This document provides an introduction and overview of database management systems (DBMS). It discusses what a DBMS is, its functions such as data definition, manipulation, retrieval and administration. It also covers the history of DBMS, differences between file systems and DBMS, and concepts like data abstraction. DBMS has advanced significantly in the last 20-22 years and makes it easier to store, retrieve and manipulate data from a database in an accurate and reliable manner compared to traditional file systems.
Data Models [DATABASE SYSTEMS: Design, Implementation, and Management]Usman Tariq
In this PPT, you will learn:
• About data modeling and why data models are important
• About the basic data-modeling building blocks
• What business rules are and how they influence database design
• How the major data models evolved
• About emerging alternative data models and the needs they fulfill
• How data models can be classified by their level of abstraction
Author: Carlos Coronel | Steven Morris
● Why Databases?
● Why Database Design is Important?
● The Database System Environment and Functions.
● Managing the Database System: A Shift in Focus.
In this PPT, you will learn:
• The difference between data and information
• What a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for
decision making
• The importance of database design
• How modern databases evolved from file systems
• About flaws in file system data management
• The main components of the database system
• The main functions of a database management system (DBMS)
Data Models [DATABASE SYSTEMS: Design, Implementation, and Management]Usman Tariq
In this PPT, you will learn:
• About data modeling and why data models are important
• About the basic data-modeling building blocks
• What business rules are and how they influence database design
• How the major data models evolved
• About emerging alternative data models and the needs they fulfill
• How data models can be classified by their level of abstraction
Author: Carlos Coronel | Steven Morris
● Why Databases?
● Why Database Design is Important?
● The Database System Environment and Functions.
● Managing the Database System: A Shift in Focus.
In this PPT, you will learn:
• The difference between data and information
• What a database is, the various types of databases, and why they are valuable assets for
decision making
• The importance of database design
• How modern databases evolved from file systems
• About flaws in file system data management
• The main components of the database system
• The main functions of a database management system (DBMS)
dbms rdbms book by Muhammad Sharif
Database systems handbook 4rth edition.
This book is written by Muhammad Sharif, Software Engineer in SKMCHRC Lahore.
Performance of Foreign Direct Investment in IndiaRHIMRJ Journal
An attempt is made in this paper to know Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) performance in India in terms of Merger
and Acquisition (M&A), Technology transfer and Research & Development (R&D). Beginning of the sections is done with
FDI policy in India. Initially, India has many restrictive policies but it is favorable after liberalization period to attract FDI in
India. Another section of the Paper discussed performance of M&A in terms of number, volume, country and industry wise,
Technology Transfer with suggested government policy and FDI inflow in R&D from the year 2000-2011(post liberalization
period). At the end of the paper,it has been concluded that growth of FDI Inflows is quite positive in above mentioned area.
Performance of Foreign Direct Investment in IndiaRHIMRJ Journal
An attempt is made in this paper to know Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) performance in India in terms of Merger
and Acquisition (M&A), Technology transfer and Research & Development (R&D). Beginning of the sections is done with
FDI policy in India. Initially, India has many restrictive policies but it is favorable after liberalization period to attract FDI in
India. Another section of the Paper discussed performance of M&A in terms of number, volume, country and industry wise,
Technology Transfer with suggested government policy and FDI inflow in R&D from the year 2000-2011(post liberalization
period). At the end of the paper,it has been concluded that growth of FDI Inflows is quite positive in above mentioned area.
A Comparative Study of Working Capital Management of Selected Paper Companies...RHIMRJ Journal
This research paper describes paper companies is core sector for any of the country. Working Capital Management
has its impact on liquidity as well profitability. The impact on effectiveness and profitability of working capital is tried to find
out by measuring the fluctuation in fixed assets, current assets and sales. The industry plays a vital role in development of
economics of enterprises as well as country. So at this financial appraisal of paper companies will be very useful to many of
its stakeholders. This research paper mainly based on the secondary data. Its main objectives are to evaluate the liquidity
position of the paper companies. For use ratio analysis for accounting tools and statistical tools for getting results like as
average, S.D. C.V. Maximum and Minimum and used One way ANOVA test. Mainly included two ratios in this research
paper like as current ratio and quick ratio.
