Finally, in the Pishin Basin, source facies include dark gray
The document provides information on the geology of the Salt Range and Kohat Potwar basin regions of Pakistan. It describes the stratigraphy and formations found in the Salt Range, including the Salt Range Formation, Khewra Sandstone, and others. It then discusses the geology, stratigraphy, structure, and hydrocarbon potential of the Kohat Potwar fold and thrust belt, noting that the Patala Formation is an important source rock. Exploration history by companies like AMOCO and MOL is also summarized.
This document is a field report submitted by Ahmad Ghani to his professors Sir Naveed Anjum and Sir M. Azhar from the University of Peshawar. It provides an overview of a field study to the Salt Range in Pakistan, including descriptions of the geology, stratigraphy, lithology and fossils found in formations like the Nammal Formation and Sakesar Limestone within the Chharat Group in the Central Salt Range. The field report aims to document the students' understanding of the geology of the Salt Range gained during the educational field study.
The document discusses ophiolites, which are sections of the Earth's oceanic crust and upper mantle that have been uplifted and exposed above sea level. It describes the typical sequence of rocks found in an ophiolite, including sediments, pillow lavas, sheeted dykes, gabbros, and ultramafic rocks. It notes that ophiolites provide insights into ancient subduction zones and mantle processes. The document also discusses occurrences of ophiolites around the world and examples from India, as well as the economic resources sometimes associated with ophiolites, such as chromite, asbestos, and massive sulfides.
This document provides an overview of a geological field work trip to the Hazara area of northern Pakistan led by Dr. Azmat khan. It discusses the stratigraphy and regional tectonics observed. The key points are:
1) The trip involved studying the stratigraphy of the Hazara arc and surrounding areas over 3 days, making stops to examine formations from the Precambrian to Miocene ages.
2) The Hazara arc forms the western border of the Hazara-Kashmir syntaxes and is bounded by thrust faults. It has undergone folding and faulting due to the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates.
3) The stratigraphy includes metamorphic and sedimentary
The document summarizes observations from a 4-day field trip by students to study the geology of the Salt Range in Pakistan. On the first day in the Eastern Salt Range, students observed and described rock formations from the Cambrian period, including the Khewra Sandstone, Kussak Formation, and Jutana Dolomite. Key observations included sedimentary structures like ripple marks, cross-bedding, and bioturbation traces. Dip and strike measurements were also recorded from various locations.
The document describes the Baluchistan basin located in Pakistan. It discusses the three main mountain ranges in the region, as well as the geological history and stratigraphy of the basin. The basin covers an area of about 300,000 sq km and presents a different geological history compared to the Indus basin, characterized by an arc-trench system from north to south where the Arabian oceanic plate is subducting beneath the Eurasian plate. The stratigraphy ranges from Cretaceous to recent periods, with older rocks exposed in the north and younger in the south.
1. The Palaeozoic succession of Spiti, India contains a complete record of marine sedimentary rocks ranging in age from Cambrian to Permian.
2. The succession includes the Haimanta Group (Cambrian), Thango Formation (Ordovician), Takche Formation (Silurian), Muth Formation (Devonian), Kanawar Group (Carboniferous), and Kuling Group (Permian).
3. These sedimentary rocks comprise limestones, dolomites, shales, quartzites, and sandstones that provide a rich fossil record documenting the evolution of life during the Palaeozoic era in the region.
The document summarizes the geology of the Vindhyan Basin located in central India. It describes the basin's stratigraphy, consisting of the lower and upper Vindhyan groups composed of sandstone, shale, and carbonate deposits. Key economic minerals found in the basin include diamonds, pyrite, coal, and limestone. The Vindhyan Supergroup represents one of India's most important Precambrian sedimentary basins.