A Study of the Effectiveness of Self-Instructional Material (SIM) for Higher ...RHIMRJ Journal
The present study was aimed to find the effectiveness of Self-instructional Materials (SIM). Comparison of the
increased learning through SIM and through Direct Teaching was done in this study to know about the effectiveness of SIM at
Higher Education. The results did not show significant difference between two groups’ learning outcomes. However, various
factors are involved in learning activity. Factors like students’ attention, effectiveness of direct teaching etc. do affect the level
of learning. So, depending upon the above factors and quality of Self-instructional Material, the level of learning may differ.
Small Scale Industries Scenario in GujaratRHIMRJ Journal
Small scale industries today constitutes a very important segment of the Indian economy the development of this
sector came about primarily due to the vision of our late Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru who sought to develop core
industry and have a supporting sector in the form of small scale enterprises. Small scale sector has emerged as a dynamic and
vibrant sector of the economy. The sector contribution to employment is next only to agriculture in India. It is therefore an
excellent sector of economy for investment. Already we have seen that how small scale industries are playing significant role in
the economy. As we discussed above the importance and institutional framework of India and Gujarat, government of India
and government of Gujarat is trying to be more supportive to this sector. In spite of these lots of attempts of government of
Gujarat and government of India this sector is not raising as accepted to other countries and economy. Now we knew that how
small scale industries is playing important role in economy. We have accepted its importance. Inspire of its importance, the
small scale sector is beset with the problems of finding facilities given by financial institutions, nationalized banks, private
banks, co-operative banks and public sector banks.
Internet Accessibility among the Graduate Students of the Colleges of Guwahat...RHIMRJ Journal
Internet has been the most useful technology of the modern times which helps us not only in our daily lives, but also our
personal and professional lives developments. The internet helps us achieve this in several different ways. For the students and
educational purposes the internet is widely used to gather information so as to do the research or add to the knowledge of any sort
of subject they have. Even the business personals and the professions like doctors, access the internet to filter the necessary
information for their use. The internet is therefore the largest encyclopedia for everyone, in all age categories. The internet has
served to be more useful in maintaining contacts with friends and relatives who live abroad permanently. The easiest
communication means like the internet chatting systems and the emails are the best and the most common for the maintaining
contacts with the people around the world. Not to forget internet is useful in providing with most of the fun these days. May it be
all the games, and networking conferences or the online movies, songs, dramas and quizzes, internet has provided the users with a
great opportunity to eradicate the boredom from their lives.
Psychological Contract and Organization: A Review ArticleRHIMRJ Journal
The Psychological Contract emerged as a concept in the psychological literature almost fifty years ago, as a footnote
in Understanding Organizational Behavior. The Psychological Contract refers to implicit ideas about the employeeorganization
relationship. The perceived violation of Psychological Contract of employees reflects unfulfilled promises from
employer side. This perception of violation might lead to adverse effect on the organization. Psychological Contract in Indian
perspective is relatively neglected research area. The literature reflects potential opportunity for future research on
Psychological Contract in Indian perspective.
Over the years, as we grow up, we often wonder about the purpose or reason of our existence. Is life simply a matter
of obtaining food and shelter? In fact, animals are mostly occupied in activities related to survival. But surely human
existence must have a greater purpose. This has been the basic concern in the Indo-Eastern perspective on human nature.
The Indian approaches tell us that many of the problems that we face in life are due to faulty ways of thinking and
understanding the world. Therefore, the concern in the Indian perspective is on removal of faulty knowledge which keeps us
in a state of ignorance (avidya). Once we have realized this, it is possible to live life with a new kind of freedom. In this state
we come to experience a deep and complete joy. This happiness or state of bliss is present in each of us. We only have to
unfold and experience it. Such a state enlarges the human consciousness in such a manner that a person’s goal becomes
recovering the experience of beingness or existence that is common to everybody.
Effective Utilization of Banking Credit: A bird’s eye viewRHIMRJ Journal
India is an agricultural country and it plays a significant role in the development of our economy. Approximately two
third of the Indian Population is depend on agriculture sector. According to the data released by National Sample Survey
(NSS) reflects that about 65 to 70 per cent of all agricultural holdings belonged to the smaller size groups of families. These
small and marginal farmers required credit facility. Agricultural credit appears to be an essential input to take the advantage
of modern technology in agriculture sector for enhancing productivity. That is the reason credit has been taking a crucial role
in designing strategies for the development of agriculture. This paper put emphasis on proper planning for effective utilization
of credit facilities.
E-Banking System: Opportunities and Challenges – A StudyRHIMRJ Journal
E-Banking Service in India is still in the emerging stages of growth and development. Competition and changes in
technology have changed the face of Banking. The changes that have taken place impose on banks tough standards of
competition and compliance. E-banking is the use of computer system to retrieve and process banking data and information to
initiate transactions directly with a bank via a telecommunication network. In other words-banking is the wave of future. E
Banking is likely to bring golden opportunities as well as poses new challenges for authorities in regulating and supervising
the financial system and in designing and implementing the macroeconomic policy. This research paper aims to represent EBanking
System in India.
The fundamental difference between Man and animal is Rationality with which Intelligence Quotient (IQ) deals
.The fundamental difference between Man and Machine (Robot) is Emotionality with which Emotional Intelligence (EQ)
deals. Thus IQ and EQ are human specific qualities. Both are reflected in man’s social behavior and interactions with which
Social Intelligence (SQ) deals. Present paper aims at examining whether these three typically human faculties are
independent or are inter-correlated. Three questionnaires measuring IQ, EQ and SQ respectively were given to 60 college
students, including males and females. Pearson and Partial Correlations were calculated through SPSS 15.0. The results
showed no significant correlation of IQ with EQ and SQ, but the correlation between EQ and SQ was found to be statistically
significant. This implies that IQ is independent faculty but EQ and SQ are correlated.
Family Shopping- How are Choices Impacted by the Decision Making Processes of...RHIMRJ Journal
Now a days shopping is just not shopping buy an experience or family entertainment. Due to huge range of products and
plenty of malls around us customer has to choose a bit. Especially family with children and young shoppers has to ask them about
their decision regarding some of the products, which influence the young shoppers in the family. The choice of young shoppers in
the family shopping is one of the most important matters now days.
Library and Information Centers Professionals Engagement: An Antecedent of Jo...RHIMRJ Journal
Library and Information Centers are increasingly recognizing the value of employee engagement – encompassing
volunteerism and employee giving – in bringing benefits to society and meeting the objectives of the organizations. Libraries
put more emphasis on the employee engagement aspect of community involvement; they can realize even stronger results. A
successful employee engagement strategy helps create a community at the workplace and not just a workforce. When
employees are effectively and positively engaged with their organization, they form an emotional connection with the company.
This affects their attitude towards their colleagues and the company‘s clients and improves customer satisfaction and
organizational welfare. The paper focuses on how LIS employee engagement is an antecedent of job involvement and what
should a company do to make the employees engaged. This paper also highlights on the various methods that can be practiced
in organizations for engaging the employees in productive work and creating an atmosphere of cooperation and trust between
them. The paper attempts to do an analysis of employee engagement strategies adopted by the organization on the basis of the
widely accepted Ten Cs Model of Employee Engagement.
Growth Story of Online Retailing & E-Commerce in IndiaRHIMRJ Journal
On 14 September 2014 business standard has highlighted that “Cash may no longer be king”. Growth in
transactions has happened on the back of a huge network expansion from 98074 ATM in May 2012 to 164491 now. In the
same period the number of POS terminals, too, jumped from 671834 to over a million now. The Indian Online Retail is a rich
segment waiting to be exploited. Internet is a potent medium that can serve as a unique platform for the growth of retail brands
in India. The medium holds many virtues favorable for the retail industry including a higher customer penetration, increased
visibility, and convenient operations. The current web-based models for e-tailing are part of an embryonic phase preceding an
era of rapid transformation, challenge, and opportunity in Indian retail market. The Indian retail market is witnessing a
revolution. The growth of internet has enabled the new retail format of the virtual retailer to emerge and forced the existing
retailers to consider e-tailing model of retailing as well.