The document outlines the stratigraphy and geology of an area located between the Pub and Kirthar Ranges in Karachi, describing the lithology and thickness of the exposed sedimentary rock formations that range in age from Eocene to recent, including the Kirthar, Nari, Gaj, Manchar, and Dada Formations. Key formations discussed in more detail include the Kirthar Formation composed of limestone hills, the Nari Formation divided into lower and upper members with limestone and sandstone, and the Gaj Formation with a lower member comprised of three limestone and clay units.
The document summarizes the Jurassic stratigraphy of the Kutch region in India. It describes the key geological formations that date from the Middle Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous periods, including the Pachcham Formation consisting of limestones and corals, the Chari Formation containing sandy limestones and marls, the Katrol Formation made up of shales, limestones and sandstones, and the Umia Formation comprising sandstone, shale and conglomerate. It provides context that these sedimentary rocks formed during a phase of marine transgression in the western part of India during the Jurassic Period.
This document summarizes the stratigraphy of the Cretaceous sediments in the Trichinopoly district of Tamil Nadu, India. It divides the sediments into four groups from oldest to youngest: Uttatur Group, Trichinopoly Group, Ariyalur Group, and Niniyur Formation. Each group contains multiple formations characterized by their lithology, thickness, fossil content, and age. The sediments were deposited in marine environments from the Aptian to early Paleocene stages and include limestones, sandstones, shales, and shell beds. Fossils found include ammonites, bivalves, wood, and dinosaur remains, providing insights into the paleoenvironment and basin evolution.
1. The document summarizes the stratigraphic study of the Salt Range in Pakistan conducted by Muhammad Aslam Khan. It describes the lithology, fossils, and environments of deposition of various rock formations in the Eastern and Western Salt Range based on field visits and observations at 7 stations.
2. Key formations described include the Sakesar Limestone, Tobra Conglomerate, Baghanwala Formation, Khewra Sandstone, and Kussak Formation in the Eastern Salt Range as well as the Tobra Conglomerate, Warchha Sandstone, Amb Formation, and Datta Formation in the Western Salt Range.
3. Contacts between formations, such as conformable and unconformable boundaries
The document describes various rock formations observed in the Murree Road Section and Ghumawan Village area, including their lithology, contacts, fossils, ages, and structures. It provides details on the Samanasuk, Kawagarh, Hangu, Lockhart, Chichali, Lumshiwal, Patala, Margala Hill, and other limestone and shale formations. Photos further illustrate outcrops of these formations, including contacts between layers, folding, faulting, and other geological features.
Geology and Stratigraphy of Hazara,Mansehra and Oghi Khaki Road PakistanHammad Ahmad Sheikh
A detail field report on Stratigraphy of the the Hazara Basin,Mansehra and Oghi Khaki Road.
Beside this there is a detailed description on the Drilling Rig and working and One day visit to Tarbela Dam.
The document summarizes a seminar on carbonatites. Carbonatites are igneous rocks composed of more than 50% carbonate minerals such as calcite or dolomite. They can be intrusive or extrusive. Carbonatites form from low degrees of partial melting in the mantle and have unusual geochemistry dominated by incompatible elements. They are often associated with alkaline complexes and may contain economic concentrations of rare earth elements, niobium, and fluorite. The document outlines the mineralogy, texture, classification, geochemistry, theories of origin, world occurrences, and economic importance of carbonatites.
The document summarizes the geology of the Kohat Sub-basin in Pakistan. It is located west of the Potwar Sub-basin and bounded by mountain ranges and faults. The sub-basin divides into three areas - Northern, Southern, and Western Kohat. The document describes the stratigraphy of each area from oldest to youngest formations. It provides details on the lithology, thickness, fossils, age, and depositional environment of each stratigraphic unit. Overall it provides a comprehensive overview of the geological structure and stratigraphy of the Kohat Sub-basin.
Stratigraphy of Jhelum group (khewra formation, khussak formation, jutana formation, baghanwala formation), its lithology, fossils, thickness, environment of deposition etc.