Parents Attitude towards Girl Child Education: A Sociological Study of HaryanaRHIMRJ Journal
Girls and boys have the same rights to get a quality education. But the ‘gender gap’ becomes painfully evident when
looking at who is in the classroom. Girls lag behind than boys at all levels of formal education in Haryana. Enrolment,
retention, transition and achievement rates for girls are always lower than that of boys. This means that even many of the girls
who are enrolled in school do not complete Secondary School education. There is the strong belief that negative parental
attitude must be blamed for the low level education of girls. The purpose of the present study was, therefore, to assessing
current parental attitude towards the education of girls children. The study analyzed the data from 50 parents, who had one or
more than one school going children. Out of these, 20 parents belonged to upper caste families, 15 parents belonged to middle
caste families and 15 parents belonged to lower caste families. The age range of the sample was 18-50 years, and they all
belonged to Bohar village of Rohtak District. 20-item questionnaire schedule was used for collecting data. The findings
showed that the overall attitude of the respondents was moderately favorable and positive towards schooling and education of
their children. The study reflects that generally parents would want to educate both boys and girls, however when there are
other demands on the family's resources that the education of the girl child is considered a secondary issue.
A Study on Buying Behavior of Indian Consumers: A Dynamic ViewRHIMRJ Journal
In this dynamic world the behavior of consumers varying day to day. This research study is based on the consumer’s
perceptions, buying behaviour and satisfaction of the consumers in Indian market. The Indian consumers are known for the
high degree of value orientation. India is an attractive market however, the per capita income in India is low and it remains a
huge market, even for luxurious products. Consumer behaviour is difficult and very often not considered rational. The recent
trends which are found in the Indian market are celebrity influence, online shopping, free gifts and discounts and also for
popularity of eco-friendly products.
Financial system occupies an important place in Indian Economy as one of the industries. It outperforms certain
essential functions for the economy including managing of payment system, collection & allocation of the savings of society
and creation of a variety of stores of wealth to suit the preferences of savers. Finance is the flowing blood in the body of
financial system in any country. It bridges gap between the saving & investments by providing the mechanism through which
savings of savers are pooled and are put into the hands of those able & willing to invest by financial agencies. Hence, the role
of financial system is to promote savings and their channalisation in the economy through financial assets that are more
productive than the physical assets. Therefore, the workings of financial system are vital to pace and sustainable growth of the
economy. Financial system plays a momentous role in access the rate of economic development, which is to improving general
standard of living & higher social welfare in the country.
Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices among the Lactating Mothers: A Cross...RHIMRJ Journal
Introduction: Early and exclusive breastfeeding is now recognized as one of the most effective interventions for child
survival particularly to address morbidity and mortality related to three major conditions i.e. neonatal infections, diarrhea
and pneumonia.
2. Aim: To study the infant and young child feeding practices among the lactating mothers of village Khuda Lahora of
Chandigarh.
3. Objectives:
a. To assess the prevailing breast feeding practices adopted by the lactating mothers of village Khuda Lahora.
b. To identify the barriers which lead to inappropriate breast feeding practices.
c. To examine the complementary feeding given to the infants and young children of the village.
4. Methodology: The study was conducted in the one of the randomly selected village Khuda Lahora of the “city beautiful”-
Chandigarh. The total population of the village is 3,476. There are 2,011 males and 1,456 females. There were 191
mothers who were registered in the sub centre of the village but only 167 participated in the study.
5. Results: The rate of exclusive breast feeding among the lactating mothers is found to be 22.7% and 46% of the mothers
have some prior knowledge of breastfeeding. It was found that 71% of the respondents started complementary feeding at
the age of 4-5 months. It is seen that 29% of the respondents gave diluted milk.
Provisions for Corporate Social Responsibility in Companies Act, 2013RHIMRJ Journal
CSR as a concept has attracted worldwide attention and acquired a new resonance in the global economy Heightened
interest in CSR in recent years has stemmed from the advent of globalisation and international trade, which has reflected in
increased business complexity and new demands for enhanced transparency and corporate citizenship. Moreover, while
Governments have traditionally assumed the sole responsibility for the improvement of the living conditions of the population,
society’s needs have exceeded the capabilities of Governments to fulfill them. In this context, the spotlight is increasingly
turning to focus on the role of business in society and progressive companies are seeking to differentiate themselves through
engagement in what is referred to as CSR. The Companies Act, 2013 has taken one step ahead and introduced mandatory
provisions in the field of CSR. Though many believe that concerns on the new company law are manifold and it is a bold yet
not beautiful step. For instance, India Inc is concerned that the cost of board performance evaluation may outweigh the
benefits for many small companies in this regard. Also, it has concerns about the prospect of an over regulated regime and the
attendant scourge of corruption. Given the advantages and concerns on the new regulations introduced by the new Companies
Act, we all need to wait and watch once the companies start implementing the new provisions and therefore, the practical
aspects and implications will be evaluated thereafter.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Digital Tools and AI for Teaching Learning and Research
Database Management System
1. ISSN: 2349-7637 (Online)
Volume-1, Issue-3, October 2014
RESEARCH HUB – International Multidisciplinary Research
Journal
Research Paper
Available online at: www.rhimrj.com
Database Management System
Viral R. Dagli
Lecturer, Computer Science
S.J. Varmora Bba And Bca Mahila College, Surendranagar
Gujarat, India
E-mail: viraldagli@gmail.com
Abstract: This research paper is on the Database Management System. DBMS has been much advanced in last 20-22 years
and has made an identification of its own just as other software applications. With advancement in the information technology,
it has become important to maintain the software that supports data entry with accuracy and reliability. DBMS has much more
advanced technology now-a-days so that we can maintain the data with an ease manner. Also DBMS softwares are available at
various levels so that each and every business can afford such software application. Also there will sure innovation in the
future of DBMS with advancement of information technology. And also many new DBMS software will be available at will.
Keywords: data; management; database; metadata; constraints
I. INTRODUCTION
This research paper is developed with an introduction to the DBMS. We can define the DBMS as working with the different
types of data which helps in storage, retrieve and manipulation of the data. It helps the users to view the data securely. It also
helps to maintain the data with a proper accuracy. DBMS acts as an intermediate between the user and the records. The user can
get all the information that he needs as and when needed. The functions of DBMS have four main categories:
· Definition of Data – This function performs the structure of the table that will store the data.
· Manipulation – This function includes different types of command to insert, delete and edit of the data in the table.
· Retrieval – This function is used to view the data from the database tables.
· Database Administrator – He is responsible for all the activities that he performs with the database. He has to maintain
the database properly by keeping the regular back up so that he can recover data at the time of database failure.
Data, information and knowledge are closely related terms, but each has its own role in relation to the other. Data is collected
from the various sources and analysed so that we can create information suitable for making decision. We can knowledge from
different types of experience dealing with information on a subject. For example, we can consider AMERICA as a data for the
tourist who can take decision on where to go for a tour place in America. Now taking the different views from the different people
living in America or has an idea of the different places in the America is known as Knowledge.
II. DATA
Data, information and knowledge are closely related terms, but each has its own role in relation to the other. Data is collected
from the various sources and analysed so that we can create information suitable for making decision. We can knowledge from
different types of experience dealing with information on a subject. For example, we can consider AMERICA as a data for the
tourist who can take decision on where to go for a tour place in America. Now taking the different views from the different people
living in America or has an idea of the different places in the America is known as Knowledge.
III. WHAT IS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM?
A management system is a set of rules and procedures which help us to create organize and manipulate the database. It is used
to manipulate the data from the database. The type of management system in the database can either manual or automatic. The
data are always maintained with some specific rule. Every DBMS has its own rules and regulation that the user must have to
follow. Such rules are identified as Constraints which is discussed late in this research paper.
IV. HISTORY OF DBMS
The concept of the relational model was firstly introduced by Dr. Edgar F. Codd in early’s 1970. With advancement in
technology, hardware became more interactive with DBMS software applications. The dominant database language, standardised
SQL for the relational model, has influenced database languages for other data models. Object databases developed in the 1980s to
overcome the inconvenience of object-relational impedance mismatch, which led to the coining of the term "post-relational" and
Page 1 of 5
2014, RHIMRJ, All Rights Reserved ISSN: 2349-7637 (Online)
2. RESEARCH HUB – International Multidisciplinary Research Journal
Volume-1, Issue-3, October 2014
also the development of hybrid object relational databases. The normal definition of DBMS can be spoken as a software
application that helps to manage with the different types of data in an easy reliable manner.
V. DEFINITION OF DBMS
As per the definition according to textbook, DBMS is a collection of interrelated data and a set of programs to access those data
in the accurate manner.
Dr. Edgar F. Codd, has an advanced view of DBMS. He said that DBMS cannot be only used for a specific purpose. But it also
needs to store and retrieve the data from the different tables as well as from the different databases.