This report summarizes field observations from four stops in the Salt Range of Pakistan. At Stop 1, the Baghanwala and Tobra Formations were observed, with the Baghanwala consisting of red shale and sandstone and the Tobra composed of pink granite conglomerate. At Stop 2, the Sakesar and Chorgali Formations were seen, with the Sakesar containing chert limestone. Stop 3 was at Khewra Gorge where the Salt Range, Khewra, and Khussak Formations were identified. Finally, at Stop 4 in Nummel Gorge, the Wargal Limestone was examined and found to contain fossils.
Petroleum system, facies analysis and sedimentology of jurassic - cretaceous ...FatimaNasirQureshi
sedimentological differences of jurassic-cretaceous rocks in Hazara and Kohat Basin including their petrochemical analysis and depositional envoirnments
The document discusses different types of igneous intrusions that form underground including sills, dykes, and batholiths. Sills form horizontal sheets, dykes form vertical cracks, and batholiths are large, deep intrusions. It also describes various rock types found in India such as Champion gneiss, Peninsular gneiss, charnockites, hypersthene, granofels, and Closepet granite. Closepet granite occurs as a large intrusion in mountain ranges in Karnataka.
The document summarizes the geology of the Kohistan magmatic arc in northern Pakistan. It describes the volcanic, sedimentary, and plutonic rocks that make up the arc terranes, which were formed by subduction along the Neo-Tethys ocean and later collided with the Karakoram block. Key formations discussed include the Yasin Group sediments, Chalt Volcanics, Kohistan Batholith, and units in the Karakoram block. The arc terranes underwent low-grade metamorphism and were intruded by mafic dykes and later granitoids.
This document summarizes information from a lab/field assignment covering 4 parts:
Part 1 describes pine trees on Huangshan Mountain that have evolved unusual shapes due to strong winds and poor soil conditions.
Part 2 identifies 4 types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, granite and hard sandstone turbidite.
Part 3 discusses Steno's laws of intrusive relationships and unconformities showing breaks in the geologic record.
Part 4 references additional sources on the geology of areas like Huangshan Mountain, the Tahoe Basin, and the Iberian Pyrite Belt.
The document summarizes geological formations from the Kohat Potwar (Upper Indus) Basin in Pakistan. It describes the lithology, age, location, and key fossil finds for each formation. Some of the formations discussed include the Kawagarh Formation from the Cretaceous period containing ammonoids. The Lumshiwal Formation from the same period containing bivalves, gastropods, and ammonoids. The Chichali Formation from the Jurassic period containing various ammonoid and brachiopod fossils.
This document provides details from a 4-day geology field tour conducted by the Department of Earth Sciences at a university. The tour visited the Salt Range area to study the stratigraphy. On the first day, students visited Khewra Gorge to examine the Salt Range formation and other units. Methodology used included GPS, compass, hammer, hand lens, and tape. Key formations observed included the Salt Range Formation, Khewra Sandstone, Kussak Formation, Jutana Dolomite, and Baghanwala Formation. Structures like cross-bedding, ripple marks, mud cracks, and salt pseudomorphs were described. The field tour allowed students to analyze the stratigraphy and sedimentary features of the
This fieldwork report summarizes Mansoor Aziz's geological fieldwork in the Salt Range of Pakistan. It describes 6 stations visited across the Eastern and Western Salt Range. The stations examined formations from the Precambrian to Eocene, observing lithology, fossils, contacts, and environments of deposition. Key formations mentioned include the Sakesar Limestone, Tobra Conglomerate, Baghanwala Formation, and Salt Range Formation. The report provides location details, photographs, and observations about the local geology and mining activities.