The question might arise what are databases, tables????? They both have the simple definition as….
Database is a collection of different types of tables developed for the same concept (project).
Table is a collection of different types of data in the form of columns and rows.
For e.g. We can name “SJVCollege” as a name of the database which has the different types of tables that can give information
about the college as and when needed. For e.g. “admission”, “fees”, “streams”, “faculties” etc. are the different types of tables that
can be prepared kin SJVCollege database.
The main goal of DBMS is to provide an easy and reliable way to store and retrieve data from the database to the client.
VI. WHAT IS DATABASE?
Data: It is a collection of statistics and information that has no meaning without proper arrangement like 1, Viral,
Surendranagar, 9825429123, etc….are all called data. They can be considered as raw material on which the necessary procedures
has to be made, because we cannot identify what is the meaning of 1, Viral, Surendranagar, 9825429123 in the above data if any
fact has a particular meaning.
Record: The collection of meaningful data is called record, for e.g. in the above paragraph we can consider the data as follow:
No. Name City Mobile No.
1. Viral Surendranagar 9825429123
So now all the data is collectively organised and we can identify each of the above data. Now we came to know that Viral is a
name of a person who is living in the Surendranagar and whose mobile number is 9825429123. Such type of meaningful
organised collection is called record.
VII. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DATABASE SYSTEM AND FILE SYSTEM
Maintaining the data according to the file system is a difficult one as it will be maintained manually. So human errors
create the inconsistency at the time inserting or may be deleting the data. DBMS has a specific rules and regulations
which has needed to be followed so that the data can maintained accurate.
It is very difficult to access data if we are using the file system manually. Using DBMS we can easily access the data.
It is difficult to maintain the accurate records in the manual file system. DBMS can maintain the original record for a
long time as per the user has entered.
As discussed above, manual file system has to be kept under a lock so that no other can read or write. DBMS can be
made password protected and changing passwords on regular basis can increase the security.
VIII. HOW DBMS CAME?
Ordinary file system Computerised File System DBMS
Totally Manual Remove Manual-Handling Searching is Faster
Burden of Large Files Files are easily manageable Removal of File Mgmt
Mgmt is hard Mgmt is convenient Mgmt is more Convenient & Efficient
Uncomfortable with moving of Data Easy to move Data More easy to move data
Unreliable Reliable & Compact Reliability is Increased
Data Insecure Security is Good Enough Security is more Powerful
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Data redundancy and inconsistency
Difficulty in accessing data
Integrity problems
Security problems
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IX. DATA ABSTRACTION
Data Abstraction is a concept of hiding from the actual data. Abstraction is a concept which deals that useless data must be hide
from the customers. Also it is based on the Object Oriented Programming of Encapsulation which means that give the customer
only he wants, hide all the other data from it.
This can be implemented by writing the programming code. Give the user that he wants. Don’t show the user how the data is
processed. It is the common policy of every company that personal information of the company or product should not be thrown
out and can only be accessed by the specific authorised person. For e.g. the user can get the details about the price of different
types of mobiles from the particular websites. But he cannot get the details of how the mobile is manufactured in the company. He
can take all the information about the mobile like type, features, price, facilities, etc.
So giving only the details about the mobile and hiding the steps of manufacturing of the mobile is known as data abstraction.
The data abstraction is highest at the customer level. Because they are considered as the outsider third party from whom we will
need to hide the data. The data abstraction security is medium at the department level of the company as they might need the
basic information about the product or the category. So some data may need to be accessed by the finance department of the
company to decide the price of the mobile on the base of raw materials from which the mobile is being made. Data abstraction is
some-what nil at the manufacturing department or the owner of the company they has to keep the track of each and every product
day-to-day.
As discussed above, manual file system has to be kept under a lock so that no other can read or write. DBMS can be made
password protected and changing passwords on regular basis can increase the security.
X. DBA(DATABASE ADMINISTRATOR)
DBA – Database Administrator is a person who is responsible for all the dealing with the database. He has to arrange all the
data in the proper format. He also has to organise all the data such that any data can be easily retrieved from the database as and
when needed. He can perform the following tasks with the Database in the DBMS process.
1. He has to define the data abstraction as well as data independence from the database.
2. He also has to decide the storage structure of the database like sequential, index or direct.
3. He has to create a programming code in the database using his ability that what rights should a particular user has and what
kind of data s/he will access and what kind of data he can’t access.
4. He can create a new id for a particular user and can access rights. Also he can take back all the rights given to a particular
5. He has to define the column attribute with a proper constraint so that each and every record can be easily identified.
6. He has to create a proper centralised database so that no unauthorised access from the third party can try to manipulate the
7. The most important function is to create the regular backup and restore facility so that in case of hardware or software
8. He has also to keep certain rules and regulations of the database so that no record is violated by the database.
XI. DATA MODELS
A Data-Model is a collection of tools for describing Data, Relationships among Data, Semantics of Data, and Consistency
Constraint
DATAInformation
RELATIONSHIPRelationship
SEMANTICSMeaning
CONSISTENCYValidity
There are two important types of Data models available in the database concept….
E-R Model Relational Model.
1. It is a graphical representation. 1. It is a tabular representation.
2. High-level Model. 2. Low-level Model.
3. It is created using different types of symbols. 3. It is created using only table.
There are also other data models available in the database concept as follows:
XII. DATABASE LANGUAGES
The following are the different types of languages that are available in the database concept as follows:
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user using Grant and Revoke Command.
record from the database.
failure, all the records can be easily recovered.
1. Object Oriented Data Model
2. Network Data Model
3. Hierarchical Data Model
4. Water Fall Data Model
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1. DDL (Data Definition Language): It contains the different commands to create, alter and delete the table structure. It is
used to define the table structure with its data types like number, character, boolean etc… values. We can also modify the
structure of the table as and when needed. We can add the fields and also remove useless fields from the tables.
2. DML (Data Manipulation Language): It contains the different commands to deal with records of the tables in the
database. It is used to insert the records in the table. The user can also modify his or her record as and when needed. If he
wants, he can delete his record from the database. But the program code has to be written by the DBA and the user will
only perform an action to a particular event.
XIII. RELATIONAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
This is an advanced concept of the DBMS. DBMS was only dealing with an independent entity that means table. Relational
Database Management System came with the concept of dealing with more than one or a set of tables. It is totally based on the
concept of Normalization which has 5 normal forms like 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, 4NF and 5NF. All the above data models are developed
with an aim to develop the proper relationship between the different types of tables.
The following are the different types of relationship:
1. One-to-One: An entity in A is associated with at most one entity in B and vice-versa.
2. One-to-Many: An entity in A is associated with any number (zero or more) of entities in B but an entity in B is associated
3. Many-to-Many: An entity in A is associated with any number (zero or more) of entities in B and vice-versa.
XIV. DR. E.F. CODD’S 12 RULES
Dr. E. F. Codd has developed 12 rules to specify the perfect RDBMS program. According to his concept he has said that the
DBMS who follows atleast 6-7 rules can be said as the category to be kept in the RDBMS program. He has also said that the
DBMS software that follows atleast 10-12 can be considered as the perfect RDBMS program. It has the following rules:
1. The Information Rule
2. Guaranteed Access Rule
3. Systematic Treatment of Null values
4. Dynamic online catalog based on the Relational Model
5. Comprehensive Data Sublanguage Rule
6. View Updating Rule
7. High-level Insert, Update and Delete
8. Physical Data Independence
9. Logical Data Independence
10. Integrity Independence
11. Distribution Independence
12. Non Subversion Rule
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with at most one entity in A.
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REFERENCES
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/Database
2. www.eazynotes.com/pages/database-management-system/introduction
3. Oracle Reference Book – Ivan Bayross
AUTHOR’S PROFILE
Viral Rajendrakumar Dagli: I have completed B.Com. with 57% from
Saurashtra University. I have also completed PGDCA with 63% from
Saurashtra University. I have completed my master degree i.e. MCA from
IGNOU in the year June-2013 with 61% as aggregate. I have worked as a
programmer-cum-lecturer in Shree Swami Vivekanand College, Surendranagar
for 5½ years. Right now I am working as Lecturer in Smt. S. J. Varmora BBA
BCA Mahilla College, Surendranagar.
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2014, RHIMRJ, All Rights Reserved ISSN: 2349-7637 (Online)