BS-II Khyber Range.ppt this presentation may can help you in stratigraphyumarbahadar765
Stratigraphy of Khyber Ranges
1. Shagai Formation
Stauffer 1968, proposed the name Shagai Limestone
Type Locality
Shagai Fort (340 01’ 00’’ N; 710 17’ 00’’ E) in Khyber pass
Lithology
According to shah 1970; limestone and dolomite
Limestone; at upper part 15m, thin bedded, yellow to brown
Dolomite; at the lower part 15m, massive, grey, brown on weathering
According to Khan 1989; yellowish grey shale with interclation of lenses of pale coloured, argillaceous limestone and dolomite. The shale has pencil structure and weathers into yellowish colour
Thickness/Distribution
30m thick in Khyber range
Fossils
Not documented
Age
Precambrian
Contact
Lower: not exposed; due to core of large anticline
Upper: unconformable with Khyber limestone
2. Ali Masjid Formation
Stauffer 1968, introduces the name
Type Locality
After small village Ali Masjid; 2km W-NW of Shagai Fort
Lithology
Shale, siltstone, and sandstone, quartzite and limestone
Diagnostic feature at type locality are red colour shale and an alternation of various lithologies
Basal part of formation; siltstone with subordinate shale and volcanic ash, followed by sandsotne and quartzite; fine to medium grained, medium to thick bedded
At type locality, sequence includes 34m limestone, dark grey, weathering to light grey, thin to medium bedded having calcite veins
Some says it is slump block of Khyber Limestone
Thickness/Distribution
Distributed in Khyber ranges, having thickness of 120m
Fossils
Not well documented; some species found
Age
Pre-Cambrian but Shah 1970, suggested to be Silurian/Devonian age (a Slump Block)
Contact
Lower: Faulted with Khyber Limestone
Upper: Faulted with Shagai Formation
3. Khyber Limestone
Stauffer 1968, introduces the name
Type Locality
Khyber Pass
Lithology
Limestone is dominant lithology; and is dark grey, massive, recrystallized to grey to brown dolomite, which is fine grained, thick bedded, contains calcite and quartz veins, at places limesotne can be oolitic and also include sills and dykes
Clay and sandstone beds can be found at the base
Thickness/Distribution
Forms cliffs and high peaks in the area, about 1300m thick
Fossils
Not well documented
Age
By superposition, it is overlain by Landikotal Slates of 750 MA
Contact
Lower: Faulted with Ali Masjid Formation
Upper: unconformable with Landikotal Slates
4. Landikotal Formation
Stauffer 1968, Landikotal Slates
Shah 1980, Landikotal Formation
Type Locality
Landikotal Village
Lithology
Slates; light grey, featuring pencil slates, grading to phyllitic slates
Rare lenticular limestone beds interclated with quarzitic sandstone and brown, commonly intruded by dolorite sills/dykes
Fossils
Not well documented
Age
Khan 1989, Precambrian
Contact
Lower: unconformable with Khyber Limestone
Upper: conformable with Ghundai Sar Formation
5. Ghundai Sar Formation
Hussain and Yeats 1987, introduces the name
Type Locality
Ghundai Sar, 1km north of Jamrud
Lithology
The formation consists of interbedded dolomite,
The document describes the different layers that make up the Earth, including the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. It provides details on the composition and characteristics of each layer, such as the crust being the outermost solid layer and the inner core being made of solid iron and nickel. It also discusses the lithosphere, which includes the crust and upper mantle, and the types of rocks that make up the different layers, such as basalt in the crust and iron and nickel in the outer core.
The document summarizes the Gondwana system of sedimentary rocks found in India. It describes the lithology, topography, sedimentation processes, flora and fauna of the different formations within the Gondwana group. These include the Talchir formation containing glacial deposits, the marine-influenced Bap and Badhaura formations, and the coal-bearing Damuda group. The climate changed from cold glacial conditions to warmer and wetter periods favorable for coal formation over the depositional period.
The document provides details about the Gondwana group of rocks found in India. Some key points:
- Gondwana rocks were deposited between the Upper Carboniferous and Jurassic periods when the landmasses of present-day India, Australia, Antarctica, South America and Africa were joined together as part of the supercontinent Gondwana.
- Sediments accumulated in inland basins over millions of years, resulting in thick deposits of fluviatile and lacustrine sediments across peninsular and central India.
- The Gondwana rocks are divided into lower, middle, and upper subgroups based on stratigraphy, fossil evidence, and prevailing climatic conditions during deposition. Lower G
Article-Brachiopods from the Plio (4) (1)Tara Love
This document summarizes a study of brachiopod fossils from Plio-Pleistocene sediments in Rhodes, Greece. A total of 1248 brachiopod shells were collected from two formations - the Lindos Bay Clay and Kolymbia Limestone. Thirteen brachiopod species were identified belonging to either shallow water or deeper water groups. The dominant species found differed between the formations, with Gryphus vitreus dominant in the Kolymbia Limestone and Megathiris detruncata, Terebratulina retusa, Gryphus vitreus and Megerlia truncata most common in the Lindos Bay Clay. Several species from both formations showed signs of
The document summarizes the geology of the Karakoram block, which contains two distinct belts of granitic rocks separated by the Reshun Fault. It describes the various igneous rock units in the belts, including volcanic rocks, granitoids, and intrusions of different ages and compositions. Radiometric dating indicates the igneous activity spanned from the Jurassic to Tertiary periods. The geochemistry of the granitic rocks suggests links to subduction processes during the collision of tectonic plates that formed the region.
Igneous rocks form when magma or lava cools and solidifies. They are divided into extrusive and intrusive rocks based on where they solidify. Texture refers to the size, shape, and arrangement of mineral grains in a rock, which depends on the cooling rate - slower cooling produces larger grains. Igneous rock textures include phaneric, aphanitic, holocrystalline, and glassy. Structures within igneous rocks include vesicles from trapped gas, xenoliths of older rocks, columnar joints, and large mineral grains in pegmatites.
The document summarizes Palaeozoic stratigraphy in India, specifically in the Salt Range and Spiti regions. It describes the major periods of the Palaeozoic Era from Cambrian to Permian. For the Salt Range, it details the stratigraphy, including key formations like the Saline Series composed of gypsum, marl and rock salt. It also notes important economic minerals found in the Salt Range. For Spiti, it outlines the stratigraphy of the Cambrian rocks known as the Haimanta System, divided into lower, middle and upper subdivisions. Fossils found in both regions are also briefly mentioned.
Lithofacies architecture of the gercus formation in jabal haibat sultan, ne i...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study of the Gercus Formation exposed in northeast Iraq. It describes the lithology, sedimentary structures, and depositional environment observed. Four lithofacies associations were identified based on lithotypes of shale, sandstone, carbonate, conglomerate and debris flows. Sedimentary structures including graded bedding, cross-stratification, and slump features indicate deposition from turbidity currents in a marine setting. Petrographic analysis found the sandstones to be lithic arenites derived from the northeast Arabian plate margin. The alternating beds of sandstone, siltstone and shale with turbidite structures represent a deep marine turbidite depositional environment.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...Travis Hills MN
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
1. Nammal gorge Day 2
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On day 2, we went to the Nammal Gorge and observed the following formations which are
explained below.
1: Wargal Limestone:
Synonym: Noetling (1901) coined the term “The Wargal Group” to a predominantly
calcareous unit overlying the AMB Formation in the central Salt Range. The name Wargal
Limestone as approved by the Stratigraphic Committee of Pakistan was introduced by Teichert
(1966). For the same rock unit, the name “Middle Products Limestone” was used by the
Waagen (1879).
Type Locality: The type section is near Wargal Village in the central Salt Range.
Age: Late Permian.
Lithology: The lithology comprises limestone, dolomite and shale. The upper part comprises
of dolomite of light to medium grey, brownish grey and olive grey colours. The middle part
composes of limestone which is light grey and thin to medium bedded. The base is composed of
blackish shale.
Fossils: The fauna consists of abundant broyozoans, brachiopods, bivalves, gastropods,
nautiloids, ammonoids, trilobitesandcrinoids. Kummel and Tiechert (1970) reported pollen and
spores, ostrcodes and conodonts from the Formation.
Contacts: The contact of the Wargal Limestone with the underlying Amb Formation is well-
defined. The upper contact with the Chiddru Formation is transitional.
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Wargal Limestone
2: Chiddru Formation:
Synonym: The name “Chiddru beds” was given by Waagen (1891) and “Chiddru Group” by the
Noetling (1901) to the topmost beds of commonly known “Productus Limestone” and is derived
from Chiddru Nala. The name Chiddru Formation was introduced by Dunbar (1932) which is
now formalized.
Age: Late Permian
Type Locality: The type locality is at Chiddru Nala.
Lithology: The formation at the base has a unit of pale-yellowish grey to medium dark grey in
colour, the thickness of this unit ranges from 6 to 13 m. It contains rare small phosphatic
nodules. Overlying this unit are the beds of calcareous sandstone with few sandy limestone.
One of the beds is richly fossiliferous. The topmost part of the Chiddru Formation is a white
sandstone bed with oscillation ripple marks. The hardness of this layer increases with the
increase in the calcium carbonate content.
Fossils: The fauna includes brachiopods, bellerophontids and Plagioglypta, a scaphopoda.
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Contacts: The lower contact is with Wargal Limestone and upper contact with Mianwali
Formation forming paraconformity with it.
Chiddru Formation
Uppermost white bed of Chiddru Formation
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3: Mianwali Formation:
Synonym: The name “Mianwali Series” was used by Gee and later modified by Kummel (1966)
into a formation.
Type Locality:The formation is best exposed in Zaluch Nala and Khisor Range.
Age: Triassic
Lithology: The following three members have been recognized by Kummel (1966).
i. Kathwai Member.
ii. Mittiwali Member.
iii. Narmia Member.
i. Kathwai Member: The unit consists of dolomite in the lower part and limestone in the
upper part. The dolomite is finally crystalline and includes fossil fragments (mainly
echinoderms) and quartz grains. The upper unit is grey to brown glauconitic limestone. The
total thickness of Kathwai Member is 3.7 in Zaluch Nala and 2.4m in Tappan Wahan.
ii.Mittiwali Member: The lithology consists of grey, fine-grained, non-glauconitic limestone
with abundant ammonites. The basal beds consist of limestone. The rest of the unit consists of
greenish to greyish shale, silty shale with some sandstone and limestone interbeds. The unit is
richly fossiliferous.
iii. Narmia Member: The basal bed of Narmia member is a 3 m thick limestone which in
Zaluch Nala consists of dark grey to brown fragmental limestone, sandy in part and containing
brachiopods, bivalves and ammonoids. The rest of the unit consists of grey to black shale with
interbeds of sandstone and lenticular limestone or dolomite. The topmost bed is a grey to
brown massive dolomite.
Fossils: In Kathwai Member the most significant fossils are Ophicerasconnectens,
Glyptophiceras of. G. himalayanumis also reported. The fauna includes endothyracean
Foraminifera, Lingula borealis, rhynchonellids, pectnids, ostracodes, crinoid and ophiuroid
fragments, echinoids, conodonts, fish teeth and a rich assemblage of pollen, spores and
acritarchs. In Mittiwali Member the fauna is dominated by ammonoids and a few nautiloids.
The ammonoids include Ambites, Proptychites, Kingites and Paranorites. The remainder of the
fauna consists of pectinids, ostracodes and conodonts. In Narmia Member brachiopods,
ammonoids, nautiloids, echinoid spines and crinodial remains.
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Contacts: The lower contact with the Chiddru Formation of Late Permian age is marked by a
paraconformity while the upper contact with the Tradian Formation is sharp and well-defined.
Kathwai Member
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Narmia Member
4. Tradian Formation:
Synonym: The name Tradian Formation was introduced by Gee to replace, in part, his earlier
name “Kingrali Sandstone”.
Type Locality: Its thickness is 76 m in the Zaluch section of the Salt Range.
Age: It is regarded as Middle Triassic.
Lithology:The formation comprises of two members; the lower is Landa Member (Kummel,
1966) and the upper is the Khatkiara Member (Shah 1967).
a) Landa Member: It consists of sandstone and shale. The sandstone is micaceous and
varies in colour from pinkish, reddish grey to greenish grey. It is thin to thick-bedded,
with ripple marks and slump structure.
b) Khatkiara Member: It is massive, thick-bedded white sandstone that grades into the
overlying Kingrali Formation with the inclusion of some dolomite beds in its upper part.
Fossils: The formation consists of plant microfossils described by Blame (1970). The lower
Landa Member contains acritarchs whereas the Khatkiara Member yielded only spores, pollen
grains and wood fragments. Some of the essential polynomorphs of Tradian Formation are:
Calamosporalindiana, Cyciogranisporitesarenosus, Aratrisporitespanulatus, Falcisporitesstabilis,
Platysaccusquenslandi.
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Contact: Its lower contact is with Mianwali Formation and upper contact with Kingrali
Formation.
Tradian Formation
5. Kingrali Formation
Synonym: The name Kingrali Dolomite was used by Gee(1945) and later amended as Kingrali
Formation, because several lithological facies are represented. The name originates from
Kingrali Peak in the Khisor Range.
Type Locality: Good sections of the formation occur in Zaluch Nala in the Western Salt Range,
Landa Nala In the Surghar Range and in the Tapan Wahan Gori Tang Nala in the Khisor Range.
Age: Late Triassic.
Lithology:The formation consists of thin to thick-bedded, massive, fine to coarse-grained, light
grey-brown dolomite and dolomitic limestone with interbeds of greenish dolomitic and shale in
the upper part.
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Fossils: Fossils are rare and preserved. Some brachiopods, bivalves and crinoidal remains have
been reported.
Contact:Its lower contact is with the Tradian Formation which is transitional and upper
disconformable contact with Datta Formation.
Kingrali Formation
6. Datta Formation
Synonym: The name Datta Formation was introduced by Danilchik (1961) and Danilchik and
Shah (1967) to replace the name “Variegated Stage” of Gee (1945) and earlier workers.
Type Locality: The type section is located in Datta Nala in the Surghar Range.
Age:Early Jurassic.
Lithology:The formation is mainly of continental origin and consists of variegated (red,
maroon, grey, green and white) sandstone, shale, siltstone and mudstone with irregularly
distributed calcareous, dolomitic, carbonaceous, ferruginous, glass sand and fireclay horizons.
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The fireclay is normally present in the lower part while the upper part includes a thick bed (4 to
7 m) of maroon shale easily recognizable in Salt Range and Trans-Indus Ranges.
Fossils:No diagnostic fossils have been reported from the formation except some
carbonaceous remains.
Contacts:It rests unconformably on the Kingrali Formation and the lower contact with the
Shinawari Formation is gradational.
Datta Formation
Samanasuk Formation
Synonymy
Baroch Lime Stone by Gee(1945),Kioto Lime Stone by Cotter(1933),Kioto Lime Stone by
Middlemiss(1896),Sikhar Lime Stone by Latief(1970)
Type locality:
Samanasuk peak in samanarange .
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Lithology:
In Hazara area the limestone of the Formation is thin to thick-bedded and includes some
dolomitic, ferruginous, sandy and oolitic beds. The thickness of the Formation is 366 m in
Bagnotar section of Hazara area. The lower contact is transitional with Shinawari Formation and
upper contact is disconformable with Chichali formation.Light grayish to bluish gray limestone
with yellow patches of dolomitization(S:33 P:45), oolitic limestone and sandy limestone.
Contacts:
Formation has lower conformable contact with Datta Formation while theUpper contact is
unconformable with Hangu formation
Fossils:
Gastropods, Brachiopods, Bivalves are reported
Age:
The fauna indicates that age in all areas is essentially Middle Jurassic.
Bed of Samana Suk Formation
Hangu Formation
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Synonymy:
“HanguShales” and “Hangu Sandstone” by Davies (1930) and “Hangu Formation” by
Stratigraphic Committee of Pakistan (1973)
Type locality:
The type section of the formation is near fort Lockhart
Lithology:
The formation consists of variegated sandstone, shale, carbonaceous shale and some nodular,
argillaceous limestone in the salt range. A 2 m to 3 m thick bed of ferruginous, pisolitic
Sandstone occurs at the base of unit Lithology can be divided into two parts. Lower part
composed of iron bearing clay, concentration of iron is very low. Upper part consists of
quartose sandstone. Sandstone is fine grained and whitish in color.
Contacts:
lower disconformable with Kawagarh Formation. Upper conformable contact with Lockhart
Limestone
Fossils:
Foraminifers with some Corals, gastropods and bivalves have been reported by lqbal
(1972).Haque (1956) recorded abundant Epistominelladubia from Nammal gorge.
Age:
On thee basis of fossils Formation has assigned Early Paleocene age.
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Sandstone of Hungu Formation
Lockhart Limestone:
Synonym: Davies introduced the term “Lockhart Limestone” for a Paleocene limestone unit in
the Kohat area and this usage has been extended by the Stratigraphic Committee of Pakistan to
similar units in other parts of the Kohat-Potwar and Hazara areas.
Type Locality:Fort Lockhart in the Samana Range has been designated as the type locality of
the unit.
Age: Paleocene.
Lithology: In the Salt Range and Trans-Indus ranges, the limestone is grey to light-grey,
medium bedded, nodular, with minor amounts of grey marl and dark bluish grey calcareous
shale in the lower part.
Fossils:The limestone contains abundant foraminifers, corals, molluscs, echinoids and algae.
Lockhartiaconiditi, L. HaimeiMiscellaniamiscella.
Contact: Upper contact conformable and transition with Patala and lower contact
conformable and transitional with Hungu Formation.
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Lockhart Limestone
Patala Formation
Synonymy:
Patala Shales” by Davies (1937), “TarkhobiShales” by Eames (1952), “Hill Limestone” by Wynne
(1873). The present name was given by Stratigraphic Committee of Pakistan.
Type locality:
The section exposed in Patala nala is designated as type section in Salt range
Lithology:
It is mainly composed of splintery shale with interbedded limestone having weathered colour
yellow to rusty brown.
Contacts:
Lower conformable with Lockhart Formation. upper conformable with Nammal Frmation.
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Fossils:
Larger Foraminifers including Lockarciatipprie, Lockarciacondety, Ascilinadandotica,
Ascilinadelcina.Miscilina masala and uppercilina are reported.
Age:
The Formation on the basis of above mentioned Foraminifers is assigned Upper Paleocene age.
Patala Formation
Namal Formation:
Synonym: The term Nammal Formation has been formally accepted by the Stratigraphic
Committee of Pakistan for the “Nammal Limestone and Shale” of Gee (in Fermor, 1935) and
“Nammal Marl” of Danilehik and Shah (1967) occurring in the Salt and Trans Indus Ranges.
Type Locality: The section is exposed in the Nammal Gorge (lat. 32˚ 40˚ N :lon. 71˚ 07’ E) is
the type section.
Age:Early Eocene.
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Lithology: The formation, throughout its extent, comprises of shale, marl and limestone. In
the Salt Range, these rocks occur as alternations. The shale is grey to olive green, while the
limestone and marl are light grey to bluish grey. The limestone is argillaceous in places.
Fossils:Forams and moluscs, Assilinagranulosa, Discocyclinaranikotensis etc.
Contact:Upper contact transitional with sakeser limestone and lower contact with Patala
Formation which is transitional.
Fig 10. Nodular Limestone of Nammal Formation
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Observed Structures in Nammal Gorge:
Tallus structure in Wargal Limestone
Recent Mud Cracks in Nammal Gorge
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Chopboard Weathering in Chiddru Formation
Dome Structure
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Paraconformity b/w Chiddru and Mianwali Fm.
Cross Bedding